Sadura (about 1272-1355) was a poet, painter and calligrapher of the Yuan Dynasty. The courtesy name is Tianxi and the name is Zhizhai. Hui (some say Mongolian). His ancestors were from the Western Regions, born in Yanmen (now Dai County, Shanxi), and became a Jinshi in the fourth year of Taiding. He was awarded Hanlin writing and promoted to be the censor of Nantai in order to impeach the powerful. He moved to Zhenjiang on the left to record affairs, Dalu Huachi, and later moved to the south of the Yangtze River to travel to Taiwan to serve as censor. He moved to the left to experience the northwest road of Huaihe, and lived in Hangzhou in his later years. Sadura was good at painting and calligraphy, especially regular script. He has the talent of a tiger crouching and a dragon jumping, and he is known as the talented scholar of Yanmen. His literary creations were mainly poems. The contents of his poems were mostly about traveling in mountains and rivers, retreating to seclusion for leisure, admiring immortals and worshiping Buddhas, and responding to social invitations. Their ideological value was not high. Sadura also left paintings such as "Yanling Diaoyutai" and "Plum Blossom", which are now collected in the Palace Museum in Beijing. Sadura's life
Sadura is said to be the transliteration of the Arabic Sa'dal-Allāh, which means "the blessing of God" and coincides with the word "Tianxi". No. Zhizhai, Hui Huiren. My grandfather Si Lan Bu Hua and my father Aluch once guarded Yun and Dai. Sadura was born in Yanmen, Daizhou (today's northwest of Dai County, Shanxi Province). One theory is that he was born in Zhenjiang (today's Jiangsu Province). In his early years, his family was poor, but his talents were outstanding. In the fourth year of Taiding (1327), he became a Jinshi. In July of the first year of Tianli (1328), he served as a general official and was appointed as the Secretary of Zhenjiang Road. During his tenure, he mostly focused on Feng Jiao. Be diligent and self-motivated. In July of the second year of Zhishun (1331), he was transferred to the post of Tai Fushi, the censor of Jiangnan, for three years. During his tenure, he traveled as far as Wu Chu in the south, Jingchu in the west, and Youyan, Shangdu and other places in the north. He also sang poems and essays with Zhang Yu, Ni Zan, Ma Jiugao and others, and wrote "Man Jiang Hong·Jinling Nostalgic", "Nian Nu Jiao" ·Climb the Stone City", "Climb the Beigu City Tower", "The Ballad of the Winding Girl" and other famous works.
In August of the second year of Yuan Tong (1334), he was transferred to Zhaomo, the official official of Yannan Su Government (Zhending, now Zhengding, Hebei Province). He was transferred again early the next year. As a ceremonial officer, he accompanied Bachelor Jixian in a boat to worship Tuo Lei in Zhending's shadow hall. He also went to Hejian and Cangzhou to inspect the prison. Later, in the spring of the second year of the Yuan Dynasty (1336), he traveled south to Fujian and took office as the governor of the Minhai Fujian Daosu Government Integrity Bureau (governing Fuzhou). He passed through Xuzhou, Yangzhou, Pingjiang, Hangzhou, Tonglu, Lanxi, Xianxialing, Chongqing, etc. Poems have been left in An, Jianxi and other scenic spots. Literary Creation
Sadura left us nearly 800 poems in his lifetime, including landscape poems describing scenery, poems describing palace life, some nostalgic for the past and some sad for the present, recounting personal and social injustices. . He is a poet who occupies a certain position in the Yuan Dynasty and even in the entire history of Chinese literature. Because he was born in Daizhou, which was called Yanmen in ancient times, his collection of poems was also named "Yanmen Collection", and he himself was called "Yanmen Talented Scholar". "Yanmen Collection" was first published in eight volumes from the Yuan Dynasty to the Zhizheng Period. It has been lost today. The existing version is the fourteen-volume edition published by Salong in the twelfth year of Jiaqing in the Qing Dynasty. It is a relatively complete collection and was published by Shanghai Ancient Books Publishing House in 1982. Published "Yanmen Collection" edited by Yin Menglun and Zhu Guangqi. Sadura also wrote an article called "Preface to the Collection of Wuyi Poems", as well as paintings such as "Yanling Diaoyutai" and "Plum Blossom", which are now collected in the Palace Museum in Beijing.
Sadura was erudite and proficient in writing, and was also good at regular script. His literary creation is mainly poetry. The contents of poems are mostly about traveling in mountains and rivers, retreating to seclusion for leisure, admiring immortals and worshiping Buddha, and responding to social invitations. The ideological value is not high. In poems such as "Send Marshal Guan to the Southern Expedition" and "Send Liu Zhaomo to Guilin", he even supported the rulers in suppressing the revolting people. But some poems involve the dark reality of Yuan Dynasty society and reflect the class oppression at that time. For example, "Datong Station", "Moonlight Night on the Yellow River", "Ballad of the Winding Girl", "Picture of the Weaver Girl", etc., reflect the miserable life of the working people. Wugu's "Early Fate on the Yellow River" describes, on the one hand, the farmer's "smoke from cooking fires in thatched huts, and autumn rice on the hills. He has not yet tried new things, and government rents are urgently requested. The two rivers are level with embankments, and there are worries about thieves at night." On the other hand, he describes The aristocratic son "fighting cocks in five squares of the city and singing loudly in the highest building" reveals the class contradictions in Yuan Dynasty society with a strong contrasting technique. Some poems boldly satirized the corruption and evil of the ruling class, pointing not only at county magistrates, princes, nobles, and relatives, but also at the supreme ruler. The poem "Records" uses the line "I only knew that the jade seal was passed down three times, but my wandering soul was separated by nine levels. The Emperor Wu in the sky also shed tears, and flesh and blood can meet in the world." The poem reveals the usurpation of his brother's throne by Tutemu'er, the second son of Yuanwu Zong. This incident is not recorded in the official history and is called "the history of poetry". Some poems express the political thoughts of asking for orders for the people and working hard for governance, such as "Send to Zhu County Yin", "Send to Guangxin Si Jie" and so on. "Zhang Zishan of Hunan, the first person to be appointed to impeach powerful people, moved to the left to be the censor of Xitai, and worshiped his former position. He always wanted to retire, so he tried to persuade him", "Old Sword", "Chen Mirror" and other poems. I hope officials will cherish them. People expresses the author's desire to serve the country with the world as his own responsibility. Poems such as "Crossing Juyongguan" and "Painting a Horse" aimed at the Yuan Dynasty rulers' aggressive militarism and expressed the anti-war thought of "men tilling the fields and women weaving, the world will be peaceful, and there will be no war for eternity." These works are the essence of Sadura's poetry.
There are very few poems written by Sadura before he passed the Jinshi examination. There is a poem "Recounting Memories" that says: "Youth is carrying me away, and the yellow leaves are ruthlessly flying." This roughly reflects this period of his life. mood.
He has been to Zhenjiang and traced the Yangtze River up to Hanyang. The poem "Nine Days in the Guest House" says: "We meet during the festive season to do distant business." It seems that he left his hometown to do business, but he was not keen on doing business. He paid special attention to It is a scenic spot of mountains and rivers. He wrote such lyrical poems as "Climbing Beigu Tower with Cao Keming on Qingming Day" and "Visiting Helin Temple on Qingming Day". The scenery is more attractive to him than goods and money. He does not want to spend his life chasing money and profits. In his poem "An Fen", he said: "Pursue peace of mind and think less about money. It is natural to have no humiliation or honor. In the spring, I just drink wine while admiring the flowers. In the winter, I step on the snow to add cotton. The chess game waxes and wanes day after day, and the fragrance of swallows scents the seal script. Fine smoke. Everything is arranged by heaven, so why worry about inadequate clothing and salary? "The poet Sadura is an optimist. In good times and bad, he remained calm and composed. His attitude and outlook on life affected his poetry creation. Most of his poems reveal his optimistic sentiments of loving life. The first time he entered the officialdom was in Zhenjiang, which he had visited for business. As before, he wandered around the scenic spots, climbed Beigu Tower, visited Helin Temple, visited monks and Taoists, drank wine and wrote poems. He hated the life of a layman. , but to be a poet. He left a large number of landscape poems in his life. One of his poems "Visiting the Mountain Temple with Yang Lian" said: "Healing the sick is strong and synchronized, looking for secluded and interesting places. When I meet a monk walking through the bamboo, I can hear him playing the flute through the forest. The mountains are surrounded by floating clouds, and the streams and wild water are watery. I wander back to the path late at night. "The shadows of the trees and the moon are numerous." "Looking for quiet and interesting things" shows that he enjoys enjoying the mountains and rivers. According to Xu Xiangmei's "Records of Famous Virtues in Two Zhejiang Provinces", when he lived in Hangzhou in his later years, "Every sunny day was beautiful, and he would carry a stick on his shoulder and a ladle hanging on his shoulder. He would walk between the two mountains without borrowing a pair of pedals. There were no human traces in the deep rocks and ravines. There is no end to the secluded beauty. When he reaches his favorite place, he will sit on a mat and wander around all day long, and when he is excited, he will write poems. "Compared with Xie Lingyun, the founder of landscape poetry, he loves landscape more than anything else. No wonder he depicts the mountains and rivers so realistically.
Sadura spent most of his life in the south of the Yangtze River. In the beautiful environment, he modeled mountains and rivers and wrote many pleasing poems. However, he served twice as an official at the Hanlin Academy of National History, and gained some knowledge in the palace. At that time, he was also famous for being good at writing Gongci and Liqing Yuefu. His friend Yang Weizhen said in his "Preface to Bamboo Branch Poems": "Tianxi's poems are romantic and handsome, and he is a model of the family of this dynasty. His palace poems and "Furong Song" are not better than those of Wang Jian and Zhang Ji." Another friend Yu Ji also said Said: "Jinshi Sa Tianxi is the best at emotion, elegant and graceful, and all authors love him." It can be seen that he is also a lyric poet. Such as his "Hibiscus Song":
The Qiujiang River is dim and fragrant with hibiscus, and the daughter of Qiujiang will have her heart broken. The crimson robe protects the warm clouds in spring, and the green sleeves welcome the cool breeze at dusk.
Carp blowing in the waves make the waves white, frost falls in the cave and leaves fly. Where are the lotus collectors who go boating, cherishing the beautiful color of hibiscus.
Elegant and light, the image is condensed. It seems ruthless but sentimental, thoughtful but not resentful. It contains the author's wandering mood when his talent was not found. It is deeply inspired by the writing style of Li He and Li Yishan of the Tang Dynasty, and the elegance and clearness of the words. "The carp blows in the waves, and the waves in the river are white, and the frost falls in the cave and the leaves fly away." It is implicit but not revealing, and has a lyrical flavor of wandering in life and admiring one's beauty alone. Others such as "Passing Through Jiaxing", "Come Combing Hair", "New Summer Song", "Bridal Chamber Song", etc. all have the same or similar mood. Likewise, the style of his palace poems is also the same. "Zui Qi" says: The moon fills the bed in the willow tower, and the brocade screen and embroidered mattresses are fragrant at night. I don’t know how much spring there is outside, but I have moved the lamp to illuminate the begonias. What is described here is just the emptiness of the women's life in the palace, and the everlasting hatred is reflected in the scenery. Generally speaking, the palace is heaven for the emperor, but hell for the maids. The subject matter of palace life is very narrow. If you cannot identify heaven and hell, the description will not be profound.
Fortunately, the focus of Sadura's writing was not limited to the palace. When his eyes moved to the vast land of the motherland, he found that the society at that time was a paradise for the rich and a hell for the poor. For example, in his "Spring Evening in the Capital", the poem says: In March, willow flowers are flying in the capital, and Yan Ji has a white horse and a little red carriage. The flags are warm in the general's house, and the spring strings are deep in the prime minister's house. The whitebait in the small sea blows white waves, and the pearl wine on the upper floor blooms with red clouds. Du Ling's guest, Jian Donkey, has broken his hat, and the sun has not yet set when he returns from offering his gifts. The "stringed pipe", "floor" and "jian donkey broken hat" are reflected in each other. Social injustice and personal injustice do not need to be stated clearly, but the intention is very clear. As for his "Ballad of a Girl", "Crossing the Juyong Pass", "Conquering Women's Grievances", "Gaoyou Blocking the Wind", "Picture of the Weaver Girl", "Song of a Hundred Birds", "Early Departure from the Yellow River", "Crossing the Huaiyin", etc. , describes social life, has a wide range of themes, and deserves more attention. "The Ballad of the Vandering Girl" writes: On the way, the Vandering Girl was abandoned like dirt, and the miserable wind blew up in the sky... People praised the color of the golden jade, but today I am hungry and cry for a long distance. Weeping and weeping all the way down the Yellow River, how do you look on the county magistrate? The prefect of the county in golden belt and purple clothes is drunk and full and does not care about the people's food difficulties. Rumor has it that Guan and Shaanxi are particularly worrisome. Drought and famine are not limited to Southeast Prefecture. The dead fish spit foam and the wild geese cry, when will they stop moaning for food? Faced with this phenomenon, the author criticized "the prefect of the county wearing a golden belt and purple clothes, who is drunk and full and does not care about the people's food difficulties" and scolded "the county magistrate is so handsome." This is a cry for justice. Sadura couldn't stand this kind of injustice, so he hoped that "the big handle will always be in hand, covering everything from east to west, north and south" ("Umbrella"). I hope to get the power to save all the people in the world who are struggling in poverty. But at that time, his wish could not be realized. Sadura's nostalgic works are also quite distinctive. For example, his "Man Jiang Hong" (formerly mistakenly called Nian Nujiao). "Jinling Nostalgia" is particularly popular:
Six generations have been prosperous, but the spring scenery has gone, and there is no news. Looking at the mountains and rivers in empty space is no longer the past. The new swallows in front of Wang Xietang are familiar to each other at the entrance of Wuyi Lane. Listening to the deep night, loneliness hits the empty city, and the spring tide is urgent.
Thinking about the past makes me sad. Nostalgic for the homeland, empty traces. But the smoke is barren and the grass is fading, and the crows are in chaos and the sun is red. The jade trees are singing, the autumn dew is cold, and the rouge wells are cold and weeping. Up to now, only Jiang Shanqing and Qin Huaibi are the only ones.
This poem was written in the third or fourth year of Zhishun, when he was serving as the censor of various Taoist travels in the south of the Yangtze River. The metabolism of human affairs, from ancient times to the present, is desolate and heroic, full of emotions. But the green mountains will always be there, the green waters will last forever, and a new generation will turn Jinling into a gathering place for talents. Reminiscing about the past is why we think about the present. Sadura's works often express an open-minded and open-minded mind. He traveled between the north and the south throughout his life and had a lot of knowledge about people's customs and customs, which gave some of his poems a strong sense of life and strong appeal. For example, "Huaian Daozhong in Early Summer" says: Fish and shrimp are just coming out of the net, and plums and apricots are already green on the branches. The trees are full of tenderness, the spring rain has stopped, and travelers are passing through the Huaihe River in April. "The fish and shrimp are splashing", "The plums and apricots are green", it is sunny at the beginning of summer, with the word "young", all business is good. It gives people a sense of open-mindedness, optimism, freshness and comfort. The vivid images bring readers into a new realm with a rustic flavor.
In terms of poetry techniques, Sadura inherited some of the techniques of Tang and Song poetry, and has its own characteristics:
① Intercept ordinary fragments of life and create long-lasting charm. artistic conception. For example, the famous "Autumn Poems" and "The Beginning of Spring in the Capital" can bring out specific situations and form interesting "poetry and paintings".
②In-depth, concise and concise. For example, "In a century-old poem, between the wine glasses of the Three Kingdoms", "The scenery of the ages is white at the temples, and the mountains of the Six Dynasties are green", etc. The words are concise and comprehensive, giving readers ample room for imagination.
③Good at creation and vivid image. Sentences such as "Yunsun brought out the Nanji to winnow, and Yue's sister brought the Beidou to measure", "A mountain rises like a dragon into the clouds, and a mountain turns into the flow of the Yangtze River" and other sentences, turning static into movement, turning inanimate into living things to make images Novel flow. Sadura's Poems On the stone city, looking at the sky and Wu Chu, there is nothing in my eyes. Pointing out the six dynasty-shaped resorts, only the green mountains are like walls. The sun is blocked by flags, clouds and oars are covered, and the bones are as white as snow. From north to south of the Yangtze River, how many heroes are wasting away. Lonely in the summer palace, the east wind drives the chariot road, and the grass grows every year. In the uninhabited pine path at sunset, ghost fires rise and fall. In front of the singing and dancing statue, in the prosperous mirror, the hair is darkly green. Sad for all eternity, Qinhuai is a bright moon! ——Sadula of the Yuan Dynasty, "Niannujiao: Climbing the Stone City to the Second Dongpo Rhyme"
Niannujiao: Climbing the Stone City to the Second Dongpo Rhyme On the Stone City, looking at the sky and Wu Chu, there is nothing in my eyes. Pointing out the six dynasty-shaped resorts, only the green mountains are like walls. The sun is blocked by flags, clouds and oars, and the bones are as white as snow. From north to south of the Yangtze River, how many heroes are wasting away.
Lonely in the summer palace, the east wind drives the chariot road, and the grass grows every year. In the uninhabited pine path at sunset, ghost fires rise and fall. In front of the singing and dancing statue, in the prosperous mirror, the hair is darkly green. Sad for all eternity, Qinhuai is a bright moon! Bold and unrestrained, chanting history and recalling the past with sentimentality. Last year, I was playing silk in the Phoenix Pond, playing with silver candles at night. The fragrance of sinking water disappears, the pear clouds dream warm, and the embroidered curtains in the deep courtyard hang down. This year, Jiangnan is left out in the cold, who knows what’s on my mind. The willows are soft in the wind, the crabapples are in the moonlight, and I lean alone in the lantern. ——Sadura of the Yuan Dynasty "Xiao Langan·Last year I was in the Phoenix Pond"
Xiao Langgan·Last year I was in the Phoenix Pond Last year I was in the Phoenix Pond, playing silk at night with silver candles. The fragrance of sinking water disappears, the pear clouds dream warm, and the embroidered curtains in the deep courtyard hang down.
Who knows what’s going on in this Jiangnan night in the cold this year. The willows are soft in the wind, the crabapples are in the pale moon, and I am alone in the dark. Graceful and sentimental, the cattle and sheep are scattered under the setting sun, and the wild grass is fragrant and the cheese is sweet. The wind and sand are like snow, and every family has their tents covered with felt curtains. ——Sadura of the Yuan Dynasty, "Going to Beijing to do things"
Going to Beijing to do things. The cattle and sheep are scattered under the setting sun, and the wild grass is fragrant and the cheese is sweet.
On the first day of the new year, the wind and sand are like snow, and every family has a felt curtain under their tent.
Three Hundred Ancient Poems, Scenery of the Frontier Fortress View more of Sadura’s poems >>