Guan Guan Jujiu, in the river island. A graceful lady, a gentleman is fond of quarrels.
There are various water-lilies flowing from left to right. A graceful lady, I long for her.
I can’t get what I want, so I sleep hard and think about it. Leisurely leisurely, tossing and turning.
Pick them from left to right. A graceful lady, she is a friend of the piano and the harp.
There are different kinds of waterlilies, with leaves growing on both sides. The fair lady is played with bells and drums.
"Guanyong" is the beginning of "Wind" and the first chapter of "The Book of Songs". The ancients ranked it at the top of the 300 articles, indicating that they thought highly of it. "Historical Records: A Family of Wife's Family" once recorded that: "Yi" is the foundation of the universe, "Poetry" begins with "Guanyong", and "Book" is the time when the beautiful words are given to the couple, which is the great ethics of humanity. The "Book of Han·Biography of Kuang Heng" records that Kuang Heng Shuyun said: The occasion of marriage is the beginning of life for the people and the source of all blessings. If the etiquette of marriage is upright, then the quality of things will be fulfilled, and the destiny will be complete. Confucius' discussion of "Poetry" generally begins with "Guanyong". This is the head of the discipline and the end of the king's teaching. Their focus is pedantic, but their summary of the original meaning of poetry is basically correct. The question is what kind of marriage it represents. This is related to our understanding of "Wind". The preface to Zhu Xi's "Collected Poems" says: The so-called wind in poetry mostly comes from songs written in lanes, and the so-called men and women singing songs to each other, each expressing his or her feelings. Zheng Qiao also said in "Tongzhi Lelue Zhengsheng Preface": "Poem" lies in the sound, not in the meaning. Even if there are new sounds in the city today, and people compete in singing in the streets, how can it be because of the beauty of the meaning of the words? Directly to its new ears. Zhu Xi discussed it from the perspective of poetic meaning, while Zheng Qiao explained it from the perspective of tone. Combining the two, we can think that "Wind" is a ballad that expresses the love between men and women sung in local tones. Although Zhu Xi's interpretation of the theme of "Guanyong" is not this, judging from the specific performance of "Guanyong", it is indeed a romance work between men and women, and it is about a man's pursuit of a woman's love. Its voice, emotion, writing and meaning are all excellent, enough to be the first of the three hundred chapters in "Wind". Confucius said: "Guanyong" is happy but not obscene, sad but not sad. ("The Analects of Confucius·Bayi") Since then, people's comments on "Guanyong" have been compromised by Confucius ("Historical Records·Confucius' Family"). But what exactly is "Guan Ju" like?
This poem was originally composed of three chapters: one chapter with four lines, two chapters with eight lines, and three chapters with eight lines. Zheng Xuan divided the last two chapters into two chapters each according to the literary meaning, with five chapters and four sentences in each chapter. Now use Zheng Xuan’s method of division. Chapter 1: Jujiu sings harmoniously on the river island, and the virtuous lady is stable and a good match for a gentleman. The beauty of this chapter is that it has a soothing tone and leads the entire poem with its tone, forming the tone of the entire poem. The whole poem is composed of a graceful lady and a good gentleman. The variety of watercress in the second chapter comes from Guan Guan Jujiu, and it is also based on the things growing on the continent. Flow, "Mao Biography" training is for seeking, not accurate. Because the word "Qiu" is already mentioned in the following text, "Qiu" should not be used here, but should be given as a "flowing lecture". This is a metaphor for the flow of water plants and the difficulty of finding a lady. The word "Qiu" is the center of the whole poem. The entire poem expresses the process of a man's pursuit of a woman, that is, from deep yearning to realizing the desire to get married. The third chapter expresses the sorrow of not getting what you want. This is the key to this article and best embodies the spirit of the whole poem. Yao Jiheng's "General Theory of the Book of Songs" comments: There are four chapters before and after, four sentences in each chapter, and the meaning of the words is well understood. Today, these four sentences are placed under the chapter "Weng Meng Qiu" and above the two chapters "Friends" and "Le". The spirit of the entire article is here. These four sentences must be included in order to make friends and music happy and satisfied. If there is no such thing, the clouds above will be seeking, and the clouds below will be friends and joy, and their momentum will be weak and invigorating. This ancient article discusses the main points, and its tone is also urgent, which is different from the gentle tone before and after. Yao's analysis of the importance of this chapter in the whole poem is the most accurate. It should be added that this chapter not only uses complex strings to promote the literary spirit, but also writes vivid and lifelike images. That is to say, the three hundred poems in Wang Shizhen's "Yuyang Poetry Talk" are really like the portraits of painters. Lin Yiguang's "The Book of Songs" says: Tossing and turning when you start to wake up while sleeping, your body is still in bed. This kind of description of missing a lover can be described as sad but not hurtful. Chapters 4 and 5 write about the joy of getting what you ask for. Friendship with the harp and harp, music with the bells and drums, are all scenes after the acquisition. Said friend, said Yue, the words have different weights and depths. It is extremely happy and satisfying but does not involve extravagance, which is called joy but not obscenity. The whole poem is about a man's longing for and pursuit of a woman, his anxiety about not getting what he wants, and his joy about getting what he wants.
The main expression technique of this poem is Xing Ji. "The Biography of Mao" says: Xing Ye. What is Xing? Kong Yingda's explanation is the most accurate. He said in "Mao Shi Zhengyi": The one who rises is the one who rises. Using examples to draw inspiration from one's own thoughts, all the articles in "Poetry" that use plants, trees, birds and beasts to convey ideas are all inspired by words. The so-called Xing means that the object to be chanted is first inspired by other scenery as a sustenance. This is a euphemistic and implicit expression technique. Such poems are distinguished by the sincerity of the doves, and the virtuous ladies should be matched with the gentlemen; the water-lilies flow in an unruly manner, and the ladies are hard to find; and the water-lilies are harvested and planted, and the ladies are friends and happy with them. wait. The advantage of this technique is that it is far-reaching and can produce an effect where the text is exhausted but more than intended.
This poem also uses some continuous words with double-tone overlapping rhyme to enhance the harmonious beauty of the tone of the poem and the vividness of the description of the characters. For example, Yaoyao is a double rhyme; Jagged is a double tone; Tossing and turning is both a double tone and a double rhyme. Use such words to modify actions, such as tossing and turning; to imitate images, such as a fair lady; to describe scenery, such as jagged water plants, all of which are lively and lifelike, with rich sounds and emotions. Liu Shipei's "Miscellaneous Notes on Essays" says: In ancient times, the sounds of ballads and proverbs mostly followed the natural sounds of nature. The reason why they could harmonize the rhymes was that the rhymes of each leaf in the first sentence were rhymed, and the words with overlapping rhymes and double tones were often used between the second sentence.
Although this poem does not have individual rhymes, its use of double-tone overlapping rhymes maintains the simple and natural style of ancient poetry.
In terms of rhyme, this poem uses even sentences to rhyme. This even rhyme style has dominated the harmonic rhyme form of Chinese classical poetry for more than two thousand years. Moreover, the rhyme changes three times throughout the article, and the characters at the foot of the "Xu" character do not fit into the rhyme, but the previous character of the "Xu" character becomes the rhyme. This uneven change in rhyme greatly enhances the rhythm and musical beauty of the poem.
We should understand "Guanyong" from two aspects: poetic meaning and music. In terms of poetic meaning, it is a folk song, and the love between men and women is reflected as folklore. According to legend, the ancients had the custom of gathering men and women in the mid-spring month. "Zhou Li·Diguan·Mianshi" says: The mediashi (i.e. the matchmaker) controls the judgment (cooperation) of all people. In the month of mid-spring (February), men and women are ordered to meet, and at that time, those who run are not allowed to run; if they do not use the order for no reason, they will be punished, and men and women who do not have husbands will be reunited. What "Guan Ju" sings may not be a record of this historical event, but this historical fact helps us understand the psychological state and customs of ancient men and women meeting each other, admiring each other and hoping to get married. The object of description in literary works is social life, and the description of social customs and habits can reproduce social life more truly and integrate social life into the picture of social customs, thus making it more realistic. "Guan Ju" describes the love affair between men and women in ancient times as a social custom. As far as the melody is concerned, the repeated chapters and refrains of the whole poem are all formed for the purpose of harmonious music. Zheng Qiao's "Tongzhi·Lelue·Zhengsheng Preface" says: Anyone who composes his words is called a poem, and sounds his poems is called a song. There is no one who does not sing when writing poetry. Zheng Qiao particularly emphasized the importance of rhythm. All the living and energetic poems in ancient times can often be sung, and the harmony of tones is important. The use of repeated chapters and refrains in "Guanyong" shows that it is sung and a poem that lives in people's mouths. Of course, "Guanyong" combines the expression of poetic meaning with the rapid tone, and uses tone to convey the poetic meaning. Zheng Xuan's "Preface to the Poetry Book" says: "Yu Shu" says: Poems express aspirations, songs are everlasting, the sounds are everlasting, and the rhythm is harmonious.
But where does the art of poetry lie?