1, Songs of the South is China's first collection of romantic poems. Because the form of poetry is formed on the basis of Chu folk songs, and a large number of local products and dialect vocabulary of Chu are quoted in this paper, it is called "Chu Ci". The Songs of the South are mainly the works of Qu Yuan, and the representative work is Li Sao, so later generations also call the Songs of the South "Sao Style". At the end of the Western Han Dynasty, Liu Xiang collected the works of Qu Yuan, Song Yu and others and compiled them into an anthology. Chuci has a far-reaching influence on later generations' literature, which not only created the style of writing in later generations, but also influenced the creation of prose in previous dynasties. It is the source of positive romantic poetry creation in China.
The main author of Songs of the South is Qu Yuan. He created such immortal works as Li Sao, Nine Songs, Nine Chapters and Nine Questions. Under the influence of Qu Yuan, Chu also produced Song Yu, Le Tang, Jing Ke and other Chu Ci writers. The existing Songs of Chu are always concentrated, mainly the works of Qu Yuan and Song Yu. Most of Le Tang's and Jing Ke's works have not survived.
As for the characteristics of Chu Ci, Huang in Song Dynasty summarized it in the Preface to the Correction of Chu Ci: "Gaiqu, Song Sao all wrote Chu language, Chu sound and Chu land, which made Chu things famous, so Gu can be called' Chu Ci'." This statement is correct. In addition, the historical legends, fairy tales, customs and habits, artistic techniques and rich lyric styles involved in the works of Qu and Song in Chu Ci all have distinct Chu culture colors. These are the basic features of Chu Ci and an important part of Chu culture that complements the Central Plains culture.
2. Collection of Chu Literature in the Warring States Period. Liu Xiang in the Western Han Dynasty and Wang Yi in the Eastern Han Dynasty. The original collection of Chu Ci Qu Yuan, Song Yu, Huainan Xiaoshan, Dong Fangshuo, Wang Bo, Liu Xiang and others * * * 16, and later Wang Yi added his own Jiu Si to 17. This book is mainly based on Qu Yuan's works, among which Li Sao, Tian Wen and Tian Wen preserve many historical materials, myths and legends for historians' reference. Qu Yuan (339 ~ 278 BC) was named Ping. Newly appointed ■ Chu Huaiwang left, doctor San Lv. He was dismissed from office for advocating clear laws and regulations, rewarding talents and uniting against Qin, and was later destroyed by his youngest son and Shanxi merchants. When he became king, Qu Yuan was exiled. He died in Miluo River because he failed to save the state of Chu and realize his political ideal. Li Sao is Qu Yuan's masterpiece. This magnificent political lyric poem shows the author's progressive ideal, unremitting struggle to realize the ideal, setbacks encountered in the struggle and his own anguish. Qu Yuan often quoted history to express his feelings and seek lessons from it. "The above-mentioned system of Tang, Yu and Sanhou, the defeat of the lower order, Jie, Yi and Shui, realized that I was going against the right path and returning to myself." Some of these places can complement historical records. For example, "Li Sao" said: "At the beginning of nine debates and nine songs, Xia Kang entertained himself." No matter how difficult it is to draw a picture, Wuzi lost his hometown. It is good to shoot foxes and seal them. Solid turbulence will eventually lead to freshness, and you will have greed for your husband's family. Strong clothes make it hard to indulge. On the day of recreation, I will forget myself and my head will fall off with my husband. Xia Jie often violated Xi, but he was embarrassed. "The history of the Xia Dynasty described in this paragraph is quite complete, which can be cross-referenced with Zuo Zhuan and can make up for the omission of silent things in Historical Records Xia Benji. In addition, from the description of He, Wang Shu, Fei Lian and Hong Long in Li Sao, we can also get a glimpse of ancient myths and legends. "Taking chastity photos in Meng Xi, only Geng Yin and I will surrender" is the data for textual research on ancient astronomical calendars.
Nine Songs was originally an ancient music song, which was said to have been stolen from the sky by Xia Qi. Qu Yuan's "Nine Songs" was written on the basis of folk music songs to worship the gods, copying the names of ancient music songs, with eleven articles. Among them, fairy tales about cloud gods, mountain gods, Xiang water gods, river gods and sun gods are preserved, which are precious materials for studying ancient folk customs and Chu culture.
Tian Wen is a long poem. In 170 questions about the natural universe and social history, many myths and legends and ancient historical materials have been preserved. For example, a series of questions about the legend of Gun and Yu's water control involve the relationship between Gun and turtle, the difference between Yu and Gun's water control methods, the help to Yu's water control, and the marriage between Yu and Tu Shanshi's daughter. The question about the legend of Hou Yi involves the details of Hou Yi's shooting at the sun, shooting at Hebo and his wife being killed by Han Zhuo. There is a lack of literature about the ancestor contract of Shang Dynasty and the history from contract to Tang Dynasty. Tian Wen reveals many important clues in this period of history, among which Qi, Wang Ji, Wang Hai, Shang Jiawei and other contents are particularly precious.
First seen in historical records? Biography of cruel officials. Its original meaning refers to the writing of Chu, and later it gradually fixed into two meanings: one is the genre of poetry, and the other is the name of poetry collection. As far as the poetic genre is concerned, it is a new poetic style created by poets represented by Qu Yuan on the basis of Chu folk songs at the end of the Warring States Period. As far as the collection name is concerned, it is a collection of poems written by Liu Xiang in the Western Han Dynasty on the basis of predecessors, which includes the works of Qu Yuan and Song Yu, Chu people in the Warring States Period, as well as parodies of Jia Yi, Huainan Xiaoshan, Zhuang Ji, Dong Fangshuo, Bao Wang and Liu Xiang in the Han Dynasty.
3. A form of poetry created by Chu people represented by Qu Yuan in China during the Warring States Period. The name of Chu Ci was first seen in Sima Qian's Historical Records and Biographies of Cool Officials in the early years of the Western Han Dynasty. In the Han Dynasty, Chu Ci was also called Ci or Ci Fu. At the end of the Western Han Dynasty, Liu Xiang collected 16 works by Qu Yuan, Song Yu and Huainan Xiaoshan, Dong Fangshuo, Wang Bo and Liu Xiang in the Han Dynasty, and named them "Songs of the South". Chuci became the name of poetry collection again. Qu Yuan's Li Sao is a masterpiece of Chu Ci, so Chu Ci is also called Sao Style or Sao Style.
Chu ci is developed on the basis of Chu folk songs through processing and refining, and has strong local characteristics. Due to the differences in geography and language environment, Chu has its own unique local music since ancient times, which was called Nanfeng and Nanyin in ancient times. There are also unique folk songs, such as Chu people's songs, Yue people's songs and Canglang songs recorded in Shuo Yuan. More importantly, Chu has a long history, witchcraft prevails in Chu, and Chu people entertain gods with songs and dances, so that myths are preserved in large quantities and poetry and music develop rapidly, which makes Chu folk songs full of primitive religious atmosphere. All these influences make Chu Ci have the unique rhyme of Chu State, and at the same time, it has a deep romantic color and a strong witchcraft culture. It can be said that the emergence of Chu Ci is inseparable from the influence of Chu folk songs and cultural traditions.
At the same time, Chu Ci is the product of the combination of southern Chu culture and northern Central Plains culture. After the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, the State of Chu, always called Man Jing, became stronger and stronger. In the process of seizing the Central Plains and the hegemony of vassals, frequent contacts with northern countries promoted extensive exchanges between the North and the South, and Chu was also deeply influenced by the culture of the Central Plains in the north. It is this intersection of North and South cultures that gave birth to such a great poet as Qu Yuan and such colorful great poems as Chu Ci.
Songs of the South occupies an important position in the history of China's poetry. Its appearance broke the silence of The Book of Songs for two or three centuries, and made it shine brilliantly in the poetry circle. Therefore, later generations called "The Book of Songs" and "Songs of the South" coquettish. Wind refers to the style of fifteen countries, represents the book of songs, and is full of realism spirit; Sao refers to Li Sao, representing Chu Ci, full of romanticism. Feng and Sao became two schools of realism and romanticism in China's classical poetry.
Note that this is the Songs of the South written by Wang Yi in the Eastern Han Dynasty. The catalogue of Sikuquanshu says: "Liu Xianghuo first collected Qu Yuan's Li Sao, Tian Wen, Tian Wen and Nine Chapters ... and each of them wrote it down. The book "Songs of the South" 16 compiled by Liu Xiang was originally lost. The chapters and sentences of the Songs of the South are all based on Liu Xiang's Songs of the South, which not only gives a complete explanation of the Songs of the South, but also provides original materials. On the basis of the chapters and sentences in The Songs of the South Song Dynasty, Hong Xingzu made supplementary comments on The Songs of the South. Since then, Zhu in the Southern Song Dynasty wrote A Collection of Notes on Chu Ci, Wang Fuzhi in the early Qing Dynasty wrote An Interpretation of Chu Ci, Jiang Ji in the Qing Dynasty wrote A Collection of Notes on Shanting Chu Ci, and so on. According to their own opinions, they have done a lot of compilation, reading, annotation and comments.
In The Songs of the South, there is a cloud that "nine sighing and thinking about the past": the forest is dark and the trees are shady.
The mountains are rugged and the hills are covered with sunshine.
I am so sad that I feel sad and my eyes are so sad that I cry.
The coquettish crumbs shake the wood, and the clouds suck it.
Sadness means no happiness for the rest of my life, and sorrow means mountains and rivers.
Dan wandered in Nagano, wandering alone in the evening.
Worried hair and tired bow.
Soul wandering in the south, crying, crying.
Soft-hearted, speechless.
I went back to Hunan and Yuan and moved far away.
Miss the fall of Yubang and live among ghosts and gods.
Among Min's ancestors, there was no happiness, but his heart was confused and sad.
Talking about drifting in narrow mountains and walking around the river.
It roars in the deep water and wanders around.
Xing Li's Sao Wei prose was enlightened by Ji Lingxiu.
I also left my car in Nanying Xi and returned to the ancient track.
Xiu Yuan is hard to move, but he can't hurt his heart.
Recite the punishment of three to five, and never break the discipline of Hong Fan.
Play with the rules by heart, and weigh the mistakes at will.
Fuck rope ink, I gave up, but I'm happy to wait on my side.
Gan Tang withered in the lush grass, thorns in the heart.
History blames dependence.
Wu Huo was very happy, while Gong Yan was riding a horse.
Kuaiqin went to the Qing government and left him in the wild.
Guy sighed when he saw this, and he didn't know whether to climb the stairs.
Take the white water, aim high, but die because of migration.
Sigh: If the water in Sakamoto is deep, it will be obscene to be with Zhu Han.
Zhong Ya is dead. Who is crying? I don't feel well,
I was sad for the separation of my wife and Xi, but I also cried for Gao Qiu.
A kind of ancient poetry, also known as Fu. At the end of the Warring States period, Chu literati, represented by Qu Yuan, created a new style poem on the basis of Chu folk songs. Compared with The Book of Songs, it has a larger length and a longer sentence pattern. The use of Chu's literary style and dialect phonology to describe Chu's native products, social conditions and human feelings has a strong romantic color and local characteristics. Qu Yuan, the doctor of Chu, is its creator. Contemporary Chu Ci writers include Song Yu, Jing Ke and others. They all imitated Qu Yuan and wrote works of this genre. Its name existed in the early Han Dynasty at the latest, and this term once appeared in Historical Records Biography of Zhang Tang-Biography of Liangguan. Qu Yuan created the most and highest quality works of this kind. Li Sao, China's longest lyric poem in ancient times, is his masterpiece. The whole article is full of twists and turns, ups and downs, with a strong romantic color, and extensive use of metaphors to form a distant artistic conception through specific images. It is magnificent and has a perfect structure, which has a far-reaching influence on Chu Ci and later literary creation, so it is called "Sao Style" by later generations. In the Han Dynasty, a large number of works imitating Qu Yuan appeared, not all written by Chu people, but similar to this style in content and form, so it was also called Chu Ci. In the history of literature, it is often called "Feng" and "Sao". "Wind" refers to the Book of Songs, mainly the "national wind"; "Sao" refers to the works of Qu Yuan and others. Later generations often sum up the origin and tradition of China's ancient poems with coquettish features.
Also refers to the title of poetry. Liu Xiang series in Western Han Dynasty. Income Qu Yuan, Song Yu, Jing Ke, Le Tang, Jia Yi, Huainan Xiaoshan, Dong Fangshuo, Yan Ji, Wang Bo and Liu Xiang's own works, *** 16. After the Eastern Han Dynasty, Wang Yi added Jiu Si to 17. The main notes are as follows: the supplementary notes of "Chu Ci Si Ji Si Zhu", including the chapters and sentences of Wang Yi in the Eastern Han Dynasty and the supplementary notes of Hong Xingzu in the Song Dynasty; Zhu's Supplement to Songs of the South Song Dynasty consists of a single book and a series of ancient books, with a total of eight volumes. Zhonghua Book Company published Jiang Ji's Notes on Chu Ci in Mountain Pavilion in Qing Dynasty.