Contents (terms) that must be memorized in the appreciation of Chinese poetry in senior high school. For example, what are the artistic techniques? What are the usual images? What are the performance

Contents (terms) that must be memorized in the appreciation of Chinese poetry in senior high school. For example, what are the artistic techniques? What are the usual images? What are the performance effects … ... A collection of essential Chinese terms and poetry appreciation methods for college entrance examination, with examples of common images 1. The stem of the college entrance examination is the "clue" to solve the problem, which indicates the direction, scope and requirements of the candidates. Only after reading the questions can we grasp the main points calmly. Looking at the national college entrance examination papers in recent years, it is not difficult to find that there are some similar "common terms" hidden in the examination papers. The summary is as follows: Expression: The common expressions in Chinese are narration, description, discussion, lyricism and explanation. Writing skills: writing skills are "expression" in a narrow sense, and refer to all writing skills in a broad sense, such as expression, rhetoric, suppression before promotion, symbol, straight to the point, taking things to express ideas and so on. Rhetoric: commonly used are metaphor, personification, repetition, exaggeration, parallelism, duality, contrast, rhetorical question and so on. Language features: Generally speaking, it refers to the easy-to-understand spoken language, rigorous and elegant written language, distinctive, vivid, vivid and emotional literary language. When analyzing, it is generally analyzed from rhetoric. Types of expository texts: expository texts of things and things (content perspective); Simple and vivid explanatory text (language expression angle). Description method: generally, there are examples, classification, data, comparison, definition, explanation, analogy, drawing charts, imitation, etc. (generally three words). Description order: chronological order (program order), spatial order and logical order. When answering questions, you can answer them more specifically, such as: spatial order (from top to bottom, from inside to outside, etc. ), logical order (results first, reasons later, step by step, etc. Description object: refers to the main person or thing described in the article (generally there is no need to answer the characteristics of people or things). Argumentative thesis topics: argumentation, discussion, relationship and suggestive argumentation: reasonable argumentation, factual argumentation, comparative argumentation, figurative argumentation and regression required by middle school. Argumentation method: argumentation and refutation. Theoretical arguments: including famous sayings, proverbs, formula laws, etc. Factual arguments: all facts, historical facts, data, etc. What's the function: the function of answering a certain content in the text can be considered from three aspects: first, the content, such as deepening the theme and emphasizing feelings; Second, structure, such as transition and echo; Third, language, such as fascinating and lively. Ideological: basically refers to the central idea or theme of the article. Thoughts and feelings: the ideological tendency shown by the author or characters in a work, such as good and evil, likes and dislikes, praise and criticism, etc. The above-mentioned "common terms" secretly examine the students' Chinese foundation and are also the main points of topic arrangement. If you understand them, you can cure the stubborn disease of "answering irrelevant questions". Second, the common terms 1 in appreciation of ancient poetry. The evaluation theme category deepens the artistic conception, which is far-reaching, beautiful and meaningful, thought-provoking, far-reaching (the language is easy to understand and the theme is far-reaching), concise (the language is concise and rich in content), and intended to imply (the implication is here and there, and the implication is there). 2. The language features are concise (a rough introduction to things), full of colors (meticulous description), vivid (vivid description, mostly referring to people or animals), nuanced or poor (phase) (meticulous description and vivid description) and poetic. 3. The language style is fluent (structure and language are natural and fluent), both in form and spirit (language, structure and other forms and contents are impeccable), concise or refined (language is concise and neat), concise or clear (without modification, without modification), plain, simple, fresh, elegant, gorgeous and bright (clear and fluent). 4. The structure of the article includes foreshadowing (explanation and suggestion before the plot happens), ambush pen (clues buried in the front part are clues buried in the back part), echo or care (mutual connection before and after), and nature (the structure is complete, just like natural generation). 5. Other ideas are ingenious, novel, unique, unconventional, ingenious (innovative, not using the old format and practice, quite clever), delicate, sincere, vivid, tortuous and distinctive. Third, the method of poetry appreciation 1. Exam-oriented strategy: (1) Mastering the necessary appreciation (appreciation) knowledge and artistic conception: it is the harmonious unity of two factors in poetry and the organic combination of the thoughts and feelings expressed by the poet and the life picture depicted in the poem. Lyric ways: direct lyric and indirect lyric. Expression techniques: such as contrast, contrast, reality, expressing meaning by raising things, expressing feelings by borrowing things, etc. Style genre: Because the writer's life experience, emotional temperament and artistic accomplishment are different. They showed their unique styles, styles and tastes in their creation, and formed different styles of works. For example, Li Bai is elegant and free, Du Fu is depressed and frustrated, Su Shi is broad-minded and bold, and Liu Yong is gentle and graceful. Understanding the poet's style is conducive to grasping their thoughts and feelings in poetry. Language features: fresh-novel and plain language-simple and true, gorgeous-gorgeous and fantastic, bright-broken, subtle-implication, concise-concise. (2) Mastering the method of appreciation ① Understanding the relevant background of a poet or work is conducive to grasping the content and ideas of poetry. With the help of association and imagination, it is helpful to grasp the artistic conception of poetry, because poetry has tension and infinite charm in scale. ③ Taste the words, sentences and meanings extracted by the author in his poems. In appreciation, it is necessary to deeply analyze the poet's accurate and vivid words, exquisite and appropriate rhetoric, the blending of emotion and scenery, and the combination of matter and reason, which is conducive to grasping the artistic conception and emotion of the work, entering the truth of the work and feeling the poet's feelings. Appreciation of literary works is a creative activity with strong comprehensiveness and high level of ability. At present, poetry appreciation teaching can be said to be the weakness of Chinese teaching, and it is also the blind spot of reviewing for the senior high school entrance examination. When reviewing, we should pay attention to the setting of appreciation test sites from the following aspects: 1, understanding of poetry content: (1) understanding of the central idea; (2) understanding of the feelings expressed; ⑶ Understand the lyric subject image; (4) Understanding of symbolic meaning. 2. Understand the expressions used and their functions. 3. Understanding of poetic language: (1) Understanding of key words; (2) Understanding of key sentences. 4. Understand the artistic conception of poetry. There are three types of questions: choice, fill in the blanks and short answers. Some of them are open-ended questions that encourage students to innovate. Problem-solving thinking and skills: 1 Grasp the theme of the work, the author's emotional tendency and the original intention of the poem from the relevant background information of the writer and the work. 2. Understand the meaning of poetry and the feelings expressed from the writer's style (bold and graceful, etc.). ) and language features (such as conciseness, implication, etc.). ) .3. Start with key words, such as grasping the usage, meaning and function of key verbs in poetry. 4. Analyze, summarize and reason from key sentences (such as topic sentences, philosophical sentences and emotional sentences). 5. Taste the language and imagine the artistic conception from rhetoric, expression and technique. 6. Starting with a comprehensive understanding of the specific content of poetry, grasp the ideological content of various poems (farewell, nostalgia, patriotism, etc.). ). For the answer to the subjective question, we should also pay attention to the concise written expression and to the point. Familiar with the terms commonly used in the appreciation of classical poetry (1) to evaluate the theme category, deepen the artistic conception, deepen the theme, profound, beautiful, meaningful, intriguing, profound, concise, meaningful and implicit. ⑵ The analytical techniques are: Zhang Xianzhi, make the finishing point, express one's mind directly, express one's meaning with things, symbolize, see the big from the small, come straight to the point, spend the night, place, set off, render, outline description, contrast, arouse, scene blending, scene generation, scene emotion, scene lyric, scene setting off, scene setting off, scene blending, all-inclusive. (3) Language features are sketching, colorful, meticulous, delicate, vivid, meticulous, poor, philosophical, incisive, flowing, concise, simple, bright, clear, fluent, plain, fresh, elegant and gorgeous. (4) The style is gloomy, bold, bold, broad-minded, gloomy, desolate, diluted, deep, sad, vigorous, soothing, sad, chic, and so on. (5) The structure of the article is laid out, ambushed, echoed and natural. (6) Writing skills are the combination of reality and fiction. 7. Master the characteristics of poetic rhetoric methods. Rhetorical devices commonly used in poetry include metaphor, personification, contrast, exaggeration, metonymy, pun and intertextuality. Secondly, we should pay attention to the use of methods when reading poems (1). With the help of topics, authors and notes. The topic is the starting point The title of ancient poetry is very particular, which often reveals the time, place, object, event and theme of poetry writing, and is an important starting point for us to interpret poetry. Starting with the topic, we can understand poetry quickly and accurately. Author: Determine the dynasty and style, and pave the way for the later analysis of language, expression skills, ideological content and the poet's views and attitudes. Note: You can know the background of the work. (2) Learn to classify and appreciate poetry from the content. The classification of ancient poetry is vast, from the Book of Songs to the poems and songs of the Qing Dynasty, with a large number and a wide range of themes, which is amazing. But as far as its content is concerned, it can be roughly summarized as: epic, pastoral, object-chanting, frontier poems, sentimental poems and so on. Master the characteristics and methods of all kinds of poems. (In view of the specific space, I won't go into details) Pinming University 3. Appreciating poems with backgrounds should not neglect the understanding of their backgrounds. The background mentioned here includes the social era, life experience and ideas of the poet. These aspects often have a direct impact on the poet's poetry creation. Therefore, when we appreciate poetry, we should take this opportunity to understand and grasp it. 4. Pay attention to the "description of details" in the works. China's classical poems are generally short and pithy, and there are not many details as narrative works. However, even a short chapter, even a lyrical sketch, can not ignore the description of details. 5. Pay attention to the author's "logical thinking". In classical poetry, people usually pay attention to the thinking in the image and make a full analysis of it, but ignore the analysis and understanding of the necessary logical thinking of the work, so that at some point they can't fully and objectively appreciate the true meaning of the work. Thinking in images cannot exclude logical thinking, but must be based on logical thinking. 6. Pay attention to the use of allusions in the works. Citation is a common expression in ancient poetry, which not only enhances the meaning of the work, but also has a certain impact on our reading. Sometimes, if you can't understand the meaning of allusions correctly, it will directly affect the appreciation of the whole work. Therefore, we must have a preliminary understanding of the "allusions" in the works, and then understand the new meaning expressed by using allusions through their original intentions. Generally speaking, we should pay attention to the following situations when using allusions in ancient poetry. Sentences that point to predecessors. Pointing is different from direct quotation, but written in your own words after digesting the previous sentences. Use historical stories wisely. When quoting historical stories, clearly point out who and what they are, which is to use historical stories by stealth. Bi Ming used concealment, because he didn't clearly point out what it was, so it was difficult to see it at a glance. If you know the historical stories used, you can read poems; On the contrary, it will be a big headache. Reverse use of historical stories. Using historical stories by stealth means using their meanings, and conversely using historical stories means using their meanings. 2. Appreciation and evaluation 1. Grasping the imagery and artistic conception of poetry: There are various imagery in poetry, which can be summarized into the following categories: (1) symbolic imagery; (2) figurative images; (4) Descriptive images; And (2) perception of images. Appreciating the image in poetry The so-called "image" is a picture of life displayed in literary works, which can generally be divided into characters. (1) character image. The poet image "I" in poetry generally refers to the lyric hero, that is, the poet himself. It is different from the "I" in the novel (not the author himself). (2) the image of the scene. The landscape image in the poem is the scenery in love. Lyrics are often subjective emotional images with the help of objective images (mountains, rivers, vegetation, etc.). ), that is, there is an image of "meaning", that is, "image". Poets usually express themselves through images, and poets as subjects are often integrated with images as objects. Sometimes there are several images in a poem, and they are all interrelated. Generally, when writing a short essay, we should pay attention to "blocking" first, that is, to tell the overall characteristics of the poet's image, and then take this as the "central argument" to analyze and demonstrate this argument from the specific words of the poem. The other three aspects of appreciation and evaluation generally use this idea. It is worth noting that we must write around this argument. Beginners often lose focus and write all aspects in short words. The way to appreciate the poet's image, like other literary works, generally starts with his social status, ideology and personality characteristics. But these words should not appear in the specific writing process, so we borrow its way and ideas at this time. 3. Appreciating the language of works The main features of poetic language are: conciseness, vividness, emotion and jumping. Appreciating the language of poetry mainly starts from these aspects. And these aspects are often integrated. 4. Appreciating the expression of works refers to the specific and special artistic means that the poet flexibly uses the general creative rules and methods when shaping the artistic image with the help of language and words. Mainly investigate the artistic characteristics and forms of expression. (1) lyric method. There are direct lyricism (expressing one's mind directly) and indirect lyricism. The main means of indirect lyric is to express one's ambition through scenery or things, and also to melt feelings into scenery, remember the past and regret the present. (2) expression techniques. The technique of expression can be grasped from three aspects: 1, the creative method: Fu, Bi and Xing; 2. Performance: narration, description, lyricism and discussion; 3. Conception skills: write static with motion, write sadness with joy, combine reality with reality, see big with small, combine point with surface, imagine association, symbolize sustenance, etc. Of these three aspects, the third aspect is its focus. (3) allusions. There are two main points in appreciating poetry with allusions: 1, and the source and meaning of allusions. 2. The role of allusions. The function of allusion in poetry before Tang Dynasty is mainly to increase the capacity of poetry and make it elegant, lasting and rich in literary talent. In the poems and songs after the Tang Dynasty, it is mainly to remember the past, hurt the present, praise history and express ambitions. (4) Style is the general feature of works in thought and art determined by creative personality. As far as style is concerned, there are romantic and realistic points. As far as the overall style of poetry and music is concerned, there are three theories: elegant poetry, charming words and harmonious words (vulgar), and bold and graceful are different. 1, different styles have different characteristics: Romanticism: being good at expressing passionate pursuit of the ideal world, often exaggerating, passionate language and magnificent imagination. Representative poets are Qu Yuan, Li Bai, Li He, Su Shi and Gong Zizhen. Realism: pay attention to accurately and delicately describing reality according to the original life, and truly reflect people's lives and pursuits. Representative poets are Du Fu, Xin Qiji and Lu You. 2. Many poets have formed their own unique styles: Su Shi and Xin Qiji, bold and unconstrained Liu Yong and Li Qingzhao, graceful and restrained Li Yu and Liu Yuxi, meaningful Xie Tiao and Xie Lingyun, natural Li Bai, fresh and elegant Du Fu, depressed and frustrated Qu Yuan, vigorous and tragic Wang Anshi, vigorous and lofty Tao Yuanming, distant and quiet Wang Wei, and serene and graceful Wang Changling. Different types of poems have different styles: court poems: lingering pastoral poems: tranquil landscape poems: fresh and beautiful frontier poems: sad and generous allegorical poems: gloomy and angry poems: majestic (5) Rhetoric: mainly mastering the eight rhetorical techniques required by the college entrance examination. The examination form is generally to distinguish the artistic techniques of rhetoric and analyze the artistic effects of rhetoric. 5. First evaluate the ideological content, thoughts and feelings of the work: mainly examine three points: 1, and the emotional categories: sadness, anger, resentment, sadness, joy, joy, yearning, leaving sorrow, regretting the past and hurting the present, etc. 2, emotional carrier: willow-parting chrysanthemum-proud full moon-reunion leaves-frustrated and so on. 3. Lyric method: See the previous section "Appreciation and expression skills". Second, the main content: 1, cultural common sense, life common sense, historical allusions, myths and legends and natural phenomena involved. 2. The general idea or connotation of a poem. 3. The poet's ideological inclination, political opinions, ambition pursuit, life experience, etc. 4. The background of the times and social reality. Poetry expresses ideological content in two forms, one is to express emotion through scenery, and the other is to express one's will through characters. Most metrical poems and quatrains are written first, and then lyrical; Lyrics and songs are often used to remember the past, that is, to express one's mind by borrowing things and people. Ideological content is also reflected in lyric poetry. To appreciate the thoughts and feelings of poetry, we should first start with the basic content of the poem, and then the author should write out the feelings contained in the poem. Third, the summary expression 1. Flexible use of common terms in appreciation of ancient poetry, accurate and appropriate expression of their own "poetry on poetry" experience. "What to write": lyrical description of scenery; Recite things and express aspirations (feelings); Nostalgia for history; That is, feelings; Battle of frontier fortress; Landscape pastoral; Image; Artistic conception; Background; Main idea. "How to write": romanticism; Realism; Poetic eyes; Lyric with scenery; Integrate feelings into the landscape; Say it out loud; Combination of reality and excess; Picturesque and vivid; Dynamic and static combination; Turn static into dynamic; Refine words; Take over and turn over; Fu Bixing; Exaggeration; Use allusions; Implicit; Confrontation; Rhyme "why write": expressing thoughts and feelings. Reflect social reality; Show interest in; show interest in; Entrust feelings (such as admiration, melancholy, melancholy, depression, etc.). ). Express the pursuit of; Show a tendency to; Give off the feeling of ...; Show one's heart; Create the feeling of. 2. Distinguish several concepts and clarify the content of the answer. If you ask "expression", you should describe, depict (virtual reality, dynamic and static), discuss, express your feelings, spread out and so on. When you ask "figures of speech", you should answer the figures of speech used; When you ask about "artistic (expressive) skills", you should imagine, associate, contrast (positive or negative contrast), contrast, symbol, allusion, application and implication. 4. When answering questions, pay special attention to the following points: First, stick to the requirements and don't generalize; Second, the main points should be complete and should be considered from multiple angles; The third is to scrutinize the terms and strive to be accurate, concise and standardized. The role of rhetoric and interpretation methods in reading text (reading comprehension) 1, parallelism, repetition: strong expression. Parallelism often gives people a sense of unity, and the language is fluent and magnificent, which can enhance the persuasiveness and appeal of the article. Emphasize a certain meaning or highlight a certain emotion repeatedly. 2. rhetorical question: make the tone stronger, stronger than the feelings expressed in general sentences, and more vivid than the straightforward expression of meaning. 3. Metaphor: using metaphor to describe things can make things vivid and tangible; Used to explain the truth, it can make the truth easy to understand. 4. Exaggeration: used to emphasize or highlight some characteristics of things and express some strong thoughts and feelings. 5. Ask questions: Answering questions by yourself, attracting readers' attention and thinking, also plays an important role of emphasis. 6. Duality: Make the sentence more-and the language neat. 1, analogy: make- more vivid. Vivid language. 2. Classification: Make the explanation of-clearer. 3. Example: Make readers more convinced -4. Enumerating numbers: make readers believe more and make the language more accurate. 5. Contrast: Reveal-6. Definition: The explanation of-is more accurate. An explanation of the essential characteristics of things. 7. Interpretation: It is more accurate to define a certain feature of things.