Brief introduction of poetic style
Five-character metrical poetry is a kind of metrical poetry, which refers to a poem with five words and eight sentences, which conforms to the norms of metrical poetry and belongs to the category of modern poetry. Rhyme originated in the Southern Dynasties, and developed from Shen Yue's new-style poems, which focused on rhythm and duality, to Shen Quanqi and Song Wenzhi in the early Tang Dynasty, and matured in the prosperous Tang Dynasty.
For the people in the Tang Dynasty, five-character rhythmic poetry is a new poetic style born out of five-character ancient poetry. It inherits the principle that every sentence has a definite character and rhymes every other sentence in the Five Dynasties, and draws lessons from the principles of rhythm and duality of parallel prose, which has developed in many aspects:
1, eight sentences each;
2. The third sentence and the fourth sentence, the fifth sentence and the sixth sentence must be opposite;
3. Leveling must be arranged in a specific format, with one copy correct and two copies pasted;
4. Only rhyme, rhyme has a fixed position, that is, even sentences rhyme (the first sentence can rhyme or not);
5. Strictly speaking, the rhythm form is two double-tone steps plus one single-tone step. The single-tone step can only appear in the sentence or at the end of the sentence, but not at the beginning of the sentence. The levels of two adjacent double-tone steps must be opposite.
According to the above rules, five-character rhythmic poems can be divided into two types: flat and even, and each type can be divided into positive and partial.
Development history
The five laws inherit the basic characteristics of five syllables per sentence, two sentences in a group, and the total number of sentences is even, and at the same time add the rules of duality and parallelism. And these rules are borrowed from parallel prose; Parallel prose came into being from Chu ci (Sao poetry) to Han fu; Therefore, in the final analysis, the five laws are the product of the grafting of five ancient times and parallel prose, and their origins are all poems.
The five laws in the early Tang Dynasty were fully mature. In particular, poets such as Shen Quanqi and Song summed up the achievements of new-style poetry since the Southern Dynasties, affirmed the mature form, and finally completed the task of "avoiding pronunciation and correcting sentences accurately", thus formalizing the five laws in their creation. Complete Tang Poetry includes 65,438+098 three-volume poems of Song Dynasty and 65,438+056 three-volume poems of Shen Quanqi, most of which are metrical poems. Hu Yinglin: "Five-character law is a symbol of Chen Liang. In the early Tang dynasty, the four sons were ashamed of each other, but sometimes they were clumsy, not as good as in the early Tang dynasty. Longgui, outstanding. "
The Five Methods were established in the early Tang Dynasty. Besides Shen Song, Wang Ji, Su Weidao, "Four Masters in the Early Tang Dynasty", Du Fu, Li Qiao and others all had excellent works.
The five laws were formed in the early Tang Dynasty, but the highest achievement was in the prosperous Tang Dynasty. Wang Wei and Du Fu are the best representatives of the achievements of the Five Laws in the prosperous Tang Dynasty.
Hu Yinglin in the Ming Dynasty said in his poem: "Only the works of the Ministry of Industry are magnificent in weather and large in scale, and the thought of them is complicated and invisible. There is only one person who needs to pay back through the ages. "The evaluation is extremely high. Du Fu wrote poems with the motto of "Words don't astonish and die endlessly", and the achievements of metrical poems and new Yuefu are really unparalleled. There are more than 300 poems by Du Fu/kloc-0 in the Nineteen Volumes of Complete Tang Poems, among which modern poems account for the majority and regular poems account for the majority. Among them, there are more than 100 famous five laws, such as Climbing Yueyang Tower, Looking at Spring, Moonlit Night on the Spring River, Jianghan, Delighting in Rain on a Spring Night and so on. , this just deserves to be "the only one. "
Du Fu's modern poems express profound thoughts and feelings with outstanding skills, which have reached an unprecedented level in both form and content, showing the Confucian style. From the mid-Tang Dynasty to the Ming and Qing Dynasties, Du Fu's learners were mostly, some were close in thoughts and feelings, and some were close in artistic forms, which was already remarkable. As for the close ones, there are very few.
Since Yuan Zhen, many poets have suppressed Li. As far as metrical poetry is concerned, especially as far as seven laws are concerned, it is reasonable. Li Bai is romantic and uninhibited, disdaining being bound by meter. His strength lies in miscellaneous words, Du Fu is rigorous and diligent, and his strength lies in metrical poems. However, the Five Laws were formed in the Southern Dynasties, and Li Bai's mastery of them is a natural charm. Hu Yinglin said, "Taibai is elegant and superior to others. Then the scholar is a fairy, and the multi-flow rate is easy. " Fully affirmed the achievements of Li Bai's five laws.
Li Bai's five laws, like his ideological foundation based on Taoist thought, are very elegant and natural. His poems, such as Xia Sai Qu, Niu Zhu's Thoughts on Sleeping at Night, Farewell to Friends, and Farewell to Friends at Jingmen Ferry, are all natural without any traces of embellishment. Without comprehensive knowledge and talent, it is difficult to learn well.
Besides Du Li, Wang Wei's five laws are the best. The Complete Tang Poetry contains four volumes of 387 poems written by Wang Wei, among which the most important achievement is the Five Laws. Wang Wei's ideological foundation is mainly Buddhism, and his poems are full of Buddhist "Zen" artistic conception. His famous five laws include Autumn Night in the Mountain, A Letter to Pei Di from Wangchuan's Other Business, Wang Gui's Biography of the Left, Sitting Alone in Autumn Night, Jianghan Lintiao, and Going to the Frontier.
During the prosperous Tang Dynasty, there appeared many famous works of Five Laws, such as Lao Guo Ren Zhuang, Xiao Wang on the boat and Zen Forest after Broken Mountain Temple by Lin Dongting.
Wei and Liu Changqing were slightly better in the middle of the prosperous Tang Dynasty, and "Ten Talents in Dali Period" and others occasionally made excellent works.
In the Korean era, Liu, Bai and Liu saw ZTE again.
In the late Tang Dynasty, Li Shangyin's modern poetry directly followed Du Fu, with a slight echo, and achieved above the middle Tang Dynasty. His representative works include Drinking at Night, Chu Palace, Falling Flowers, Pei Mingfu Mansion and so on. Besides Li Shangyin, Xu Hun, Wen and Ma Dai are also unique.
The highest achievement of Five-character Rhyme gradually declined after the prosperous Tang Dynasty and the middle Tang Dynasty, and almost no one mentioned it in the Five Dynasties. In Song Dynasty, modern poems are mostly seven words, but the achievements of five laws are not high, and there are not many excellent works, especially famous ones. Only Poor Shore by Mei, Miscellaneous Poems after the Chaos, Sending My Nephew to Cheung Chau after the Chaos by Wang Zao, Hunger Recommended by Gengzi, Dead Tree by Lin Jingxi and so on.
The Yuan Dynasty advocated Tang poetry, but the artistic achievements of modern poetry were higher than those of the Song Dynasty. Famous poets and works include Wu Cheng's Send to Beijing, Hu Bingwen's Tomb of King Yue, Wang Zhen's Summer Resort, Chen Shen's By the River, Huang Geng's Living in Seclusion as a Fu, Wu Song's Five Mountains in Tongling, Zhenwu's Wild Hope and Cheng Yuanchang's Quan Min in Fu Lin.
There are even fewer masterpieces of the Five Laws after the Ming and Qing Dynasties. Only Qu Dajun's Tomb of Danger, Autumn Watch of Yunzhou, Wu's Story Beyond the Clouds, Wu's Feeling of Crossing the Wujiang River and Wang He's Firefly in Zhu Yizun have some characteristics.
Typical poetry
Su Weidao's fifteenth night of the first month
Wang Bo's Send Du Shaofu to Ren Shuchuan
Luo's "A Political Prisoner Listening to Cicada"
Meng Haoran's Offering Prime Minister Zhang in Dongting Lake
Meng Haoran's Passing the Village for the Aged
Meng Haoran's "Eventually Will End in Nanshan"
Meng Haoran's Climbing Yanshan with Literati
Meng Haoran bid farewell to Wang Wei
Zhong Nanshan of Wang Wei
Wang Wei's Autumn Night in the Deep Mountains
Wang Wei's A Letter to Pei Di from My Cabin in Wangchuan.
Wang Wei answers Deputy District Chief Zhang.
Wang Wei's Frontier Ambassador
Wang Wei's Hunting Observation
Li Bai's Listening to the Zen Master of Shu State Playing the Piano
Li Bai's Letter to Meng Haoran
Li Bai's Xia Sai Qu
On Li Bai's Nostalgia Complex from "Sleeping at Night under the Niuzhu Mountain"
Li Bai bid farewell to his friends at Jingmen Ferry.