Appreciation of Du Fu's poem "Farewell Wedding"
Wedding farewell
Du Fu
Rabbit silk is covered with hemp, so it is not long.
It is better to abandon the roadside than to marry a woman and ask for a husband.
If you get married, you won't warm your bed.
It is too hasty to say goodbye at dusk!
Although your trip is not far, keep the border and go to Heyang.
Why should I worship my aunt when my body is not clear?
When my parents raised me, they made me hide day and night.
If you have a daughter, you will get a chicken and a dog.
You're going to die today, and you've been forced into your intestines with deep pain.
Swear to go with you, the situation is yellow.
Don't worry about the wedding, work hard!
Women in the army are afraid of being soldiers.
Because I am a poor woman, I have always been a prostitute.
Lolo quit and washed his red makeup.
Looking up at a hundred birds flying, your body will double.
There are many personnel mistakes, facing Junyong!
Du Fu's "Three Farewells" in "Farewells to Newlyweds" has carefully shaped the image of a young woman who understands the great righteousness. This poem is in the form of a monologue. The whole poem uses seven words "Jun", all of which are heartfelt words from the bride to the groom. It is touching to read.
This poem can be roughly divided into three paragraphs or layers, but these three layers are not parallel, but deeper and higher, and each layer has twists and turns. This is because the mood of the characters is very complicated. In the first paragraph, from "rabbit silk covered with hemp" to "why should I worship my aunt", the bride mainly tells her unfortunate fate. She is a newly married woman who has just passed the door. She has never seen or talked to her husband before. So the tone seems a little shy and hesitant. This is clearly reflected in the first two sentences: "Rabbit silk is covered with hemp, so it is not long." The bride's words are not straightforward, but are caused by metaphors. This is in line with her specific identity and her psychological state at this time. "Rabbit silk" is a creeping grass, which is often parasitic on other plants. "Peng" and "Ma" are also small plants, so the rabbit silk parasitic on the body cannot be extended. In feudal society, women had to live by their husbands. Now that they are married to "husbands", it is hard to expect to grow old together. The metaphor of "shredded rabbit with hemp" is very appropriate. "It is better to abandon the roadside than to marry a woman and ask for a husband" is an aggravating statement. Why is this bride so sad? The following eight sentences "Marry as your wife" are just stating this problem. Don't read the word "knot hair" easily, it shows that the bride values her husband's kindness very much, because it is related to her later life. However, who knows where you will go on this wedding night! I just got married the night before and have to leave early the next morning. Even your mattress is not warm. Why is this like a married couple? "Nothing is too hasty" and "Nothing is" is a rhetorical question, which means "No". If it's for something else, it doesn't matter to say goodbye in a hurry, because we can get together again later, but you're going to fight in Heyang again. Apart from the future, the identity of my daughter-in-law is not clear before my eyes. How can I meet my in-laws and serve them well? In ancient weddings, three days after the bride went through the door, she had to sue her family temple, go to her ancestral grave and visit her in-laws before she could get married. The sentence "although not far away, keep the border and go to Heyang" points out that another root of the wedding is war; At the same time, it shows that the war at that time was a "frontier defense" war. Judging from the structure of the poem, these two sentences are the following: "You are going to die today" and "Work hard". At that time, it was the Anshi Rebellion, the vast area fell, and the frontier defense had to be moved to the mainland again and again. Now, the border is in Heyang near Luoyang, and the border guards have actually reached their door. Isn't it a pity? Therefore, we should also regard these two sentences as a mockery of the ruling class's ignorance of the country. The poet used a "gentle and ironic" writing here.
The second paragraph, from "when my parents raised me" to "the situation turned yellow" The bride further shifted the topic from herself to her husband. She cares about her husband's life and death, expresses her loyalty to him and wants to fight with him. "When my parents raised me, they made me hide day and night." At that time, my parents loved me very much and regarded me as a treasure. However, when a woman marries, my parents can't hide from me all my life. They still want to marry me, and they have to marry whoever they marry. The words "chickens and dogs have to obey" and "will" are just like the saying "marry a chicken and follow a dog". But now, "you are going to die today, and you are deeply pushed into your intestines." But you're going to that narrow escape battlefield. Who will I be with if something happens? Think of these, how can you not make people feel heartbroken? Then, the bride said, "I am determined to go with you, and I will die together to save my mind." But I'm worried that this will not only make things worse and more complicated. Young women are not allowed to join the army. It's not convenient for you to join the army with your wife. I am a daughter who has just gone out, and I have never seen the world, let alone fought a war. It's really a dilemma. This passage depicts the bride's ambivalence, which is very tortuous and profound. The third paragraph of the poem is from "don't worry about your wedding" to "always face the king" Here, the heroine finally jumped out of her personal misfortune and concern for her husband after painful talk and fierce inner struggle, stood at a higher angle and set her sights farther. "Don't worry about the wedding, work hard!" She turned sad and painful complaints into positive encouragement, and she spoke happily. She didn't hesitate as she did at first. She decided not to go with her husband. In order to let him fight bravely and wholeheartedly, she expressed her unfailing loyalty. This kind of love is expressed through some seemingly unimportant details or concrete actions that are actually very useful. This is what these four sentences describe: "a woman with inferiority complex". The bride said that it took a long time to prepare a beautiful dress, and now she doesn't wear it. Besides, in front of you, I will wash the powder off my face. After you left, I was even less in the mood to dress up. This is, of course, a confession of her loyal and devoted love for her husband, but more importantly, her purpose is to encourage him to kill the enemy with confidence and hope. Her encouragement to her husband is wise. Because only by pinning the ideal of happiness on her husband's efforts to kill the enemy and return home in triumph can it be realized. It should be said that she is sensible and sensible.
"Birds fly, size will double xiang. There are many mistakes in personnel, facing Junyong! " These four sentences are the summary of the whole poem. There is sadness and sadness in it, but it is not as strong and obvious as it was at the beginning. The main meaning is to encourage husbands. That's why she said "human error is many". It seems that people are not as good as birds, but she immediately cheered up and spoke the words of "facing military courage" and strengthened her husband's fighting spirit with unswerving love.
Newly Married is a thoughtful and perfect work of art.. The poet used bold and romantic artistic fiction. In fact, Du Fu can't have such a life experience, and it is impossible to eavesdrop on the bride's private words to the groom's official. In the bride's body poured into the author's romantic ideal color. On the other hand, in terms of characterization, Newly Married has the characteristics of realism and meticulous carving. The hero image in the poem is flesh and blood. Through the tortuous and painful inner struggle, she finally resolutely encouraged her husband to "strive" to show the development and changes of the characters' thoughts and feelings in the war environment. Instead of feeling reluctant and abstract, she felt very natural, in line with the logic of events and the development of characters, and was deeply infected.
Individualization of characters' language is also a major artistic feature of The Newly Married Couple. The poet incarnates the bride and speaks in the bride's tone, which is very vivid and lifelike. Many common sayings are used in the poem, which also helps to personalize the language, because he originally described a "poor family girl".
In addition, in rhyme, newlyweds are different from stone trenchers. There are several rhymes in Quarrel, but Wedding Farewell is the same rhyme in the end, as are Farewell to the Old and Homeless. This is probably related to the way poetry uses monologues. It is more conducive to the protagonist's telling and the reader's listening.
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Appreciation of Du Fu's Homeless Poems
homeless
Du Fu
After the lonely Tianbao, the garden is full of Artemisia annua.
I live in 100 families, and everything is in a mess.
There is no news of the survivors, and the dead are dust and mud.
Because of the defeat, the bitch came back to find the old way.
After a long walk, I saw an empty lane, and it was thin and miserable.
But for Kitsune to tanuki, my hair stands on end.
What are the neighbors? One or two widowed women.
Love birds and branches, quiet and poor.
Fang Chun hoes alone and irrigates at dusk.
The county magistrate knew I was here, so he called to learn drum shovel.
Although he served in the state, he had no one to take care of.
When you get close, you will get lost.
There are swings everywhere in my hometown, and the distance is neat.
A mother who is always in pain and has been ill for a long time, appoints a ditch flow for five years.
I was born weak and sour about life.
Life is homeless, why is it steaming!
Homelessness is the same as the other two of the three farewells. The narrator of a narrative poem is not the author, but the hero in the poem. The hero is a single man, and he was called up again. Nobody can say goodbye to him, and nobody can say goodbye. However, when he embarked on the journey, he couldn't help talking to himself, as if to tell God that he was homeless.
From the beginning to the fourteen sentences in Widow One Two, I have been writing what I saw and heard when I went back to my hometown after the chaos. In the middle, I inserted a sentence, "Bitch returned to find a new way because of the defeat of the war", which divided this long paragraph into two short paragraphs. Some time ago, I started from tracing the story and wrote that the soldier who claimed to be a "cheap son" returned to his hometown and saw that his hometown was unrecognizable and desolate, so he fondled the present and recalled the past, roughly telling the changes in his hometown. "Lonely Tianbao, the garden is only wormwood", these two sentences are written in front, but the past is hidden behind. "After Tianbao" is like this. What about before Tianbao? So naturally leads to the next two sentences. At that time, "there were more than 100 households in my family", which should be facing each other in the garden. Of course, they are not alone; "Tianbaohou" is disturbed by the world, living in a different place, the garden is deserted, Artemisia (weeds) are overgrown, and it is naturally lonely. The word "loneliness" is used at the beginning, which renders the scene of depression everywhere, shows the sad mood of the protagonist and sets the tone for the whole poem. The word "chaos in the world" echoes "Tianbaohou", writing out the reasons for the changes in ancient and modern times, and also pointing out the roots of "homelessness" and "parting". The phrase "there is no news of the living, and the dead are all dust and mud" comes from "everything is in chaos", such as the sigh of "I", which strongly expresses the hero's sadness.
The first paragraph summarizes the whole picture, and the second paragraph describes the details, with "son of a bitch lost in the battle and came back to find a new way" as the transition. The word "Qiu" has a detailed description, and the word "Lao" has a profound meaning. The "old road" in my hometown has gone through thousands of times, and I won't get lost with my eyes closed. Now it's time to "find". It's not what it used to be. It's already flooded by Artemisia annua. Looking back, the word "old" should be "more than one hundred in my family"; The word "Qiu" should be "Yuanlu but Artemisia". "Long line see empty lane, thin gas miserably. But for Kitsune to tanuki, my hair stands on end. What are the neighbors? One or two old people are widows. " Write "bitch" from approaching the village to entering the village lane to visiting the neighbors. "Traveling far" spreads the word "seeking" on the basis of "seeking the old road". It's not far, but it's a long walk. It is extremely difficult to identify the old road. I have searched and searched, and I have taken many detours. The "empty lane" says that there is no one, but it should be "the world is in chaos." The phrase "The sun is setting, it's terrible" is personified in the scene, which sets off the sad mood of the protagonist when he sees an empty lane. The word "Dan" in "Dan to Kitsune to tanuki" is homophonic with the word "empty" in front. At that time, "more than 100 households" lived together, and people came and went in the village lanes, laughing and laughing; Now it is only opposite to the fox. And those "Kitsune to tanuki" are anti-customer-oriented. When they see me, they will give me a thumbs-up and yell at me, as if blaming me for breaking into their home. Visiting all the neighbors, I found that only one or two old widows are still alive! Seeing them, naturally there are many things to ask and say, but Du Fu has omitted them, leaving room for readers' imagination. When reading the following sentence, "A mother suffering from a long illness forever has been entrusted with a ditch for five years", it is not difficult to imagine the content of the question and answer with "an old widow" and the expression of mutual excitement.
"Love birds love this branch, speechless. Fang Chun hoes alone and irrigates the beds at dusk. " -this is a structurally self-contained paragraph, which describes the life of the protagonist after returning to China. The first two sentences, taking the overnight bird as a metaphor, show nostalgia for the countryside. In the last two sentences, the protagonist started Dai Yue's hard work with a sad mood, hoping to live in his hometown, no matter how poor and lonely he is!
The last paragraph, write about homelessness and parting. "The county magistrate knew that I was here and was called to learn drum shovel", and the waves suddenly rose. The following six sentences are twists and turns. "Although from the national service, no care", this is the first turning point; The first sentence is self-congratulation and the second sentence is self-destruction. Although I served in this state this time, I have nothing to look after. No one sent me, and there was nothing to bring. How can I not be sad! This is the second turning point, that is, "if you are near, you will lose, and if you are far away, you will lose." Being alone in a "recent trip" is very sad; But since I am a soldier, I will eventually go to the front in the future. Really confused about the future, I don't know where I will die! "The hometown is exhausted, and the distance is also neat", which is the third turning point. Looking back, my hometown has been deserted. What's the difference between "going near" and "going far"? The six poems are full of cadence and depth, and describe in detail the psychological changes of the protagonist after hearing the call. As Liu Chenweng said, "If you write this, you can make God cry!" (See the quotation in Yang Lun's Complete Book of Songs) When talking about Du Fu's "unique" expression, Shen Deqian pointed out: "... there is another way. For example, there is a cloud in the article "Homeless":' The county official knows that I am here, and he is called to learn drums and shovels.' It is extremely unbearable to be sent by homeless people; However, it is unbearable, and its taste is shallow. This cloud "hometown is exhausted, and the distance is also neat", which is very painful. "
"Forever pain long sick mother, five years committee ditch creek. If I can't give birth to me, I will be sour for a lifetime. " Although I tried to be philosophical and forgive myself, the saddest thing finally came to my mind: my mother, who had been ill for a long time before my last application, died five years after I joined the army! After death, I can't get the burial of "I", which leads to the appointment of bone sulcus! This has made me sad all my life. These words are extremely written about the pain of mother's death and the misery of family. So stick to the topic and end with a rhetorical question: "Life is homeless, how can it be steamed!" -how can a person be an ordinary person without a home and being sealed up?
The title of this poem is The Homeless. The first paragraph is about what I saw and heard when I returned to my hometown after the chaos. The hero walks near the village and enters the village lane in a hierarchical way, from far to near, in an orderly way. The distant view only summarizes the whole picture, and the close view describes the details. The third paragraph describes the protagonist's psychological activities, which is divided into several layers, deeper and more detailed. Well-organized and well-structured. Poets are also good at writing distinctive things in concise and vivid language. In the poem, "the garden is only wormwood" and "only doing" are relatively general. "Artemisia Chenopodium" and "Fox" are the special things here. Who can tolerate the overgrowth of Artemisia annua in his garden? How dare a fox run amok in a densely populated village? The short words "Garden Lu is only Artemisia Chenopodium" and "Only Zhi" vividly depict the tragic image of human extinction and the desolation of Tianlu. Others, such as "What are the neighbors?" "One or two widowed women" is also a feature. Just because I am an "old widow", I can still survive there. Those who can come in handy will be taken away by the government if they don't escape in advance. Isn't the hero in the poem taken away as soon as he returns to the village? Poetry uses the first person, so that the protagonist can stand up directly and tell the reader what he has seen, met and felt, thus expressing the psychological state of the characters through their subjective lyricism and reflecting their thoughts and feelings through the description of the environment. A few years ago, "I", who was arrested by the government as a soldier, narrowly escaped death and finally returned to my hometown, thinking that I could get together with my flesh and blood neighbors; However, I saw a "wormwood", walked into an "empty lane" and met a fox with fur and anger ... it was really sad and mixed feelings! So I look thinner for several days. God, whether you are fat or thin. Because of your sad mood, I saw the sunshine dim and the scene miserable. It is precisely because of the blending of scenes, the combination of characterization and environmental description that we can create flesh-and-blood characters in a short space, reflecting the sufferings of the people in the war zone at that time and effectively whipping the cruelty and decay of the rulers.
Zheng Dongfu said in Du Fu that the poem was "homeless" and "stabbed the poor". Pu Yin Long said in Reading: "Why steam plums?" It can be summarized by six articles (referring to "three officials" and "three parting"). Instead, simply say,' Why for the people?' "-means: how can you be the master of the people if you force them to the point where they can't be the people? It seems that these two researchers of Du Fu's poems in feudal times have a good understanding of the significance of homelessness.
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Appreciation of Du Fu's Farewell to the Old
Say goodbye to the old.
Du Fu
The empty countryside has never been peaceful in war. I am old, but there is no peace.
Children and grandchildren died in battle, how can they be immune!
Throw away the crutches and go out to fight. The same person in the same group shed tears for me.
Fortunately, my teeth are good and my appetite is not diminished, and my sad body is as thin as firewood and withered.
Armored and armored, the man had no choice but to say goodbye to the leader.
I am sad to hear my wife sleeping on the road, and I still have thin pants and sheets in winter.
Knowing that the last time we met, poor people and poor people didn't pity her.
I can't go home yet, but I still listen to her urging me to do my best.
The defense of Tumen is strong, and the natural barrier in Xingzhen is difficult to smuggle.
The situation is no longer the battle of the city in those days, even at the time of death.
Life has ups and downs, don't choose ups and downs!
Thinking of the peaceful young people in the past, they can't help sighing for a long time.
The army is generally recruiting troops, and the war has permeated Lu' an.
The remains of a tree and a blade of grass, a blade of grass and a blade of grass, are all red on the beach.
Why is hometown a paradise? Ann dares to linger!
Resolutely abandon the hut and go to the front, the sky is really broken!
In the war to pacify the Anshi Rebellion, after Tang Jun was defeated in Yecheng, in order to prevent the rebels from invading the west again, the imperial court made conquests everywhere in Luoyang, and even the old man and woman were not spared. "Farewell the old and welcome the new" is to express the bitter feelings of an old man who joined the army in his twilight years and bid farewell to his wife.
From the beginning, the poet put the old man in the turbulent atmosphere of the "restless countryside" era, letting him reveal his "old and uneasy" experience and mood, and the language situation was low, giving people a feeling of depression. He sighed and said: all the descendants died in the war, leaving me an old man. Why should I survive? The words are full of the old man's deep sadness. Now, the war is approaching, and the government wants me to go to the front. Let's go! So the old man threw away his crutches and walked out of the house trembling. Going out with a stick, the strokes are trembling, suggesting that the protagonist is an old man who understands the righteousness and knows what to do in this difficult time. But after all, he is old and weak, and the soldiers in the same trade can't help but sigh when they see this scene. "Those who travel with you suffer", and the situation falls, which sets off the tragic fate of this old man who is already in his twilight years. "Fortunately, there are teeth and the bone marrow is dry." The teeth are intact, which shows that they can cope with the hard life on the front line and show the stubbornness of the elderly; The bone marrow is about to be drained, which makes him feel sad and angry. Here, the tone rises and falls, showing the complex contradictions and changes in the old man's heart in a tortuous way. "The man introduced me and said goodbye to the law for a long time." As a man, the old man has put on his uniform, so he did not hesitate to bid farewell to the chief executive and set off generously. The pitch is very high.
Next, the most gripping description in the poem appeared: when leaving home, the old man wanted to cheat his wife and leave without saying goodbye to save infinite sadness. Who knows that I didn't walk a few steps, but there was the sad cry of the old lady. Ah! The only relative has been crying on the side of the road, and his ragged undershirt is shivering in the cold wind. This sudden discovery made the old man's heart tense at once. Then, a tearful psychological description of the old couple's forced grief and mutual affection was launched: the old man knew that parting was death, so he had to come forward to help his wife and swallow his tears for her loneliness and helplessness; At this time, the old lady was already in tears. She knew that she would never come back when she left, but she still silently urged: When you get to the front, you should always take care of yourself and eat as much as possible! This delicate psychological description is a big gap in structure, depicting the kindness, sadness, sadness and inseparable feelings of the characters. As Wu Qixian said in Du Fu's poem: "This trip has become a dead end, so why bother?" However, there is still a breath, so we can't be afraid, we can't be sad for our own death, and we can't hurt each other's cold; But my wife knew I wouldn't come back, and she ate more rice to comfort me, but ignored her cold and mourned my death. It is touching because the poet expressed unusual words of sympathy and comfort in life, such as "hurting his cold" and "persuading him to eat more", under the two extremely unusual specific backgrounds of "leaving after death" and "not coming back" respectively. Coupled with the helpless "complexity", the unexpected "smell" fell out layer by layer, and the tortuous writing received a thrilling artistic effect.
The following six sentences "Tumen" are resurrected, and the explanation is broad. After all, the old man is strong, and he soon realized that he must get rid of the tragic atmosphere in front of him. He couldn't help thinking about the overall situation and further comforting his wife. It seems to be comforting myself: the defense line against Heyang and Tumen is still very strong this time, and it is not so easy for the enemy to cross Xingyuan Ferry on the Yellow River. The situation is different from the last rout of Yecheng. Even if you die, it's still early! In life, no matter young or old, there is always a clutch! Although these soothing words, which pretend to be approachable, have a strong sense of self-improvement, they can't completely hide the contradictions in the old man's heart, but they also tell the true feelings in troubled times, which can alleviate the old lady's grief to some extent. "Recalling the days when I was young and strong, I sighed when I came back late." Seeing that we are about to break up, the old man can't help but recall those peaceful days when he was young and can't help sighing for a while. The mood is a little frustrated here, paving the way for the next wave.
In the next six sentences of "All Nations", the old man pushed his words further into reality and made a sad and generous voice: Open your eyes and have a look! Now the world is at war, and bonfires burn all over the hills; The vegetation stinks of corpses, and the blood of the people has dyed the vast mountains and rivers red. Where is the promised land? How dare we only think of ourselves and still wander there? This section has two meanings. First, it shows a vivid and broad picture of the life of the times, which is a true portrayal of the broken mountains and rivers and the people. He told his old lady: the disaster on earth is not only for the two of us, the implication is that we should relax. First, in the face of fierce enemies, we can't wander any longer. Instead of waiting for death, we might as well jump forward and fight! Through these vivid and concentrated words, the poet showed us an upright and open-minded image of an old man, which is rare in the history of China's poetry. Judging from the development of poetry, this is a great impetus, and the inseparable situation will eventually end.
"Abandoning the house will destroy the lungs and liver." When he made up his mind to never leave his wife, the old man suddenly felt pain in his five internal organs. This is not an ordinary parting, but leaving my hometown where I was born, grew up and grew up! Long-term suffering and * * *, changes in temperature related relatives, in a twinkling can't see, this kind of situation, how can I miss it! The floodgate of feelings can no longer be controlled, and tears converge into deep sadness and great pain for adults. At the end of this story, the emotion drops sharply, but what profound artistic conception it contains: what will the future of the lonely old man be like, whether the left-behind lonely wife will be in a desperate situation, and how the unpredictable war situation will develop and change, all of which will be left to readers to experience, imagine and think. ...
From the above analysis, we can see that this short narrative poem is not won by tortuous plots, but is good at psychological portrayal of characters. The poet describes it with the monologue tone of the old man complaining and sighing, that is, masturbating, focusing on the complex psychological state of the characters, sometimes heavy and angry, and sometimes broad-minded and self-explanatory; This changeable emotional tone determines the structural level of the whole poem, which is full of ups and downs and vicissitudes in careful arrangement. When reading Du Xinjie, Pu Qilong commented on this poem of farewell to his wife: "Sometimes it is forever, sometimes it is comfort, sometimes it is excitement, and it is full of twists and turns. By the end of the paragraph, it was a dead letter, still an inch clean, and it became more and more sad. "
Du Fu's greatness lies in his ability to base himself on life, go straight into people's hearts, dissect and dig out details, accurately and vividly express the real life of his time through individual reflection, and summarize the endless bitterness and disasters of working people, including the poet himself. It is no accident that his poems won the reputation of "history of poetry".