Prose is a literary genre that combines beauty with beauty. Literature expresses life and conveys thoughts and feelings. Generally speaking, novels, poems and plays have strict requirements in structure, meter, cutting and dialogue. Prose can be more free. It seems that I just inadvertently expressed my experiences and feelings, and most of them were fragments of life. Its rheology and classification are as follows:
1. Ancient Prose
In ancient China, in order to distinguish it from rhyming and parallel prose, all prose articles, including classics, biographies and history books, which did not rhyme or rearrange even order, were called prose.
The development of China's ancient prose;
(1) Pre-Qin Prose
Including various schools of thought prose and historical prose. Hundred schools of thought's essays are mainly expositions, such as The Analects of Confucius, Mencius and Zhuangzi. Historical prose mainly focuses on historical themes, and all articles and books describing historical events and historical figures are historical prose, such as Zuo Zhuan.
(2) Prose of Han Dynasty
Sima Qian put the biographical prose of the Western Han Dynasty in Historical Records
Pushed to an unprecedented peak. After the Eastern Han Dynasty, individual prose forms such as books, notes, inscriptions, essays and prefaces began to appear. Sima Xiangru, Yang Xiong, Ban Gu and Zhang Heng, the four masters of Han Fu, were praised by later generations as the four masters of Han Fu. In addition, Sima Xiangru, Meicheng, Chiayi and Huainan Mountain.
(3) Prose in Tang and Song Dynasties
Under the impetus of the ancient prose movement, prose writing became more and more complicated, and literary prose appeared, resulting in many excellent works such as landscape travel notes, fables, biographies and essays, and the famous "Eight Masters of Tang and Song Dynasties" also emerged at this time.
(4) Prose in Ming Dynasty
At first, the "Seven Sons" mainly imitated ancient times. Later, in the Tang and Song Dynasties, it was advocated that works "all flowed out from the chest", and Gui Youguang was famous.
(5) Prose in Qing Dynasty
The prose of Qing Dynasty, represented by Tongcheng School, pays attention to the embodiment of "righteousness". Yao Nai, a representative writer of Tongcheng School, summed up the style of ancient Chinese prose and classified it into 13 categories, including argumentative essays, prefaces and postscripts, recitation, calligraphy, preface, imperial edict, biography, epitaph, miscellaneous words, ode, ci fu and mourning.
2. Modern prose
The definition of modern prose refers to a literary genre that is juxtaposed with novels, poems and plays, and has broad and narrow understandings.
Prose in a broad sense refers to all literary prose except poetry, novels and dramas. In addition to discussing lyric prose, it also includes communication, reportage, essays, memoirs, biographies and other styles. With the development of writing discipline, many styles stand on their own feet, and the scope of prose is shrinking day by day.
Prose in a narrow sense refers to literary prose, which is a kind of literary style mainly based on narration or lyric, with extensive materials, flexible brushwork, short length and rich love for literature.
Modern prose is characterized by expressing the author's views and feelings through the description of some fragments or life events in real life, revealing its social significance, and can be processed and created on the basis of real people and things; It doesn't necessarily have a complete story and characters, but focuses on expressing the author's feelings about life, with flexible selection of materials and strong lyricism.
The "I" in prose is usually the author himself; Language is not limited by rhythm, and its forms of expression are diverse. It can be combined with narration, discussion, lyricism and description, or it can be emphasized. According to the needs of content and theme, we can create a certain artistic conception by vividly depicting typical details such as life fragments, psychology, environment and atmosphere. Such as in novels, and use artistic techniques, such as symbols in poetry. Prose has many forms, such as essays, short comments, sketches, close-ups, travel notes, newsletters, letters, diaries, memoirs and so on. In a word, prose is short in length, free in form, widely used, flexible in writing and beautiful in language, which can quickly reflect life and is deeply loved by people.
According to the content and nature of prose, it can be divided into the following categories:
(1) Narrative Prose: Prose focusing on writing characters' notes.
(2) Lyrical Prose: Prose mainly expressing the author's thoughts and feelings.
(3) Scenery Prose: Prose mainly describing scenery. Most of these articles express their feelings while describing the scenery, or express their feelings through the scenery, or indulge in the scenery, grasp the characteristics of the scenery, use the method of changing the scenery in the order of spatial transformation, and take the observed changes as the context of the full text.
(4) Philosophical Prose: Philosophy is insight, spark of thought, condensation of thought and crystallization of wisdom. Teachers determine the teaching content from the following aspects:
First, the author's personalized speech expression and sentence composition. The language of prose is free and diverse. There are not only the most authentic and eloquent languages, but also the most beautiful languages that have been carefully tempered and pay attention to language. Therefore, prose language is very worthwhile and most suitable for students to ponder and learn. This is the thinking of Chinese and prose.
Secondly, what the author saw and heard and who he spoke to personally.
Prose expresses the author's feelings, not the objects involved in the text. Prose does have realistic reference objects and external speaking objects; However, prose is a literary work, a product of the author's personalized speech and a unique feeling in the author's eyes under special circumstances. The objective external object is not in the vision of prose reading. Everyone has his own "spring" in his heart. However, when reading the article "Spring", we need to feel the "Spring in the South of the Yangtze River" in Zhu Ziqing's mind. The "spring" in the eyes of this typical scholar has its unique and unique childlike innocence and childlike interest.
Third, the author's thoughts, his unique emotional cognition.
Judging from the research results of prose theory, most scholars at present emphasize the artistic rationality of prose and the "emotion" and "rational interest" in prose. Prose emphasizes thoughts, but the thoughts and feelings in prose are full of perceptual thoughts, not pure rational thinking and argumentation. Prose teaching must attach importance to this distinctive feature of prose. In this regard, we invited Mr. Sheng from the Middle School Attached to Beijing Normal University to make a detailed analysis of these two texts.
In short, no matter from the text or from the students, related contents like the above are indispensable in teaching.
What is prose, the characteristics of prose Part II: Analysis of the language characteristics of prose.
Analysis of the linguistic features of prose should be considered from the following five aspects:
(A) look at the "word"
The words are concise, accurate, vivid and vivid.
Steps: which words are used well.
The meaning of these words.
The function of using these words:
Highlight the characteristics of the theme
Exchange views
(A) look at the "word"
1. Look at reduplicated words and onomatopoeic words.
Function: Highlight the main features.
Form the musical beauty of language (syllable harmony)
2. See if parody, pun and transferred epithet are used.
3. See if the text is colorful.
Color, dialect, praise, irony, spoken language.
(2) Look at "sentences"
1. From the whole sentence, scattered sentence and long sentence.
2. From the perspective of rhetoric
(D) Look at the language style
The language style of ordinary prose: plain, fresh, gorgeous, humorous, spicy, natural, concise, bright, implicit and deep, harmonious, colloquial, vivid, local, interesting and in line with the identity of the characters.
Example of test questions:
1. Shu Ting, "What do we do at the age of seventeen? Take two sentences in the article as an example to briefly explain the language characteristics of this essay. (6 points)
The linguistic feature of this paper is humor. "Looking at the Peak from the Ridge" vividly writes the number and size of pimples on his son's face with the help of ancient poems. "Kissing the TV often" is an exaggerated description that my son has to watch TV at close range because of myopia, which makes people laugh. Show humor and wisdom.
2. Li Cunbao's Fairy in the Snowfield: Please enjoy the sentence "Seeing so many little creatures, living patiently in this snow, my eyes are dyed bright". (4 points)
Using anthropomorphic techniques, the tenacious vitality of small life is written.
In vivid language, I wrote down my surprise and touch when I saw these little lives.
3. Zhang Ruifeng's Time-dependent Narration: Taking paragraph 34 as an example, this paper briefly analyzes two main features of this language. (4 points)
(1) vivid. For example, "When she sowed a handful of rice, the chickens gratefully flapped their wings and scrambled for the rice grains on the ground", and personification rhetoric was used in the detailed description, with vivid language. ② Beautiful and lyrical. For example, "the ancient heavy stone grinds, and the golden corn slowly grinds into flour", using multiple lyricism.
Images give people a poetic feeling. (3) Implication. For example, "this does not destroy the tacit understanding in the work at all, just like a play rehearsed in advance", and the language has rich meanings, thus having multiple thoughts and emotions. 4 concise and exquisite. For example, "blue, blue and white clouds stay for a while, and then disperse quickly, and the rest are still blue", with concise language and delicate description.
4. Shi Tiesheng's Me and Ditan: Appreciate the following sentences from the perspective of language expression. (4 points)
When he went down the mountain to collect all the desolate afterglow, it was time for him to climb to the burning top on the other side.
(1) personifies and vividly depicts the sun through words such as "down" and "up".
(2) In contrast, the sunrise and sunset scenes are in sharp contrast and impressive.
(3) The use of symmetrical language forms to write landscapes gives people a neat aesthetic feeling.
5. Yang Zhensheng's Window of the Study: The language of this article is elegant. Please take the second paragraph as an example to appreciate it from three aspects: the use of words, the choice of sentence patterns and rhetorical methods. (6 points)
① Words with classical Chinese colors, such as "Mountain Yin Shui Qu", "Hidden Qu", "Branches and Leaves Help Sparse", "Clearing Deficiency" and "Qinghui", should be chosen with elegant style.
(or: contrast is used in words, such as "strong"
Pairs of words such as "light", "open", "faint", "sunny at noon" and "ancient red at sunset" make the language rich and elegant. )
② Sentences are long and short, mainly long sentences, and the combination of whole and scattered is patchy and elegant.
3 use parallelism, such as three "don't like it?" Do you like it? ",appear neat, agile and elegant. (Or: many famous classical poems and phrases are directly quoted, such as "the first dawn", "the night is bright and the water is clear" and "the moon is bright and the snow shines", which makes the language have a classical charm. )
6. Lao She's Camel Xiangzi, Chapter 4 19. What are the outstanding language features of the underlined part in the first paragraph? Please give an example to analyze. (4 points)
Oral English, make good use of short sentences, contrast. Give an example to analyze.
7.( 1) Appreciate the language of the characters underlined in the novel. "(1) the cage don't need to keep birds. As long as it hangs on the tree, it will call itself. " Say?
Use exaggeration and analogy; Write exquisite birdcage to express the old doctor's appreciation of birdcage.
8. Point out the linguistic features of the characters reflected in the following sentences and analyze their expressive effects (5 points).
That calligraphy is too outrageous. It's embarrassing to carry such poor calligraphy on your back! He should practice hard!
Features: humorous and meaningful. Effect: Shen Cong
This meaningful sentence of Wen not only euphemistically reveals the injustice in his heart and shows his personal dignity, but also implicitly satirizes those who insult him and expresses his contempt for them.
What is prose and the characteristics of prose Part III: The characteristics of Mr. Lu Xun's prose.
Yu Dafu once compared the prose styles of Lu Xun and Zhou Zuoren: "Lu Xun's style is as simple as a dagger, which can kill people with one inch of iron and hit the nail on the head." After grasping the key points, you can cut to the chase in a few words. On the contrary, Zhou Zuoren's writing style is comfortable. At first glance, it seems sloppy and too complicated. However, after careful reading, I feel that his rambling is weighty. Within a text, one sentence is missed by mistake, and within a sentence, it is easy to become a word. Humor in the two articles also has different colors: Lu Xun's acrimony is crisp and almost ironic, while Zhou Zuoren's is Zhan Ran's kindness and irony. In the preface of "China New Literature Series Prose II", he said: "Lu Xun and Zhou Zuoren have the richest and greatest achievements in modern prose in China." All these can explain the great influence of Zhou Zuoren's early prose at that time.