A poem is expensive, thin and hard, and can connect with the spirit.
Huang Tingjian (1045- 1 105), whose real name is also the rich man, was born in Fenning, Hongzhou Prefecture (now Xiushui, Jiangxi Province). He was able to write poetry at the age of seven. After his father died at the age of fourteen, he went to Huainan with his uncle Li Chang and made great progress in his studies. In the fourth year of Yingzong Zhiping (1067), he was admitted to imperial academy, where he served as the county commandant of Ye County in Ruzhou. In the fifth year of Zong Shenxi Ning (1072), he entered Beijing (now Daming, Hebei Province) as a professor of imperial academy. In the first year of Yuanfeng (1078), they paid tribute to Su Shi with poems, and they officially became friends. In three years (1088), Su Shi made great contributions, and Huang Tingjian, Chao and Li were his subordinates. They often sang together. Shao Shengyuannian (1094), the philosopher was in charge, and the new party gained power. Huang Tingjian was demoted to Fuzhou, moved to Guizhou and moved to Rongzhou. In the second year of Chongning (1 104), he was listed as a member of Yuan You Party and was in charge of Yizhou (now Yishan, Guangxi). Died in the demotion in September of the following year. Huang Tingjian is a man who abides by Confucianism. He is both rigid and flexible and good at calligraphy. He, Su Shi, Mi Fei and Cai Xiang are also known as the four great calligraphers in the Song Dynasty. He believes that "poetry is superior to height and comes from learning", and his "Answer to the Father of Hongju" says: "Lao Du wrote poetry and retired from writing, without a word; Gai's descendants read less, so it is said that Han Du made his own words, which can be used as articles in ancient times and can really repair everything. Although ancient characters enter calligraphy, they are like a panacea. " His "Poem after Poem" also said: "It is better to use inharmonious methods than to make sentences weak; Don't make the sentence vulgar if the words don't convey the meaning. " These two paragraphs show his own creative pursuit and are also the poetry program of Jiangxi Poetry School.
Because Huang Tingjian is introverted and mature, he pursues the philosophy of "harmony but difference", disapproves of mocking and cursing poems, and directly criticizes current politics in his poems. His poetry creation avoids social and political problems, and he is used to seeking poems from relatives and friends, Lin Quan's elegance and scholarship, and understanding the feelings and mysteries in daily life. Such as "Yu Ping was in Bing when he was pregnant with Li Ziguang":
You assisted Cao the day before yesterday, and I went to the embankment to recognize the green robe. The heart rises and falls with your fountain, and it is more prosperous than jathyapple. Is there no maxima in the world? People rarely have nine squares. When the wine boat came back from the net, the flowers fell into the stream as deep as a pole.
Another example is "it rains for three days at the mouth of the pool":
It's stormy in the lonely city for three days, and people in small cities only eat vegetables. The water is far away and the mountains are double jade, and the body is leisurely and bitter. Weng came to the side room to close the net, and I was not tempted to fish in the deep sea. There are traces of the past between pitching and pitching, and the twilight window belongs to reading.
The previous song lamented that friends were in different places and their careers were unsuccessful, expressing the resentment that no one appreciated and understood, and wanted to retire to the mountains and lakes; The latter is about the experience and miscellaneous feelings in the journey, the inner anguish of expressing one's ambition, and the attitude of life that one does not admire vanity but entertains oneself by reading. Huang Tingjian wrote the best and most distinctive lyric poems, which can best express his personality and soul. Such as Yuan Ming Ji Yun Ziyou:
How many people can build fame and paint like ice cream in a half relationship and as close friendship as in the past? It is spring breeze, spring rain and spring flowers; I look at Jiangnan, and I look at Jiangbei. I see waves in the sky. I want to know that Tong Yin quit his official position to seek the true meaning of life, and that your stone friends must not abandon each other and forget each other's age. We all miss our brother deeply, but we want to go back. The sun and the moon are both white-haired.
"A few yellow replies":
I live in Junnanhai, Beihai, and I can't send geese to deliver books. Peach and plum spring breeze, a glass of wine, ten years of night rain. Housekeeping, but with four vertical walls, does not cure diseases. I think my reading head turned white, and the ape across the stream cried.
This kind of works that miss relatives and friends focuses on expressing the feelings of relatives and friends, the feeling of life experience and the sigh of the boss. These are common complex feelings of middle-aged and elderly people. Apart from superficial impulsiveness and frankness, they are more profound and mature, from which we can see the poet's sincere character of attaching importance to friendship and his open-minded and considerate ethics.
Huang Tingjian's poems aim at learning from Du Fu, emphasizing the poems of Du Fu after he arrived in Kuizhou as an example. In With Sun Ke Scholars, he said, "Please read Lao Du's poems with precise syntax. Every time you write an article, you can get married. " Syntax is the entrance for Huang Tingjian to learn from his predecessors' artistic experience, and it is also an important aspect of his own creation. His cereal poems like to use awkward sentences, which he learned from Du Fu, but Du Fu only did it occasionally, and Huang Tingjian was interested. For example, the third part of Four Starry Temple:
When the stars set, the house was deep, and the old man Long Ge came to write poems. Light rain hides the mountains for a long time, and the Yangtze River sails late. The banquet is isolated from the world, and no one knows the beauty of painting. Every hive has its own family, and a tea vine is cooked everywhere.
This poem can not only learn from the syntax of predecessors, but also enlighten them with the words of the ancients, turning decay into magic; He also deliberately changed the flat tone in the poem, bending the tone, giving people a strange feeling. It's still difficult to create strange words, so we should try our best to take them by surprise. Writing "clumsy" poems with clumsy sentences and methods has become the creative feature of Gu-style poems, which is helpful for Song poetry to form its own distinctive features in recent days. The so-called "awkward style" is mainly to change the sentence patterns and flat lines in metrical poems, either by changing the sentence order to make the style abnormal, or by changing the flat lines of a sentence or a combination to cause abrupt tone, deliberately causing an effect of breaking balance and harmony, giving people a strange and stubborn feeling. For example, Huang Tingjian's "Two Rhymes in the Same Year: Pei Zhongmou": "Wuyang is only a hundred miles away from the leaves, and the sons and daughters are all teenagers." The word "hundred" should be flat and flat, and the word "all" should be flat and flat, so that the tone will appear arrogant and the air will follow. This practice of creating awkward sentences and hard words in order to transcend vulgarity without paying attention to the harmony of melody and sentences is an important factor in forming a new thin and hard style in the valley.
Huang Tingjian advocates taking learning as poetry, taking the old as the new, turning the vulgar into elegance, and has the saying of "turning the stone into gold" and "robbing the fetus for bones". In specific poetry creation, he tries to avoid the familiar classics and proverbs, and pays attention to the conversion and flexible use of allusions. Or take one end of it, or melt several related allusions into one furnace to create a new artistic conception. Such as "Brother Deng Kuai":
Silly children don't do official business, and they rely on yat sen villa for quick things. Qian Shan has a vast sky, and Chengjiang has a bright moon. Zhu Xian is already a beauty, and her young eyes are chatting with wine. Wan Li returned to the ship to play the flute, which is why we made an alliance with Bai Ou.
This poem uses subtle and hidden allusions, which can remind readers of many things in an event and reflect the poet's profound thinking. For example, the phrase "idiot" uses the allusions in Fu Xianchuan, the Book of Jin, including self-mockery, self-promise, self-explanation, self-satisfaction and so on. The combination of "the immortals" and "Qing Yan" vividly uses the allusions of Boya, Zi Qi and Ruan Ji, which makes this poem full of depression and depression. The use of allusions is an important aspect of unconventional and surprising valley style. Hui Hong's "Cold Zhai Night Talk" said: "Gu Yun: Poetry is infinite, but talents are limited. Pursue infinite meaning with limited talent. Although I am far-sighted and young, I can't work. But it is not easy to create its language, which is called bone-changing method; Looking at its meaning, it is called the method of taking a fetus. " The so-called "taking the fetus as the bone" is the embodiment of "turning the stone into gold", aiming at creating new ideas and new realms with familiar images when using predecessors' idioms. This is a kind of language alchemy that turns ordinary into magic, which can make the meaning of poetry change qualitatively.
Avoiding the cliche of soft words is the artistic feature of "Guti" poetry, which is embodied in the meaning of life, while thinness refers to the style of writing. "Thin" people wash lead and discard glamour; "Hard" people are high-spirited, upright and weak. Huang Tingjian's poems often produce a sense of strangeness with the rise of words, pursuing the new beauty of poetic environment, the precipitous beauty of poetic language and the awkward beauty of poetic rhyme. He is good at refining Chinese characters, especially using verbs, adjectives and auxiliary words, such as:
Cold insects urge the weaving of autumn moon cages, and geese call the gulls alone to pat the water. ("Listening to Song Zongru Picking Ruan Songs")
The horse languishes at noon, and the dream turns to wind and rain. ("Sleeping during the day on June 17th")
Rows of beautiful trees are decorated with red brocade, and a group of spring flowers are splashed with oil. (Farewell)
The function of the article is not practical, why not compose dewdrops? ("The play presents Father Kong Yi")
Huang Tingjian has the skill of refining words, and his poems are naturally sharp and alert, new and thin. However, this kind of service is relatively novel, and it is easy to form the disadvantage of being difficult to force. Zhang Jie's Poems of the Old Cold Hall says, "Gu only knows strange words as poems, but he doesn't know vulgar words as poems." Quite able to tell the shortcomings of the poetry in the middle valley.
However, Huang Tingjian's ultimate creative pursuit is the unintentional pursuit of what has been written, emphasizing that poetry should reach a natural and plain state without axe chisel marks. In "A Letter to Wang Guan", he said: "There are many beautiful sentences in the poems sent, but I still hate carving. However, if you are familiar with Du Zimei's ancient rhythmic poems after he arrived in Kuizhou, you will get such a simple and ingenious syntax, which seems to be unattainable. The achievement of the article, even without an axe chisel, is a good ear. " Huang Tingjian's valley poems are not all new hard works, but also works with natural fluency and clear writing style. Such as "climb Yueyang Tower and see Junshan in the rain":
Pass on the desolation of the edge through the death of the temple, and now live outside Qutang Gorge in Yan Guan. Jiangnan smiled and stood in front of Yueyang Tower to Junshan.
The wind and rain in Mitsue leaned against the railing, tying the ladies' twelve buns to the ladies. It's a pity that I can't face the lake, but I can only see Junshan in the Yinshan pile.
It shows the author's strong character of not giving in after suffering in his later years. Although there is no lack of vitality, the sentences are naturally smooth. The feature of thinness is most obvious in Huang Tingjian's early poems. In his later years, there appeared a clear style of pursuing nature and simplicity, and poetry tended to be "plain and shallow".
Huang Tingjian's Guti poetry is the product of the peak of the development of Song poetry in Yuan You period. In modern poetry creation, Song people also show a different Song tune from Tang Yin, that is, it begins with Gong Jingti and ends with Guti. The basic characteristics of Huang Tingjian's Guti poems are survival, avoiding familiarity and elegance, emphasizing ancient meaning and grand scale, strange writing and high syntax; He is also good at refining words and using allusions, and can bring forth the new. Word-making and lead-washing, single-label purpose; The style is new, thin, hard and steep, but it has a smooth side. After Huang Tingjian's death, his valley poetry became popular and developed into Jiangxi poetry school, which triggered the dispute between Tang and Song poetry, and its charm continued until modern times.