The omnipotent Aleksandr Sergeyevich Pushkin founded Russian national literature and literary language, which set an example for Russian literature in various fields such as poetry, novel, drama and even fairy tales. Pushkin was also praised by Gorky as "the beginning of all beginnings". Born into a noble family. He began to write poetry at an early age and studied at Huangcun High School, which was set up by the czar government to train aristocratic children. During my study, I was influenced by progressive December Party members and some progressive thinkers. Many poems published later attacked serfdom and praised freedom and progress. In addition to poetry, Pushkin's works mainly include the novel The Captain's Daughter, The Founder of Historical Documentary, the novella Dubrovski, and The Collection of Belgin's Novels. Pushkin was persecuted by the czar government in his creative activities. 1837 was killed in an arranged duel. His creation had a far-reaching impact on the development of Russian literature and language.
family background
A large group of ships will be destroyed. I wanted to leave your lonely shore forever, congratulate you with carnival feelings, and let my poems run far along your waves, but I couldn't! (Section 2) You wait, you call ... I am bound; My inner struggle is completely futile: I was fascinated by a strong passion and left me on your shore ... what's so pathetic? Where is the carefree path I am going to run to now? In your desert, one thing shocked my heart. This is a steep rock, a glorious tomb ... There, immersed in the cold sleep are some solemn memories; Napoleon died there. There, he was buried in suffering. After him, like the sound of a storm, another genius flew away from us. He is another monarch in our mind. The singer who cried for the God of Freedom disappeared, and he left his laurel in the world. Cloudy and noisy, stir up: Oh, the sea, he once sang about you. (Section 3) Your image is reflected in him. He is shaping his growth with your spirit: just like you, he is dignified, deep and deep. Like you, nothing can make him submit to the emptiness of the world. Sea, where are you taking me? People's fate is the same everywhere: where there is happiness, there are already people guarding it: perhaps enlightened sages or tyrannical kings. (Section 4) Oh, goodbye, sea! I will never forget your solemn face, and I will listen to your thunder at dusk for a long time. My whole heart is full of you. I want to take your steep rocks, your bay, your flash, your shadow and the whispering waves into the forest and into the silent desert town. Section 5: Appreciation of the Sea: Pushkin's To the Sea is a political lyric poem against tyranny, dictatorship, pursuit of light and eulogizing freedom. The poet took the sea as his confidant and freedom as his aim, and poured out his heart from many angles and sides, describing his mental journey of pursuing freedom. The feelings are dignified, deep and changeable, and the style is bold and exciting. Generally speaking, the poetic changes in To the Sea are manifested in love for the sea (the first and second verses), missing the sea (the third and fourth verses) and missing the sea (the fifth verse).
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Death1February 837 10 (Russian calendar 65438+1October 29) The heart of the great Russian poet Pushkin stopped beating. When this unfortunate news came from Moika 12, people could hardly believe their ears: How did Pushkin die? However, the God of Destiny played a big joke and recalled the talented poet "The Sun of Russian Poetry", who was only 37 years old, to heaven, leaving people with infinite sorrow and regret. Among the sad people, there is a special person. She is Pushkin's beautiful young wife, Na Dalia Goncharova Pushkin, who is only 24 years old. At this moment, she not only has to bear the pain and blow of losing her husband, but also bears the bad words of people. People blamed her and even cursed her. It was her frivolous behavior that led to the duel between Pushkin and Dundees, so that her husband died at the gunpoint of his rival in love. Unharmonious Marriage The combination of Pushkin and Nadalia, according to China's traditional view, can be said to be a perfect match. 1830, Pushkin's reputation as a poet was in full swing. At this time, 18-year-old Nadalia is like a rose that has just opened. Everyone wants to pick it, and Pushkin is fascinated by her. Before that, many girls were infatuated with him, but none of them distracted him so much as Nadalia. There is a saying in China that a hero is sad. Although Pushkin was a great poet, he had to fall at his feet. After the first proposal was rejected on 1828, he proposed again on 1830, and finally realized his dream. In fact, this marriage was pregnant with an unfortunate seed from the beginning. According to modern interpretation, there is no * * * relationship between Pushkin and his wife with the same language. For Pushkin, poetry is an important part of his life and everything to him. Other than that, he has nothing. But for Nadalia, poetry is like a boring official document. She is not interested at all, and of course she doesn't understand. Every time Pushkin recited her new poem, she shouted: Pushkin, I've heard enough of your poem. On one occasion, several friends came to Pushkin's house. They are reading Pushkin's new book together, and Nadalia is there. When people asked her if reading influenced her, she said politely, read yours, I won't listen anyway. This shows her indifference to poetry. After marriage, Pushkin was in trouble. Although he has a beautiful wife around him, it satisfies his possessiveness and vanity. But it is not easy to win the favor of this beautiful woman, and it takes a lot of energy, time and money. In order to maintain a decent life after marriage, Pushkin had to borrow money to live. So that when Nadalia, who came back late from dancing, was still sleeping in bed, the doorbell of the creditor who came to collect debts rang at the door. Pushkin owes money to everyone: the timber merchant, the milk seller, the bread seller, the carriage repairman and his own servant. He owed 777 rubles to the wine account, 450 rubles to the tailor, 3,364 rubles to the female fashion designer to make clothes for Na Dalia, and the same amount to the bookseller. In the first four years of his marriage, his debt had reached 60 thousand rubles. In the next two years, it is not to pay off the previous debts, but to owe more and more. Before his death, he reached 6.5438+0.2 million rubles. Debt is on Pushkin's head, and entertainment makes him lose valuable writing time. He felt more and more mental pressure and his spirit was in trouble. Pushkin wrote painfully in a letter to his good friend Nashkin: "I have no time to feel lonely because of my worries about life. I didn't have time to write freely when I was single. " My wife is very fashionable, and all this needs money. And I can only make money by writing. But writing requires silence and solitude. ............................................................................................................................................ ............................. faced such a wife, Pushkin wrote painfully again: "What kind of helper and worker are you? Your job is just to dance at the ball and help men spend money. " Poor Pushkin! Although Nadalia is a housewife, she has no other responsibilities except sleeping with Pushkin and having children. Even the children's education is mostly in the charge of her second sister Alexandra. Among the three sisters, Nadalia is the youngest, the most beautiful and the earliest to get married. Alexandra, on the other hand, is ugly and knows that she can only be a foil, so she seldom goes out to social occasions. However, although she is not beautiful, she is smart and capable. She worships Pushkin. She volunteered to shoulder the burden of managing the family for her sister. Pushkin got the care and love that his wife should have given him from her, and realized some exchanges in thoughts and emotions. Unfortunate Pushkin! Anonymous Letter1836165438+1On the morning of October 4th, Pushkin received a paper bag. I opened it and found three membership cards sent to him by the "Green Hat Association". The certificate says: the cuckolded winner of the highest medal, the knights and knights gathered in the medal bureau. Under the auspices of the distinguished Chairman naresh King, it was unanimously agreed to appoint Pushkin as assistant to the Chairman and researcher of medal history. Signed: Permanent Secretary-Polci. In addition, in the morning, Vyazemski, Gorschi, Vasily Czekova and others also received the same anonymous letter. Suddenly, gossip spread all over Petersburg, and Pushkin became the laughing stock of the upper class and the object of ridicule. Even at a party, a young man named Togo Erukov put two fingers on the back of Pushkin's head to make a claw shape, which means "wearing a hat". Is it true that someone deliberately framed Pushkin? Maybe! But as the saying goes, there is no smoke without fire. How beautiful is Pushkin's wife, Na Dalia? How charming is she? Bo Gu, Pushkin's good friend, described it this way: "I have met many beautiful women in my life, and I have met women who are more charming than Pushkin. But I have never seen such a perfect combination of a classical and dignified face and a well-proportioned figure. Tall figure, A slender waist .................................................................................................................................................. ....................... No wonder, even women selected from the most beautiful women will be eclipsed in front of her. I fell in love with her the first time I saw her. It must be admitted that there was not a young man in Petersburg at that time who did not secretly admire Pushkin. Her brilliant beauty and magical name are intoxicating. I know some young people who are very confident that they are in love with Pushkin. Not only those who have only seen Pushkin once, but also those young people who have never seen Pushkin at all. " As can be seen from this description, Pushkin's wife is really beautiful, and her beautiful appearance has invincible charm. This is a woman that everyone loves. Pushkin took care of and showed off from the very beginning in his six-year marriage with Nadalia, and was proud to get such a beautiful woman as his wife. With his reputation as a talented poet, he introduced his wife to friends, the queen and the tsar, and brought her into the upper class of Petersburg and into the social circle, which aroused people's amazement, and people marveled at the perfect match between them. However, everyone loves beauty. Pushkin loves beauty, so do other men, and Tsar Nicholas I loves beauty more. As Pushkin took his wife to more and more dances, Nadalia's charm became more and more obvious. At first, she made friends with dignitaries through Pushkin's name and enjoyed the honor of being the wife of the first poet. But soon, her charming aura has surpassed her husband's reputation as a poet. Now, at all kinds of dances, people are no longer talking about Pushkin and his poems, but his wife and her beauty. People like her, worship her, love her and even yearn for her. After all the stars are holding the moon and many men are courting, Nadalia has fainted. She began to accept the attentions of all men, regardless of flirting with them in front of her husband. Especially after the appearance of Dantè s, the handsome prince and the adopted son of the Dutch minister, her unruly behavior became more obvious, and sometimes even reached the point of licentiousness. Nadalia and Dante, I don't know who fell in love with whom first. Maybe it was love at first sight. Dantè s, a tall man with a beautiful face, has two big rough and brave eyes protruding slightly forward. Very confident, lively, humorous, happy and witty, he is a lovely young man, the same age as Nadalia. In Petersburg circle, Pushkin began to like him because of his lively personality. The tsar loved him, and the women loved him like the apple of their eye, grabbing him from one person's arms to another's. His success in trading is comparable to Nadalia's. In this respect, they can be said to be a natural couple. Dundees used his status as a foreigner, the trust of the czar and the people's love for him to boldly pursue women, especially Na Dalia. Nadalia was also attracted by his youthful charm, so instead of refusing and stopping his pursuit and licentiousness, she was happy to accept it. This situation lasted for two years, and Nadalia's indiscretions became more and more outrageous. Those close friends tried to persuade her to be smart and sensible, and flirting with Dantè s would not have a good result. But every time I hear the following answer: I feel happy with him, and I just like him. Please rest assured that nothing will happen, just like these two years. This is 1836 when Pushkin received an anonymous letter, Nadalia and her performance. As for whether Nadalia is closely related to Tsar Nicholas I, it is hard to say, but I think, as mentioned above, Nadalia's behavior is enough to make people think that she has put Pushkin on a "green hat". Pushkin has been fidgeting since he received the anonymous letter. In order to defend his dignity and his wife's honor, he resolutely decided to challenge Dante-duel. For Pushkin, honor is above everything else. After receiving Pushkin's challenge, Dentis's adoptive father, Gerenton Sr, the Dutch minister, felt the seriousness of the problem. He realized that seme had gone too far. At the same time, he also knows what Pushkin means to Russia. Dueling, no matter what the outcome, is unpleasant. Therefore, he began to run around and mediate in many ways to avoid this tragedy. As a result, Dantè s was arranged to marry Dalia's sister Yekaterina, and the wedding was held on June 1 837+1October1day. At least on the surface, it gives the impression that Dantè s is not chasing Na Dalia, but her sister yekaterina, thus withdrawing Pushkin's challenge and saving his honor. Dundees played an unfortunate role in this marriage. Yekaterina is not only ugly, but also six years older than him. Dantè s's psychology is so unbalanced that even the Queen is indignant for him: "I sympathize with him. Is he a generosity or a sacrifice? " A storm seems to have just passed, followed by a sunny day. In fact, there is a bigger storm. After Dundees married yekaterina, he used his brother-in-law's legal status to catch up with Nadalia more boldly. As long as there is Nadalia, there is him, Dante. He openly and defiantly drank to the health of Na Dalia, invited to dance, and spoke loudly with praise. Not only that, he also dated himself alone through someone else's appointment with Nadalia, monologued his love, and threatened the other party with suicide. In the face of Dante's attack, Nadalia sank deeper and deeper. She didn't realize how dangerous her game was and how serious the consequences were. She even ignored her husband's order forbidding her to attend all young people's parties, and still went her own way, just as Sophia karamzin wrote in her letter to her brother: "I tell you this tragedy that happened last Wednesday with a heavy heart. That day, that moment had a sad ending. Poor thing. What a mental shock he has suffered in the past three months since he received that despicable anonymous letter that day! It was this anonymous letter, at least on the surface, that caused this tragedy ... but the specific reason for the duel was thought to be at the Vorontsov family's party last Saturday. Pushkin's anger reached its limit when he saw his wife and Dantè s laughing and dancing Waltz. And this careless woman doesn't mind seeing Dante again at Myrilski's house on Sunday and at Vyazemski's house on Monday! " Faced with such a "virtuous" wife and a rogue brother-in-law, Pushkin, despite his talent for poetry, is of no help at this time. He has no choice but to fight! So, he challenged the duel again and determined the extremely cruel conditions: the distance between the two sides was only ten steps. After both sides failed to hit each other for the first time, they continued to duel until one side fell to the ground. It seems that Pushkin is really desperate. 1837 65438+1On Wednesday, October 27th, a duel was held in Montenegro, not far from Biebao. Thus, the situation at the beginning of this article appeared. The great poet died and his wife was reviled by people. She killed Pushkin. Pushkin became a victim of her beautiful appearance and frivolous behavior. In addition to his wife Natalya, there is also a view of clearing the name of Mrs. Pushkin, which is described as follows: 100 For many years, people have often blamed Pushkin's death on his wife Natalya Pushkinna. Some authoritative works in Russian literature have always said that Natalie is a frivolous and shallow vulgar woman who has nothing in common with the poet in spirit, although she does not have sufficient information about this character. Natalie has almost become a historical sinner and has been condemned and reviled for a long time. Until 1963, Pushkin researchers Mr. Budovska and Dementev, through unremitting efforts, excavated a batch of precious new historical materials-Goncharov family letters, including Pushkin's and Natalia's French calligraphy, and made gratifying breakthrough new discoveries. Then they began to study Natalie's letters to her second husband, Lanskoi, and her two sisters. Out of a high sense of responsibility to restore the true colors of history, the two experts wrote several monographs on the basis of these hundreds of proven letters, which were published in the 1970s and 1980s. One of the most important books, Biography of Pushkin Na, has been translated into Chinese in China, and its title has been changed to Biography of Lady Pushkin (Unity Press, 199 1). In addition, the work I Love Your Heart-Pushkin's Story by kuznetsova, a Soviet woman writer, has long been translated into Chinese, and its title has been changed to Pushkin's Story (Xinhua Publishing House, 1983). The publication of these works put forward a new evaluation for Mrs. Pushkin: on the issue of the poet's death, she was not only the culprit, but also the victim; She is a woman whose heart is as beautiful as her appearance. Natalia (F.)
The author described another Natalie according to the detailed new historical data. She is pure, kind and well educated. She can capture the poet's heart, not only because of her beautiful face, but also because of her beautiful inner temperament. If Natalya is a vulgar beauty with an empty heart, she is actually belittling the great poet Pushkin! Although Natalya is young (younger than the poet 13 years old), it is difficult to have a deep understanding of Pushkin's complex inner world and his works, but she worships him, respects him and supports his creation. During the honeymoon, she copied poems for her husband. Every new book by Pushkin is always read to her first. Later, Pushkin wanted to publish an anthology, so Natalia asked her brother for help and asked for 87 reams of white paper. She also handled many publishing affairs for Pushkin. Six months before the poet was killed, Natalya turned to her brother for help again without telling her husband. Pushkin wrote in his letter to his wife: "Your beauty is unparalleled and fascinating. But I love your heart more than your face. " The poet wrote in his letter to his mother-in-law: "My wife is very lovely. The longer I live with her, the more I love her. God gave me such a gentle, beautiful, pure and kind angel, and I really feel guilty. " This is the cornerstone of Pushkin's love. Pushkin is a progressive poet who pursues freedom and opposes autocracy. The tsarist government and the upper class regarded him as an enemy and tried every means to destroy him, hoping to put him to death and then quickly. Natalie is the first beauty in Petersburg. I don't know how many men fell for it, and at the same time she was greatly envied by noble ladies. As the wife of a rebellious poet, there are thousands of eyes full of hatred watching her every move, but the inexperienced and naive Natalya doesn't know her husband and her sinister situation, and still happily participates in various social activities. Tsar Nicholas I coveted her, and French officer Dennis enthusiastically pursued her ... What crime did Natalie commit? It's not her fault that she was born beautiful. If she is wrong, it is naive and credulous, and there is a common fault of upper-class women-vanity. As an ordinary person, she will naturally have one weakness or another. But she is innocent and always loyal to her husband. Pushkin trusts his wife and loves her deeply, but he also knows that it is difficult for a stunning woman like her to escape the tragic fate. In order to defend the reputation of himself and his wife, he paid the price of his life. Pushkin and Dennis duel. The other side shot first, and he was fatally wounded. After being taken home, he painfully comforted his wife: "Don't worry, you are not at fault!" " "When the pain was unbearable, he told her to go away, unwilling to let her watch her get hurt and suffer, and kept saying," My poor wife! ""and send someone to comfort her. When the pain was intermittent, he called her to his side and repeatedly explained to her that she was innocent and he would love her forever ... Arendt, a physician who treated Pushkin, witnessed all this and sighed: "For Pushkin, it was his misfortune not to be killed on the spot, because he was tortured badly. But for the sake of his wife's reputation, it is a great misfortune that he came back alive. Because all the people present saw her innocence, Pushkin's love for her is beyond doubt. " Pushkin told his wife before he died, "After I die, you should take your children to live in the countryside. After two years of mourning for me, you will marry, and you must marry a decent man. " After Pushkin's death, Natalya's situation was unimaginable. She is only 24 years old and has four young children. The heartbreaking grief brought by her husband's sudden death, coupled with financial difficulties, is cruel enough for her, and she has to bear accusations from all sides. What's more, she became a world-famous negative teacher, and people took Pushkin's wrong choice of Natalie as a lesson. It is obviously unfair to blame a weak woman for Pushkin's death, a major historical tragedy. This is also Natalie's greatest pain. It is a miracle that Natalie is not dead. The children gave her the strength to survive stubbornly. Children are her life, and she has no life of her own. Natalie spent two years in mourning, but her heart spent her whole life in mourning. Despite her bad luck, her kind nature always makes her very sympathetic to people in adversity. Shedelin's exile reminds her of Pushkin's exile. She ran for Schederin and finally got him released. Later, she helped another innocent young man. Seven years after Pushkin's death, the simple and kind soldier Lanshkoy understood her, sympathized with her, loved her and loved her children. He proposed to her. She married him, but her inner scar was always dull and painful, and she was unhappy all her life. She died at the age of 5 1. The only thing that pleased her before she died was that the four children she had with Pushkin had grown up. As Pushkin's wife, Natalya is a great poet. Therefore, people can better understand Pushkin's love for her-"I love your heart more than your face". However, due to the long-term and far-reaching influence, many people in China still hold traditional views on Mrs. Pushkin. In recent years, we can often read the feelings written by some famous domestic writers after visiting Russia, Moscow and the former residence of Pushkin in Petersburg. Every time the poet's wife is mentioned in the article, she takes a negative attitude without exception. A writer wrote: "Natalie is not a person who keeps her promise." Shortly after Pushkin's death, she changed course and married a French aristocrat who pursued her. This may be her revenge on Pushkin. Another writer wrote: "The combination of Pushkin and Natalya is doomed to be unfortunate. She didn't bring him pleasure and happiness, but she brought a sad and tragic ending. ..... Pushkin is a loser, a loser in love. " Another writer thinks: "Pushkin's marriage took a wrong step, which is a decisive step!" Recently, another writer wrote: "Goncharova turned a blind eye to Pushkin's mental pain and was completely indifferent except to give birth to his children. "Works written according to traditional historical materials are bound to be restricted by them, which is understandable. However, some people who seem to be "insiders" in this field have published articles with serious fallacies, which really should not be. For example, in the article "There is a New Theory about Pushkin's Death", Zhang Guan Dai Li married a woman named Idalia as Pushkin's wife Natalya. In fact, this Idalia once pursued Pushkin, but the poet didn't like her at all. She became angry from embarrassment, and from then on, she held a grudge, colluded with Dantè s, made trouble, framed Natalie, and even became a poet who was killed in a duel. In the article "New Theory", many things about Idalia are blamed on Natalie, and finally it is concluded that "the poet's tragedy was planned by his wife and carried out with her relatives and friends. "Because there is only one syllable difference between the names Idalia and Natalia, it is very easy to confuse readers in China. This "new theory" immediately attracted widespread attention because of its originality, and was reprinted or reprinted by other newspapers and periodicals. Therefore, the distorted image of Mrs Pushkin has been distorted again. I hope everyone can respect the historical facts and let the soul of this unfortunate woman who was buried on the Neva River and suffered hardships before her death get peace as soon as possible. Selected from China Reading Newspaper.
Edit the relevant literature in this paragraph.