Bixing, symbol, metaphor, exaggeration, analogy, metonymy, pun, foil, contrast, allusions, overlap, intertextuality, imagination, association, de-comparison, reference, inversion, bedding, arrangement, suppression (suppression first, then promotion, then suppression), positive and negative combination, combination of reality and reality, etc.
1, expressing one's mind directly, also known as expressing one's mind directly, is a lyric way for the author to express his love and hate attitude towards related people and things directly without any "attachments".
For example, Su Shi's "Jiangchengzi": "Ten years of life and death are ambiguous. If you don't think about it, you will never forget it. Thousands of miles away from home, sad nowhere. " The author's feelings are like a river, expressing his nostalgia for his dead wife. "The mountain covers the day, and the sea drains the golden river. But as long as you go up a flight of stairs, you can broaden your horizons by 300 miles. " (Wang Zhihuan's "In the Lodge of the Heron") The first two sentences describe the scenery, and the last two sentences directly express the feelings generated in such an environment. The natural situation, the vast weather and the poet's philosophy in front of this scene are integrated.
2. Indirect lyricism includes borrowing scenery to express feelings, borrowing things to express feelings, expressing feelings with scenery (or things), and blending scenes.
Lyricism by borrowing scenery is a lyrical way for the author to express his feelings through the description of a certain scene. For example, Meng Haoran's "Returning to Zhongnanshan at the end of the year": "I don't petition at the North Palace Gate, but only in the broken house of Zhongnanshan. I have no reason to decide to give up my point of view. My old and many sick friends have stopped practicing. White hair makes people old, like a pale beam of light ending the old year. So I lay awake and meditated, and the window was empty at night in the moonlight. " The author's frustration, the pain of illness, the passage of time, and all kinds of sadness are all expressed in ethereal and empty scenery, which is subtle and euphemistic and memorable.
Lyricism by borrowing things or by borrowing ambition (symbol) is a lyrical way for the author to express his feelings and thoughts when he feels objective things, and to express his feelings, ambitions and wishes through the description and narration of things. In China's ancient poems, pines, bamboos, plums, chrysanthemums, willows, rocks, streams, deserts, ancient roads, borders, sunsets, jathyapple, breezes, drizzles, grasslands and so on. Are the objects that poets often use to express their feelings. Such as Lu You's "Bu Operator? Yongmei: "The bridge is broken outside the post, and there is no owner. Twilight arrival, plum blossom is helpless, exhausted, and has to withstand the wind and rain. I have no intention of competing for spring. Every group of people are jealous, scattered into mud and crushed into dust. Only the fragrance remains the same. "The whole word is self-explanatory, and the tragic experience of plum blossoms is used to express the author's uneven feelings of serving the country and being repeatedly excluded and hit.
Emotion and scene blending in scenery (or things) is a way to express feelings by describing natural scenery or scenes by integrating feelings into specific natural scenery or life scenes. For example, Du Fu's "Good rain knows the season, when spring comes." Sneaking into the night with the wind, moistening things silently ",the scenery contains the author's" joy "for the spring rain.
3. In the process of discussion or lyricism, taking scenery as a poem came to an abrupt end and turned to writing scenery, ending with scenery instead of emotion, making the poem "At this time, it seems that the meaning is still unfinished. For example, Wang Bo's "In the Mountains": "The sorrow of the Yangtze River has stagnated, and Wan Li's thoughts will return. The situation is high and the mountains are flying. " In the last two sentences, I saw the real scene on the mountain, reflected one or two feelings, expressed my feelings with scenery, and set off my sadness with bleak autumn wind and flying yellow leaves. Zhang Kejiu's "Zhong Lu" Flower Song Line? Nostalgia: "The Afang Dance Hall turns its sleeves, the Jade Building starts from Jinguyuan, and the ancient willow cable dragon boat is on the Sui Dyke. I can't bear to look back, the east wind is still coming, and wild flowers are in spring. "When the poet narrates, he only writes debauchery, not failure. This method of bonding feelings with scenery is endless and intriguing.
4. Layout is the "fu" in the expression of The Book of Songs, which refers to a careful statement of the characteristics of things from all angles. For example, in Peacock Flying Southeast, "... chinese odyssey", from foot to head, to waist, to ear, to finger, to mouth, to step, a series of exaggerated statements are aimed at describing the beauty of Lan Zhi and showing her calmness.
5. Describe or contrast to highlight the image and enhance the artistic effect. For example, the last film of Rain Bell describes the farewell environment, and the author is full of colors, trying to render a bleak atmosphere and adding sadness and hatred. "Apes whimper in the wide sky and the birds return to their nests in the white sand of clear lake" (Du Fu's Ascending the Mountain) is the first link, and six close-ups appear one after another, rendering the characteristics of Qiujiang scenery.
6. Contrast is a side description. Originally, it was a painting method of Chinese painting, and later it was used as a writing technique. B is used to support a nail, which makes the characteristics or characters of a nail more prominent. This technique is often used in combination with rendering techniques, such as writing the moon in the river three times in Pipa, which respectively set off the beautiful and charming timbre of Pipa and the sad, lonely and sad mood of the characters. Su Shi in Niannujiao? Zhou Yu is the character to be portrayed in Looking Back on the Red Cliff, but the author starts with the "romantic figures of the ages" and leads to "how many heroes" in Battle of Red Cliffs, and finally focuses on Zhou Yu, which highlights Zhou Yu's position in the author's mind.
7. foil foil is a kind of foil, which means to highlight the characteristics of things and set off or contrast with other things. There are two kinds of foil techniques: one is positive foil and the other is negative foil. The positive contrast is set off by the same things, such as Bai Juyi's Song of Eternal Sorrow, and Yang Guifei's "If she just turns her head and smiles, there will be a hundred spells, and the sixth house powder will go up in smoke" to set off beauty; "The river of no return, waves scouring, eternal romantic figures. On the west side of the base, humanity is the Red Cliff of Zhou Lang in the Three Kingdoms. " (Su Shi, "Nian Nujiao? The character image of this word is Zhou Yu, but from the beginning of writing "a romantic figure through the ages", it leads to "how many heroes" in Battle of Red Cliffs, and finally focuses on Zhou Yu alone, highlighting Zhou Yu's dominant position in the author's mind. Contrast is to use the opposite things to set off, such as movement to set off quietness, beauty to set off ugliness, pleasure to set off suffering and so on. For example, "cicadas make the forest quieter and Tonamiyama quieter" and "monks knock on the moon door" are all used to make trouble.
8. Writing sad feelings in a music scene is a comparative technique. On the surface, it is a happy scene, but in fact it is used to express a sad mood. Such as Yuan Zhen Palace: "In the faded old palace, peony is red, but no one comes to see it. The ladies-in-waiting are already white-haired and arguing about the grand occasion of Tang Xuanzong. " What this poem wants to express is a sad mood, but it deliberately depicts the red palace flower. Red flowers usually show lively scenes and set off happy emotions, but they play an important role in setting off here: the blooming red flowers set off sparse palaces and strengthen the sense of ups and downs that change with time; The red flowers in spring set off the white hair of ladies-in-waiting, showing the feelings of life that beauty is easy to get old; The beauty of safflower contrasts with the sad mood, which highlights the sad mood of the maid-in-waiting being confined. Red flowers have played a great role here. This is to use the contradiction between good scenery and bad mood to highlight the central idea, that is, Wang Fuzhi's "Jiang Zhai Shi Hua" said "writing sorrow with joy", which doubled his sorrow.
9. Turning motion into stillness means turning motion into stillness in poetry. For example, in Li Bai's "Looking at Lushan Waterfall", the phrase "Looking at the waterfall hanging in front of the river" turned the moving waterfall into a static waterfall. The word "hanging" vividly shows the image of a waterfall pouring in the distance, including the poet's magical and great praise for nature.
10, the combination of dynamic and static refers to a technique of organically describing poets, events and scenes in poetry. For example, Du Fu's quatrains said: "Mountains and rivers are beautiful in the evening, and flowers and plants are fragrant in the spring breeze. Mud melts and swallows fly, sand warms and mandarin ducks sleep. " The last sentence of the poem contrasts with the dynamic flying swallow in the third sentence, which is dynamic and static, and makes each other interesting.
1 1. When suppressing ancient poetry, we often write down the shortcomings of people who want to praise and the advantages of people who want to belittle. This technique is repression. For example, Song Yuan's "Pei Gong Li Feng" also needs articles. However, he taught the warriors to sigh more and dream more about clouds. If you control a hero, you can capture the uniform and no one can get out. The harem, a foreign Sect, is a dangerous combination of Yan and Liu. "It is ironic to write about Liu Bang's various powers first, and then talk about the chaos outside the harem, trying to suppress yang xian." Young women in boudoir don't know how to worry, and they make up tall buildings in spring. Suddenly I saw the willow color on the stranger's head and regretted teaching my husband to find the marquis. "(Wang Changling's Forever in My Heart) This poem adopts the technique of praising first and then restraining, writing the young woman" I don't know how to worry "first, and then saying that she" regrets ". Through the description of the subtle changes of young women's mood, it profoundly shows the sentimental and sad feelings of young women caused by touching the scene and highlights the theme of "in my heart forever".
12, line drawing and meticulous line drawing are originally a kind of painting method of Chinese painting, which refers to drawing vivid images with the simplest pen and ink without comparison, and then applying them to literary creation. Meticulous brushwork refers to the attention to details, the meticulous carving and colorful description of things. For example, Su Shi's "Huanxisha": "The towel falls with the jujube flowers, and the car rings south of the village. Cow clothes and ancient willows sell cucumbers. The sun is shining, but he is too thirsty. He wants to find some water to drink. Knock on the door and ask the savage. " Pick up two small scenes in life, express them in a simple way, integrate feelings with scenes, and create a unique aesthetic feeling.
13, Qubi Qubi is a writing method that deliberately deviates from the topic instead of writing directly when writing an article. Du Mu's Bo Qinhuai: "The smoke cage is full of sand in the cold moon, and the night is near Qinhuai Restaurant. A strong woman in the business world doesn't know how to hate the country, but also sings "backyard flower" across the river. " "Businessmen don't know how to hate their country" is a ballad, because businesswomen are singers who serve others, and what they sing depends on the listener's taste. It can be seen that the real "ignorance of the hatred of his country" is the admirers in that building-feudal nobles, bureaucrats and gentry. The last two sentences of the poem are graceful and graceful in style, showing bitter satire, deep sadness and infinite emotion. It expresses the worries of feudal intellectuals about state affairs, and also reflects that bureaucrats and nobles are filling their decadent and empty souls with singing and dancing.
14. Reduplication refers to an expression in which the upper and lower sentences or the upper and lower paragraphs are repeatedly sung in the same structural form, such as Xin Qiji's Ugly Slave? Book the middle wall of Boshan Road: "Teenagers don't know the taste of sorrow, fall in love with the floor, and fall in love with the floor. Worried about adding new words. Now that I know what it's like to worry, I want to talk about it. I wanted to say that I was still resting, but I said,' It's a cool autumn.' "The first part is about the carefree sadness when I was young, and the second part is about the sadness of caring for and serving the country now. The upper and lower films adopt the structure of overlapping sentences, and in repeated singing, even if the language has musical beauty, there is a sharp contrast in content.
15, a way to reflect big problems with small themes. For example, Jiang Chun is a Thing by Sikong Shu: "When the fishing boat returns, it is not tied to the boat, and the sun sets, Jiang Chun sleeps peacefully. Even if it is blown away by the wind overnight, it will only be near the shallow waters of Lu Hua. " The whole poem sees the big from the small, and through such a trivial matter as "not tying the boat", it shows the quiet and beautiful natural environment of Jiangcun and the leisurely mood of the protagonist. What we feel through the pictures and images of poetry is a simple and simple social life.
16, the so-called comparison is metaphor and analogy. The so-called xing, that is, at the beginning of a poem, "talk about something else first" leads to the following text. For example, "Peacock flies southeast" begins with Xing's technique, "Peacock flies southeast, and five miles fall", which leads to the story that Zhong Qing and he can't bear to be separated, and finally both of them are partial. Li Shangyin's "cicadas", "You are hungry because of pure heart, and you sing in vain all night", the first sentence is excited by cicadas. "Tall" means that cicadas live in tall trees, which is a metaphor for their lofty. Cicada sucks wind and drinks dew on the tall tree, so it is "rare", which coincides with the author's life experience. From "not full" leads to "sound", so there is hate in sorrow. Bixing is often used in poetry, which can better receive the effect of expressing your will and feelings in the scene.
17, foreshadowing is to prepare the main plot or brew the atmosphere before the climax with a series of non-main plots. Necessary foreshadowing can create suspense, arouse readers' interest, attention and emotional expectation, and make readers' attention extend with the development of the plot. For example, Du Mu's "Walking in the Mountains" depicts the colors of autumn and shows a moving autumn color map of mountains and forests. The poem describes mountain roads, people, white clouds and red leaves, forming a harmonious and unified picture. These scenes are not side by side in the same place, but are organically linked. The first three sentences are the object, the fourth sentence is the subject, and the first three sentences are the foreshadowing and foil to describe the background and create the atmosphere for the fourth sentence.
18. Fictional writing refers to the direct and positive narrative and description of things, while imaginative writing refers to the narrative and description of side narrative or contrast. The combination of reality and fiction can make the structure of the work more compact, the image more vivid and increase the capacity of the work. For example, Chen Tao, a poet in the Tang Dynasty, wrote "Westbound Longxi": "I swear to sweep the Huns regardless of my body, and 5,000 minks mourn Chen Hu. Poor riverside bone, still a dream girl. " In three or four sentences, "Man Jiang Bai Gu" and "Spring Girl Dreaming Man" are reality on one side and dreams on the other; One side is a sad skeleton, and the other side is a handsome young soldier. Reality is relative, and glory is different, which has a strong artistic effect. A "pity" and a "Jude" contain deep feelings, which embodies the poet's infinite sympathy for the war victims and their families.
19, there are two kinds: using allusions and using useful things to quote previous poems. Using things is to express the author's thoughts and feelings through historical stories, including his position and attitude towards some problems in real life, personal feelings and wishes. , belongs to the ancient express my feelings. The purpose of quoting or using predecessors' poems is to deepen the artistic conception in poems, to urge people to associate and to seek meaning beyond words. When Wanli was swallowed by Jin Ge Tiema (Xin Qiji's "Yongyu Le Jing Kou Gu Bei Ting Nostalgia"), the sentence "After ten miles, the wheat turned green" (Jiang Kui's "Yangzhou Slow") was practical except for recalling the author's experience of going south 43 years ago. "When Jin Ge was an iron horse and swallowed Wan Li like a tiger" is about the heroic deeds of Emperor Wu of Song's Northern Expedition against the enemy. By praising Emperor Wu of Song and satirizing the shameless behavior of the pacifists in the Southern Song Dynasty, the author showed his determination to oppose Jin Zhuzhang and restore the Central Plains. Du Mu's poem quoted in "Spring Breeze Shili" shows the prosperity of Shili Long Street in Yangzhou in the past. Let the Wheat Green, the bleak situation that the writer saw today, is the real writing. These two contrasting pictures convey the poet's feelings about the prosperity and decline of the past.
20. Exaggeration In order to express a strong feeling, highlight a certain feature of things, and deliberately exaggerate or narrow the facts when speaking, this rhetorical device is exaggeration. For example, Li He's Elegance of Li Ping uses a lot of myths and legends and exaggerated descriptions, which shows that Li Ping's piano sound has the artistic charm of "making the gods cry". In romantic poetry, exaggeration can be seen everywhere. For example, "the roof is18,000 feet, and at this point, it begins to turn southeast." (Li Bai's "Climbing Mount Tianmu in a Dream") "White hair is three thousands of feet, and sorrow is like a long beard" (Li Bai's "Song of Autumn Pu"). Another example is that "three cups spit infinite, five mountains are light" (Li Bai's "Chivalry") takes five mountains as light, exaggerating the weight of Chivalry.
2 1, analogy includes personification and imitation, which can make colors bright, portray images and express rich meanings. For example, Huang Tingjian's "Poor Happiness": "Where does spring return? Lonely, no road. If anyone knows where spring went, ask him to come back and live with him. Spring technique, using two rhetorical questions to connect two words and phrases, not only expresses Chun Qing's cut, but also appears dense structure and novel concept; Go to the path again. Who knows? Unless you ask an oriole. No one can solve it, because the wind flies over the roses. " The word personifies "Spring" and "Yellow Calendar" by rhetorical devices such as asking questions and personification, and the love of spring and the love of spring are beyond words.
22. Contrast can highlight the characteristics of things, making the good look better and the bad look worse. Such as Zhang Kejiu's "Zhong Lu" selling flowers? Nostalgia, Beauty committed suicide on the banks of Wujiang River. The war once burned Chibi Mountain, and the generals were empty and old. Sad Qin and Han dynasties, people paint charcoal, scholars sigh. Comparing the desperate situation of heroes and beautiful women with the sufferings of people's livelihood, they expressed their deep sympathy for ordinary people. "Goujian king break Wu Gui, soldiers are home. Maid-in-waiting is like full spring palace, but only partridges fly today. (Li Bai's Visit to Vietnam) The first three sentences describe the prosperity of the past, and the last sentence describes the desolation of today, which makes readers feel particularly profound and contains the poet's deep historical thinking.
23. Reduplication refers to the rhetorical device of using the same word one after another for the purpose of expression. A typical example is Li Qingzhao's Sound Slow, which begins with the words "seeking, cold, sadness and sadness", showing the author's lonely, lonely, bitter, complex and deep psychological state and setting the emotional tone of loneliness for the whole poem.
24. Intertextuality refers to the rhetorical devices that the words used in adjacent sentences of ancient poetry complement each other and combine to express a complete meaning. For example, in "I, the host, have dismounted and my guest has boarded his boat, raising wine to attract the orchestra", "host" and "guest" are combined with "dismounting" and "boarding". "East" and "left" in "East-west pine and cypress, left-right sycamore" and "East-west pine and cypress, left-right sycamore". "Qin", "Han", "Bright Moon" and "Guan" in "Bright Moon in Qin Dynasty, Long March Man Did Not Return".
25. Pun is to make a word get double meanings in a specific language environment by virtue of its own phonetic or semantic conditions. This rhetorical device can make the language implicit and interesting. For example, in Wei Zhuang's Memories of Time Past, the poet does not take "unbridled" as his proper name, but takes its meaning of "unbridled" and "unbridled", which is a pun; The poet's use of the name "Mochow" to express his sadness is also a pun, intended to be ironic.
26. Inversion refers to a rhetorical device that deliberately reverses the order in order to strengthen rhetorical effects such as language situations and complex syntax. For example, in Xin Qiji's "Xijiang Moon", "Seven or eight stars are out of the sky, and it rains two or three times in front of the mountain" should be "seven or eight stars are out of the sky, and it rains two or three times in front of the mountain"; The last two sentences, "The old Maodian community is near the forest, and the road turns to the bridge (the head)", should be "When the bridge turns to the bridge, I suddenly see the old Maodian community near the forest". When it was raining in front of the mountain, it was a surprise to suddenly "see" the Maodian where I had rested. In addition to meeting the needs of rhythm, the use of inverted sentences can also emphasize surprises. Another example is "Wandering home country, affectionate Ying Xiao Wo, early birth of Fahua", which should be "Wandering home country, affectionate Ying Xiao Wo, early birth of Fahua".
27. Metonymy is a rhetorical device widely used in classical poetry. The use of metonymy can make the language concise and changeable, which is easy to arouse people's association. For example, "Zhumen" in "Zhumen stinks with wine and meat, and the road has frozen bones", "Jiangshan has talented people, each leading the way for hundreds of years".
28. Lenovo connects one thing with another thing related to it, or connects similar features in things to create a typical one. "Jasper makeup into a tree high, hanging green silk sash in ten thousand. I don't know who cut the thin leaves, and the spring breeze in February is like scissors. " The poet linked the graceful willow branches with the green ribbon, and used clever metaphors to create a novel image with unique romantic colors, which changed the symbolic meaning of willow expressing feelings.
29. Imagine people's thinking process of creating new ideas through association, reasoning, analysis and synthesis on the basis of existing materials and ideas. "The lake is full of moonlight, and there is no windless mirror on the pool surface. Look at the Dongting landscape, there are green snails in the silver plate. " (Liu Yuxi's "Looking at Dongting") This poem chooses the perspective of moonlit night, and through imaginative description, it skillfully reproduces the lakes and mountains of Dongting on paper.
30. Symbols express concepts, thoughts and feelings with similar or similar characteristics through concrete images that are easy to associate. "Castle Peak seems to be inhabited and surrounded by county towns" (Li Deyu's "Climbing Cliff Town") describes that Castle Peak is surrounded by mountains, and the county town where it is located is tightly blocked and heavily blocked. It symbolizes the persecution of political opponents and the sorrow of writing. Metaphor is a symbol throughout, such as Yu Qian's Ode to a Lime.
3 1, the direct description of the front of the object is the front description; Describe the things around the object to make it more vivid and prominent. "There are thousands of spring branches on a tree, which are softer than gold and softer than silk. Who owns the wild garden in the west corner of Yongfeng all day? " (Bai Juyi's "Yang Liuzhi Ci" "The desert is dusty, and the red flag is half rolled out of Yuanmen. The former army fought in Hebei at night and has been reported alive. " (Wang Changling's "Joining the Army") The first sentence and the second sentence of the white poem describe the beautiful form of willow trees in spring by means of positive description. The second sentence of Wang's poem describes the side of the war situation. On the one hand, it is described that the wind is very strong, and the rolled red flag is accompanied by an urgent March. On the other hand, it implies that the situation is on high alert and the whole sentence is silent, but it shows the image of war tension.