30. Five poems
1. Drinking (5)
First, the original poem
Building a house is human, and there are no horses and chariots.
What can you do? The heart is far from being self-centered.
Picking chrysanthemums under the east fence, you can see Nanshan leisurely.
The mountains are getting better and better, and the birds are back.
That makes sense. I forgot what I wanted to say.
2. Poetry appreciation
Drinking is a group of five-character ancient poems written by Tao Yuanming after he abandoned his official position and retired. It is an impromptu work after drinking, and most of them directly express their feelings. In fact, they write their own feelings about the world and life through the topic of "drinking". There are 20 poems in this group, and the style of this poem is the most elegant.
The poet wrote in the thatched cottage where he lived and reflected on his life after returning to the field. He didn't live in seclusion in the mountains or in temples, but in a "human environment". Where there are crowds, there will be busy streets, people coming and going, and the noise is endless, but the poet said, "There is no noise of horses and chariots." Why is this? The self-questioning and self-answering of the third and fourth sentences have already solved the mystery. "How can I ask you?" It is quite interesting to change the narrative angle and objectify the lyric subject, as if being asked by the curiosity of a third party. The sentence "I am far away from my heart" is answered in extremely concise language: because I am in a leisurely mood and have high aspirations, my residence is also remote and quiet.
The first four sentences of this poem constitute a "phalanx" of meaning, which sets the tone for the whole article through narration and discussion. Wang Anshi once praised these four poems as "fantastic words" and was full of praise. The following lines disappear and enter the "writing scenic spot", which is what Wang Guowei praised as "the land without me" in "The Thorn on Earth". "Picking chrysanthemums under the hedge, leisurely seeing Nanshan" is a wonderful pen, and it is a casual "Miao Yan". Can be said to be natural, something for nothing. In Wang Guowei's words, it is "I don't know what I am and what I am", and I have achieved the unity of things and me. "The weather is getting better every day, and the birds are coming back", and the lyrical subject gradually emerges, writing out the scenery in front of you, blurting it out, not carving it, and having its own charm. In the last two sentences, the poet wrote a fascinating and confusing situation in front of his beautiful scenery. Here, Zhuangzi used it secretly? The saying in Foreign Things: "The speaker cares so much that he forgets to speak proudly." In other words, no matter how subtle the language is, it is not enough to convey people's complex feelings. At the end of language is music, dance and silence.
2. It's hard to go (1)
First, the original poem
The cost of pure wine is a gold cup, 10 thousand copper coins and a hip flask, and I am ashamed of 10 thousand yuan.
I threw away my food bar and cup, I couldn't eat or drink, I pulled out my dagger, and I peeped in four directions in vain!
I want to cross the Yellow River, but ice will block the ferry and Taihang Mountain will be covered with snow.
I will sit on a fishing rod and lean lazily by the stream, but I suddenly dream of sailing a boat towards the sun.
Travel is hard. Travel is hard. Don't go astray! Where to go today.
One day, I will ride the wind and waves, raise the Yun Fan and cross the sea.
2. Poetry appreciation
"It's hard to go to heaven" is an ancient theme of Yuefu, which often laments the hardships of the world and the poverty and loneliness. Li Bai's group poem Difficult to Walk mainly expresses his feelings about the lack of talents. Here is the first poem. There is no lack of heroism in grief and indignation, but there is still hope in setbacks.
Poetry begins with narration and gradually transitions to lyricism. It begins with an extremely exaggerated brushwork, which reads "Golden sake" and "Precious jade plate", as if to create a joyful banquet atmosphere, as if it were a "toast song". But there are three or four sentences that turn sharply and suddenly say, "I throw the food bar and cup aside, I can't eat or drink, I pull out my dagger, and I peep in four directions in vain"! Such a strong contrast shows the poet's inner sadness. Good wine is hard to swallow when you are depressed. The sixth poem "Difficult to Imitate" written by Bao Zhao, a poet in the Southern Song Dynasty, begins with: "You can't eat the case, but draw your sword and strike the column with a sigh." Li Bai obviously used this poem, but added "contrast" and wrote mourning with music scenes, which strengthened the degree of mourning. So, what is the poet's sorrow for? The answer is vague, hazy and full of "poetry". "I would like to cross the Yellow River, ice ferry, snow in Taihang Mountain", which is a kind of melancholy for no reason, a kind of confusion at a loss. The poet wrote the hardships of the world in vivid language, which contained infinite sadness. Although the road to reality is bumpy and dangerous, the dream is still there and the ideal is still there. How much the poet hopes to see Zhou Wenwang at the age of 80 and show his talents like Jiang Taigong; Like Yi Yin, the dream of going to the "edge of the sun" by boat is of great significance to the world today. But there is a distance between ideal and reality. Ideal can't conquer reality, and reality refuses to agree with ideal. This kind of pain is intertwined in the poet's heart, and he finally issued a "difficult to walk!" The journey is very hard and there are many roads. Is it safe now? " Sigh. At the end of the poem, it was aroused in depression, which strengthened the confidence of "breaking the wind and waves" and revived the courage to sail in the sea.
The autumn wind broke the hut.
First, the original poem
In August and autumn, the wind roared and rolled up my three hairs.
Hair flew over the river and sprinkled on the periphery of the river. The highest one hangs a long forest tip, and the lower one floats to Shentang 'ao.
The children in Nancun bully me. I can stand being a thief.
I openly carried Mao into the bamboo forest, and my lips were so dry that I couldn't breathe. When I came back, I sighed on crutches.
In an instant, the wind will set the color of the clouds and ink, and the autumn will be bleak and dark.
This cloth has been as cold as iron for many years, and Joule has been lying down and cracking.
There is no dry place in the bedside table, and the feet are numb with rain.
How can you get wet all night since you are in a mess and don't get enough sleep!
There are tens of millions of buildings in Ande, which makes all the poor people in the world very happy! The wind and rain are calm as a mountain.
Oh! When I suddenly see this house in front of me, I will freeze to death alone!
2. Poetry appreciation
In the second year of Gan Yuan, Tang Suzong (759), there was a famine in Guanzhong area, and people's lives were very difficult. In the autumn of this year, Du Fu abandoned his official position and went to Qin Zhou (now Tianshui, Gansu) and then to Sichuan via Tonggu (now Chengxian, Gansu). With the help of relatives and friends, he built a thatched cottage on the banks of Huanhuaxi in the western suburbs of Chengdu and lived a temporary and stable life. He felt happy and self-sufficient, so he sang spring rain, strolled for flowers, sent flowers to the river, and entertained himself with poetry and wine. However, this superficial lightness can not conceal his poverty, nor can it dilute his consistent feelings of worrying about the country and the people. Last autumn (76 1), a storm hit his cabin, which woke him up from his romantic seclusion again, made him face the reality and worried him, so he wrote this poem.
The poem itself is very interesting. Why "sing a poem" when the hut is broken by the autumn wind? What influenced the poet's poetry?
This poem begins with a description and is completely realistic. Write about the power of autumn wind first, "howling" is its momentum, and sweeping away the thatch on the house is its "record"; Write your own helpless situation again. In the face of this powerful nature, I had to let it do whatever it wanted, watching my thatch cross the river, hanging high in the treetops and sinking into the pond depression.
Faced with the violence of nature, the poet showed calmness and even had some patience to appreciate it. But in the face of the urchin's "robbery in the wind", he was really angry. It wrote down its own gaffes truthfully, so frankly. He is angry with himself, not with the children. He hates that he is old, helpless, and useless to his country and family. Perhaps I also deeply blame myself for my lack of self-cultivation and generally care about children. In short, after anxiety, he turned to silence and gradually thought hard.
After the strong wind, dark clouds gathered. Needless to say, the autumn rain came uninvited. The poet withdrew his sight, stopped paying attention to the changes of nature, and concentrated on the hut where he lived. After years of poverty and years of wandering, he couldn't even make a quilt, but it was the cold quilt that made the children who slept dishonestly push up. The house is full of rain, and there is no dry place, but the autumn rain keeps going regardless of the underground. What a life this is! The night was long and the poet lost sleep. And "self-pity", I don't know how many nights have passed, what's the use of tears?
Suddenly, the poet cheered up from his meditation and shouted, "There are thousands of spacious buildings, and all the poor people in the world are happy." At this time, the ideal overcame the reality, and the will overcame the sigh. Although he lacks a "safe house" now, if such a house that can warm the poor all over the world suddenly appears, he would rather live alone in a hut and freeze to death! What kind of feeling is this? This is a feeling of saving the world by enjoying the sufferings of people's livelihood and observing the changes of the world, just like Three Officials and Three Farewells he wrote in the war.
This is an ancient poem. The continuous rhyming transformation embodies the characteristics of "Song", and the patchwork of single-line loose sentences and even long and short sentences also reflects the dynamics of "line". It is precisely because of the touch of reality and the inner desire that poetry can naturally emerge from the chest without false modification. The whole poem narrates first, then talks about lyricism, which not only describes the poet's poverty and even embarrassment, but also expresses the poet's broad mind, which is sincere and touching.
4. A song of snow sent Tian Shuji Wu home.
First, the original poem
The north wind rolled white grass and broke them (zhé), and eight In the snow crossed the Tatar sky.
Suddenly, like a night wind blowing, like a pear tree in blossom.
Scattered (sàn) into the bead curtain wet curtain, the fox fur (qiú) is not warm, and the brocade quilt (Q ο n) is thin.
The general used cold hands to protect his hands. The armored steel was too cold to wear.
The desert freezes over/kloc-0.000 feet, with a crack, and the sky is full of darkness and melancholy.
But we'd like to propose a toast to the guests returning from the camp, with the huqin pipa and Qiangdi.
Until dusk, when the snow collapsed our tent, the red flag was frozen.
Luntai East Gate, welcome to the capital. Go, the mountain road is covered with snow.
I haven't seen you in the winding mountain road, leaving only a row of horseshoe prints.
2. Poetry appreciation
During the Tianbao period of the Tang Dynasty, the frontier wars between Li Tang and the northwest ethnic minorities continued, and many literati also devoted themselves to the military shogunate to seek personal development, and experienced the intense military life and novel and unique natural scenery of the frontier fortress, thus forming the frontier fortress poetry school in the prosperous Tang Dynasty. He is an outstanding representative of frontier poets in the prosperous Tang Dynasty, and his "Bai Xuege Farewell Tian Li Wu to his hometown" has become a masterpiece of frontier poetry.
As the title of the poem shows, the whole poem can be divided into two parts according to its content, namely, Ode to Snow (the first ten sentences) and Farewell (the last eight sentences). The first two sentences highlight the climatic characteristics of the frontier fortress: the north wind sweeps away, the vegetation is destroyed, and it snows in August. The word "namely" shows that compared with the mainland, winter comes very early, which is amazing. Then, the poet used his magical imagination to compare the north wind to the spring breeze and the snowflake to the pear. "Like the strong wind in spring, it blows at night and blows open the petals of ten thousand pear trees", what a novel metaphor and heroic style! Only those who love life can show this positive and optimistic spirit and write such famous sentences through the ages. The following two poems are still written after the snowflake, but they are written indoors from the outdoor. Snowflakes float into the bead curtain and wet the curtain, which is soft and romantic and really has the charm of pear blossoms. However, the harsh reality that "a fur coat feels cold and a cotton mat is thin" also reminds people that with the arrival of snowflakes, the cold comes quietly, testing people's perseverance and patience. The next two poems go on to say, "The bow becomes stiff, and it is almost impossible to pull it out, so it is difficult to protect your iron clothes." This is the cold weather in terms of military life. General can't draw a bow, can't wear battle clothes, how can he lead troops to fight? In the face of the forces of nature, human beings seem so helpless and helpless.
The sentence "The sand sea deepens with unfathomable ice, gloomy clouds, and Wan Li condenses" is a transition. The line of sight turns to "location", and the environment is decorated with hundreds of feet of hard ice. The gloomy clouds in Wan Li lead to a farewell atmosphere. Write the farewell scene below, short and affectionate. "Let's play the barbarian pipa, guitar and harp for him", a stringed instrument with the characteristics of the western regions, is crisp and pleasant, adding a bit of desolation and tragic heroism to the military banquet of the frontier fortress. It's getting late, the snow is falling, the red flag is not shaking, and "repeat customers" are boarding one after another. This situation is depressing. But the poet put aside the thought of parting and ended the whole article in a high style. At the end of the four sentences, a thimble is formed, and the content continues, like flowing clouds, drawing an empty farewell picture in the snow. "Tianshan Mountain is full of snow" makes people sad, "the mountain turns around" makes people melancholy, and the horseshoe marks on the snow extend the parting thoughts to the distance. This "open" ending gives people endless reverie.
5. Ji Hai's miscellaneous poems
The vast sadness of parting extends to the setting sun, away from Beijing, riding a whip to the east, feeling that people are on earth.
I quit my job and go home, just like a flower falling from a branch, but this is not a heartless thing. It can be turned into the soil of spring and can also play a role in nurturing the next generation.
2. Poetry appreciation
Gong Zizhen is a modern thinker and writer in China. He warned the authorities when the Qing Dynasty flourished. When everyone was singing peacefully, they pointed out the prospect of the crisis. He called the society at that time "the sun is waning and Hengtai rises suddenly" and strongly demanded reform. However, he was not taken seriously in politics, and his official position was humble, so his ambition could not be displayed. In the 19th year of Daoguang (1839), one year before the Opium War, he was 48 years old. Disappointed with the rulers of the Qing Dynasty, he resolutely resigned from his official position and returned to his hometown. Along the way, what he thought and felt, he wrote it on account paper with chicken feathers and put it in a bamboo basket. Later, * * * "I got 315 pieces of paper, and I wrote 315 poems" (Book and Wu Hongsheng), which is the famous "Jihai Miscellaneous Poems" ── that year was Jihai.
This poem, the fifth in Ji Hai's Miscellaneous Poems, describes the poet's mood when he left Beijing. Although with "mighty sorrow", it means that we still have to make final efforts for the country and the people.
The first two lyric narratives of this poem show the spirit of being bold and free and easy in infinite emotion. On the one hand, parting is sad. After all, after living in Beijing for many years, old friends are like clouds and the past is like smoke. On the other hand, parting is easy and pleasant. After all, I have escaped the shackles and can go back to the outside world to do other things. In this way, the sadness of parting and the joy of returning are intertwined, both "mighty parting" and "whipping the East"; There is daylight, the west and the vast horizon. These two paintings complement each other and make each other interesting, which is a true portrayal of the poet's mood that day. The last two sentences of the poem use falling flowers as metaphors to express their own feelings, which naturally blend into the discussion of image metaphor. "Turning into spring mud protects flowers more", the poet said and did the same. After the Opium War broke out, he wrote to Liang Zhangju, the governor of Jiangxi in Shanghai, many times to discuss state affairs, and hoped to join the shogunate to offer suggestions. Unfortunately, the poet died in Danyang Academy soon (only 50 years old), unable to realize his social ideal. What a pity.
This little poem combines political ambition with personal ambition, organically combines lyricism with discussion, and vividly expresses the poet's complex feelings. On poetry, Gong Zizhen once said that "poetry and people are one, there is no poetry outside people, and there is no one outside poetry" (Shu Tang Hai Qiu Poetry). His own creation is the best proof.