Including confession: 1. Logic: category, explanation, pre-analysis, post-analysis, topic, argument. The above six logical works are collectively called instrumentalism. 2. Metaphysics: Metaphysics. 3. Natural philosophy: physics, meteorology, on heaven, on life and death. 4. Animal theory: fauna, animal structure, animal movement, animal movement, animal reproduction, Nicomachean ethics and 158 city-state system. 5. About people: about the soul, about feeling and being felt, about memory, about sleep, about dreams, about omens in sleep, about the length of life, about youth, old age and death, about breathing and breathing. 6. Ethics and Political Science: Nico Kyle Ethics, Utemo Ethics and Political Science. 7. Rhetoric and poetics.
Question 2: What works does Aristotle have? What is the English name of this book? Aristotle's important works in astronomy: instrumentalism, physics, celestial theory and meteorology.
Aristotle's other important works include Metaphysics, Ethics, Poetics, Politics and Analysis of Part I and Part II.
Aristotle's most influential works (instrumentalism, physics, metaphysics, Nicomachean ethics, politics and rhetoric? Alexander rhetoric? On Poetry
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Question 3: How many works of Aristotle?
1. Logic: category, explanation, pre-analysis, post-analysis, topic, argument. The above six logical works are collectively called instrumentalism.
2. Metaphysics: Metaphysics.
3. Natural philosophy: physics, meteorology, on heaven, on life and death.
4. Zoology, animal structure, animal movement, animal March, animal reproduction, Nicomachean ethics and 158 city-state system.
5. About people: about the soul, about feeling and being felt, about memory, about sleep, about dreams, about omens in sleep, about the length of life, about youth, old age and death, about breathing and breathing.
6. Ethics and Political Science: Nicodemus Kiel Ethics, Utomo Ethics, Political Science, Athens Political System, Grand Ethics, Oedipus Ethics, Theory of Good and Evil and Economics.
7. Aesthetic works: rhetoric, poetics and Alexandria rhetoric.
Plato's works:
1, Epicurus, Socrates' apology; "Granule tablet",; Fedo;
2. The chapter of Katiras, the chapter of Atayala, and the chapter of the wise; , "politician";
3. parmenides and Filipa; "Feast" and "Fidel";
4. An article by archibald and a second article by archibald; , "Gore Ghias";
5. Wise men, politicians, Fiji and Libus, law and the Republic; , "the death of Socrates".
Personal data:
Aristotle: Aristotle (384 ~ 322 BC), an ancient Greek philosopher, was one of the great philosophers, scientists and educators in the ancient history of the world, and was known as the master of Greek philosophy. He is Plato's student and Alexander's teacher. In 335 BC, he established a school in Athens called Lv Keang, called Minstrel. Marx once called Aristotle the most learned figure among ancient Greek philosophers, and Engels called him "the ancient Hegel". His works cover ethics, metaphysics, psychology, economics, theology, politics, rhetoric, natural science, education, poetry, customs and Athenian law. Aristotle's works constructed the first extensive system of western philosophy, including morality, aesthetics, logic and science, politics and metaphysics.
Plato: Plato (π λ τ ν, about 427- 347 BC) is a great philosopher in ancient Greece and one of the greatest philosophers and thinkers in the whole western philosophy and even the whole western culture. He, Socrates, a teacher, Aristotle, a student, is also known as the three sages of Greece. Other concepts of its emergence or development include Plato's thought, Platonism, Platonic love and so on. Plato's main work is Dialogues, in which Socrates appears in most dialogues. However, it is generally believed in academic circles that the image of Socrates is not entirely Socrates in history.
Question 4: What books did Aristotle write? Aristotle's contribution to the world is shocking. He wrote at least 170 works, 47 of which have been handed down from generation to generation. Of course, it is not enough to measure by numbers. More importantly, his profound knowledge is convincing. His scientific works were an encyclopedia at that time, covering astronomy, zoology, embryology, geography, geology, physics, anatomy and physiology, in short, all the subjects known to the ancient Greeks. His works include three aspects: first, the accumulation of previous knowledge, second, the investigation and discovery of his assistants, and third, his own independent opinions.
Aristotle's works express the view that every aspect of human life and society is the object of thinking and analysis; Everything in the universe is not controlled by gods, opportunities and fantasies, but operates according to certain laws; It is worthy of systematic and in-depth study of nature; We should draw our own conclusions through experiments and logical analysis. Aristotle's anti-tradition, anti-superstition and anti-mysticism had a far-reaching impact on western culture.
Aristotle's important works include Metaphysics, Ethics, Politics and Analysis. These works had a great influence on the later development of philosophy and science.
In Metaphysics, Aristotle believes that there is a relationship of "cause" in nature. This concept of "cause" is different from the modern concept of "cause and effect". "Cause" corresponds to "Why" but not to "Result". That is, objective reasons, material reasons, dynamic reasons and formal reasons. The so-called "material cause" is to show the existence form of a thing from a pile of parts, components, foundations or raw materials, and trace the composition of the matter back to the parts (elements, components), and then form a complete (system, architecture, mixing, synthesis, compound or combination). "Formal cause" can tell us what kind of definition, form, shape, essence, synthesis or prototype a thing is made of, and explain the basic principles or laws that make up a thing, which is only a part of the whole thing (a set of causality) (macro structure). "Causation" refers to the motive force and reason of changing things, and studies "what changed what and what caused this change", which includes all the media between things, including living or inanimate, motive force or the origin of changed things. "Final cause" refers to the reason why a thing exists or changes, including purposeful actions and activities. The purpose of a thing is the reason why it exists, or why it changes. This also explains that modern so-called psychological motives, including will, demand, motivation, rationality, irrationality and ethics, are the source of creative behavior.
Another work of Aristotle, Physics, discusses natural philosophy, principle of existence, matter and form, movement, time and space. He believes that in order to make an object move endlessly, there needs to be a reason to keep working.
Aristotle began to discuss matter and destructible things in his book "On Heaven", and then discussed occurrence and destruction. In this process of occurrence and destruction, the opposing principles of cold and heat and dry and wet interact to produce four elements: fire, fire, soil and water. In addition to these elements on the ground, he added ether. The ether moves in a circle, forming a perfect and immortal celestial body.
Meteorology discusses the area between heaven and earth, that is, the zone of planets, comets and meteors; There are also some primitive theories about vision, color vision and rainbow. In the fourth book, some primitive chemical concepts are described. At present, Aristotle's meteorology is far less satisfactory than his biological work, but this work had a great influence in the late Middle Ages.
The methodology of poetics has two characteristics: one is strict logical reasoning; The second is the combination of natural science method and social science method. Poetics is the first monograph on aesthetics and literature in the west, which is relatively complete in both theoretical content and theoretical form and deeply embodies Aristotle's methodology. The general artistic principles in Poetics reveal the essential characteristics of "the art of beauty", which is not only the requirement of the development of ancient Greece for theoretical brewing, but also provides Aristotle with an answer to Plato's attack on poetry. & gt
Question 5: How many works of Aristotle? It is said that there are 400 to 1000 works.
Aristotle studied hard all his life, and his academic research involved logic, rhetoric, physics, biology, education, psychology, politics, economics, aesthetics, natural history and so on. , and wrote a lot of works. His works are ancient encyclopedias, and it is said that there are 400 to 1000 books, mainly including instrumentalism, metaphysics, ethics and so on. His thoughts have had a far-reaching impact on mankind. He founded formal logic, enriched and developed various branches of philosophy and made great contributions to science. The first person to prove that the earth is spherical.
Question 6: Poetics, Aristotle's poetic works, is written by Aristotle, a famous aesthete in ancient Greece. Its original name is On Poetry, which is said to be Aristotle's handout. There are 26 chapters, mainly discussing tragedy and epic. Some people think that the lost second volume may be about comedy. The existing 26 chapters are divided into six points, five points and three points. In Poetics, Aristotle expressed his views on art and tragedy, believing that the essence of art is imitation; Tragedy is an imitation of a serious, complete and long action. Poetics also has a deep influence on China people. Chinese Name: Poetics mbth: Poetics Author: Aristotle Discussion Direction: Classification of Art and Tragedy Structure: Six Points, Five Points, Three Points Core Theory: Six Points of Imitation Theory of Text Structure: Poetics has 26 chapters, which can be divided into six parts according to its content: The first part (Chapter 65438 +0-3) mainly analyzes the objects of various artistic imitations. The second part (Chapter 4-5) discusses the origin of poetry and the development of tragedy and comedy. The third part (Chapter 6-22) discusses tragedy in detail, and holds that "tragedy is an imitation of a serious, complete and long action", with language as its medium and action as its way. Then, it analyzes its six components, including plot, character, words, thoughts, images and songs. Finally, the writing and style of tragedy are discussed. The fourth part (Chapter 23-24) mainly discusses the plot, structure, classification and composition of epic. The fifth part (Chapter 25) discusses the standards, principles and methods of art criticism. The sixth part (Chapter 26) compares the levels of epic and tragedy. Five-point theory: The first part is the preface, including the first chapter to the fifth chapter. This paper mainly analyzes the objects of artistic imitation, the media and methods used in imitation, and the differences in the formation of various arts, and then points out the origin of poetry and traces the historical development of tragedy and comedy. The second part includes chapters 6 to 22. This part discusses tragedy, its definition, elements and writing style. The second part, including chapters 23 to 24, discusses epic. The fourth part, Chapter 25, discusses the critics' accusations against poets and puts forward the principles and methods to refute these accusations. The fifth part is Chapter 26, which compares the levels of epic and tragedy. Trilogy: The first part (chapter 1-5) mainly analyzes the objects of various artistic imitations and the media and methods used in imitation: because the objects are different (good or bad), the media are different (color, sound, rhythm, language or tone) and the methods are different (narrative or performance), the differences between arts are formed; The second part (Chapter 6-22) analyzes the definition and characteristics of tragedy. The third part (Chapter 23-26) analyzes the similarities and differences between tragedy and epic. According to the theory of imitation in Poetics, Aristotle thinks that the essence of art is imitation, which is the basis for distinguishing art from craft, and also the basis for academic classification and defining the essence of individual art. He also believes that imitation is human instinct, and people can satisfy their thirst for knowledge and obtain aesthetic pleasure in imitation, so art originates from human imitation nature. Generally speaking, Aristotle's imitation theory includes such contents. First, when an artist imitates reality, he can not only truly express reality, but also be more beautiful or uglier than reality. Second, there are three kinds of imitation objects of art or poetry: things that existed in the past or now, things that are legendary or believed by people, and things that should exist. People think that the unique function of artistic imitation is to show things better or worse than they are, to show what they should be and to show their ideals. Third, art should imitate those typical people and events with universal significance, that is, it should imitate according to the inevitable law. "The poet's duty is not to describe what has happened, but to describe what may happen, that is, what may happen according to the law of possibility or necessity." Therefore, compared with history, the activity of writing poems is more philosophical, can express the universality and inevitability of things, and is closer to the truth of things. Fourthly, in order to express necessity, artists can adopt idealized and typical methods in imitation to highlight the essence and distinctive characteristics of the imitated things. Sometimes, in order to achieve the effect of poetry, poets can even describe the impossible and unusual things, as long as they can describe them credibly according to the inevitable or possible laws. The core of discussion in poetics is tragedy. When discussing tragedy, Aristotle first defined it: "Tragedy is for serious things.
Question 7: Who is the real author of Aristotle's Works? It was the legendary Greek or Roman philosopher diogenes Latio who recorded Aristotle's academic source for the first time. However, I'm afraid few people know about China's Greek powder, and it must be called Greece. From an academic point of view, the existence of this person, like Homer, Herodotus and most so-called Greek philosophers, is just a myth. Diogenes Laertius, Diogenēs Laertius (about 200 ~ 250 AD), is said to have written a Greek book "Tessa's words and deeds" (the earliest history of Greek philosophy), and he was also the first person to report a group of ancient Greek philosophers. But the question is whether Diogenes really exists in history, which itself is doubtful. This man's name and works all appeared in the Renaissance. Renaissance scholars say that diogenes is the main representative of the post-Socratic Greek cynicism school, but recent studies in the West believe that he actually made his debut late and should be a figure in Roman times. So there are two divided Diogenes. There are two Diogenes in the Encyclopedia Britannica. The first was a Greek (Diogenes, born in Sinopos, Sinopa in the 5th century BC, now belongs to Turkey, and died in Corinth. Then he is actually Asia Minor in the Near East. The other is Asia Minor in the Near East in Roman times, living in the 3rd century. These two people were invented during the Renaissance, but now they may actually be the same person. Therefore, even the authoritative Encyclopedia Britannica is difficult to confirm the relationship between the two people. It is only a few words and vague, so it has to be vague with many "possibilities". The birthplace of Diogenes Lartio, who wrote The History of Greek Philosophy, is unknown. Recently, some people in western academic circles speculated that their hometown should be in Chilia (a city-state in Asia Minor) according to their name characteristics, and they lived in the 3rd century. About the first Diogenes, there is a legend that his father was an ancient "banker" (). It is said that his father was convicted of counterfeiting money when he was a teenager, so he was expelled from his hometown ―― at present, this man is actually a financial liar. There are many interesting rumors about him, but the truth has been denied by western academic circles. [For example, it is said that he went to Athens to learn from Antisini (a student of Socrates) and changed his old way of life. He has no house and lives in a barrel. If on a whim, he will live a simple naturalistic life with * * * on the roadside and take pleasure in torturing his body. Therefore, they are called "cynics" and become a model of ascetic monks. Another famous anecdote about him is that one day Diogenes was lying on the ground in the sun, and Alexander was cruising here. The king of the world accosted him: "I am Emperor Alexander." But he lay at ease and replied, "I am a stray dog, Diogenes." Hearing this, the emperor respected him very much and asked, "What can I do for you?" The answer is: "Yes, it is-please go away and don't block my sunshine." It is said that Alexander sighed: "If I am not Alexander, then I would like to be Diogenes." But in fact, this anecdote is groundless. The cynical diogenes? There are also some philosophical dialogues and tragedies under Larsho's name. However, these works named after him have been rejected by western researchers since modern times because of their inconsistent time and place and unfounded sources. In fact, neither the first nor the second Diogenes was a contemporary of Alexander. Alexander, born in the 4th century BC, is more than 500 years different from the later Roman Diogenes-Lartius. As for the first Diogenes, the story about his student antisthenes is not credible. Therefore, we really don't know who these two Diogenes really are, and we don't know whether these two people really existed in the history of Greece or Athens. However, although the legendary second diogenes Larthius was almost lifeless, he left behind one of the most famous works, namely, Records of Tessa's Words and Actions (full name: the life, theories and aphorisms of famous philosophers). Almost all the so-called "great Greek philosophy" and the basic historical materials of philosophers' lives quoted later came from this. Tessa's words and deeds *** 10 volume, including more than 200 philosophers and more than 300 works. However, it can resist >>
Question 8: Aristotle is the greatest philosopher, scientist and educator in the ancient history of the world. He founded formal logic, enriched and developed various branches of philosophy and made great contributions to science.
Aristotle's works express the view that every aspect of human life and society is the object of thinking and analysis; Everything in the universe is not controlled by gods, opportunities and fantasies, but operates according to certain laws; It is worthy of systematic and in-depth study of nature; We should draw our own conclusions through experiments and logical analysis. Aristotle's anti-tradition, anti-superstition and anti-mysticism had a far-reaching impact on western culture.
Aristotle was born in Stajila. /kloc-at the age of 0/7, he went to Athens and studied in Plato's Academy for 20 years, until Plato died. Perhaps influenced by his father, Aristotle was interested in biology and empirical science; Under the influence of Plato, he became interested in philosophical reasoning.
Aristotle was first and foremost a great philosopher. Although he was a student of Plato, he gave up the idealistic view held by his teacher. Plato believes that idea is the prototype of physical object, which exists independently of physical object. Aristotle thinks that the real thing itself contains essence. Plato asserted that feeling cannot be the source of real knowledge. Aristotle believed that knowledge originated from feeling. These thoughts already contain some materialistic factors. Aristotle, like Plato, thinks that rational scheme and purpose are the guiding principles of all natural processes. But Aristotle's view of causality is richer than Plato's, because he accepted some views of ancient Greece on this issue. He pointed out that there are four main reasons. The first is the material reason, that is, the main substance that constitutes an object. The second is the form factor, that is, the design pattern and form given to the main substance. The third is the dynamic reason, that is, to realize the mechanism and function provided by this design. The fourth is the purpose, that is, the purpose of designing the object. For example, the Potter's clay provides the material reason for pottery, while the design style of pottery is the form reason, the Potter's wheels and hands are the motivation reason, and the expected use of pottery is the purpose reason. Aristotle himself took a fancy to the formal reason and purpose reason of objects, and he believed that formal reason was included in all natural objects and functions. At first, these formal reasons are potential, but once an object or creature develops, these formal reasons are revealed. Finally, when an object or organism reaches the completion stage, its finished product is used to achieve the original design purpose, that is, to serve the purpose. He also believes that in concrete things, there is no form without matter, and there is no matter without form. The process of combining matter with form is the movement of transforming potential into reality. This theory shows the idea of spontaneous dialectics.
Aristotle divided science into:
(1) theoretical science (mathematics, natural science and the first philosophy later called metaphysics);
(2) Practical science (ethics, politics, economics, strategy and decoration);
(3) The science of creation, namely poetics.
Aristotle thinks that analysis or logic is the tool of all sciences. He is the founder of formal logic. He tried to link the form of thinking with existence, and expounded the category of logic according to the objective reality. Aristotle applied his findings to scientific theory. As an example, he chose mathematics, especially geometry, because geometry has changed from the experimental stage in which Thales wanted to give a reasonable explanation to the empirical law of land survey in the early stage to a relatively complete deductive form in the later stage. However, logical syllogism is really useless to experimental science. Because the goal of experimental science is discovery, not formal proof from recognized premise. Based on the premise that elements can no longer be divided into simpler objects, it is necessary to put forward a correct list of known elements in 1890, but by 1920, if this premise is used again, all radioactive elements will be excluded. Since the premise has changed, the meaning of the word "element" has also changed. However, this fact does not prove that syllogism is useless, nor can it be concluded that modern physics is wrong. Fortunately, modern experimenters no longer worry about logical forms, but under Aristotle's authority, Greek and medieval scientific circles used deductive methods to say that many wrong authorities were absolutely correct and made many wrong inferences with deceptive logical forms.
In astronomy, he thinks that the running celestial bodies are material ... >; & gt
Question 9: In which book did Aristotle divide knowledge into three types? Aristotle on poetry.
His knowledge falls into three categories:
1 meditation knowledge
2 Practical knowledge
3 production knowledge
We can compare it with China's words, that is, "observing" caring, "doing" action, "saying" and words.
Question 10: Which works of Aristotle can better understand Aristotle's On Poetry?
His knowledge falls into three categories:
1 meditation knowledge
2 Practical knowledge
3 production knowledge
We can compare it with China's words, that is, "observing" caring, "doing" action, "saying" and words.