The lyre has many variations during its development, the most important of which is the kisara. The musical scale arrangement in the ancient Greek period was a four-tone sequence. The liturgical activities of medieval Christianity were divided into two categories: daily service and mass. Newm notation began in the 11th century with the creation of wire notation, that is, four-line notation.
The evolution of notation: 24 Greek letters - Newm notation - wire notation - staff
Franco of Germany in the 13th century in "Quantitative Song Art" "Quantitative notation was proposed in ". Early polyphonic music types: Organon-Discount, Gorgeous Organon, Discount,
Condoctus-motet (simple songs) Ancient Art School Two representative figures: Leonan’s two-voice Organon’s “Hallelujah, the Lamb that absolves me from sin”
The consequences of the development of polyphony in the 13th century by Perotin’s four-voice Organon: 1 It is the formation of the cadence of polyphonic music. The second is the development of notation. The meaning and characteristics of new art.
Meaning: Generally refers to the relief music of the 14th century, which is relative to the "ancient art" which refers to the polyphonic music of the 13th century. Characteristics: In this century, a large number of music creations were separated from worship activities. Music creation was unprecedentedly secular. Composers combined religious
polyphonic techniques with secular music vocabulary to explore various new ways of creating musical forms. possible, which led to a series of changes in composition techniques and musical forms. Representative figures of Art Nouveau: (France) Machaud and (Italy) Landini. The medieval period of music: Most Chinese and foreign music historians define the period from the 5th century AD to the 14th and 15th centuries as the "Middle Ages" from the perspective of cultural history. Roman music school: Palestrina's "Horse" Papal Mass of Cerros".
Venice School: G Gabrieli (the father of modern orchestration).
Flemish School: Lasus' "Echo" is the master of polyphonic music since the Middle Ages. The first musical work with a fully mature tonal and harmonic language was composed by Italian Corelli and interpreted by Faramo for the first time. The representative work is "Harmony". The most direct source of opera is the interlude at the end of the 15th century. The earliest opera is "Daphne" composed by Perry. Features: Based on this Greek myth
The first opera with complete music preservation is "Euridice" composed by Perry and libretto by Linuccini. Medieval music style: religious music, secular music Music, religious and secular music The first true opera in the history of opera: Monteverdi's "Orfeo" The first oratorio was (Rome) Cavalielli's "Drama of the Soul and the Body" in Performed in February 1600. It laid the foundation for Roman opera, which is called oratorio by historians. It has the prototype of opera and its content involves religious and moral aspects. The first opera house: 1637 Teatro San Cassiano. The "Renaissance" was a major new cultural movement. Musical achievements of the Burgundian period: the establishment of a large-scale religious music genre - the Mass. Lasus' "Echo" is the most famous madrigal in the Renaissance. There are two types of harpsichords: harpsichord and clavichord. Two types of harpsichord: harpsichord and harpsichord.
The representative figure of the French keyboard is: Couperin During the Renaissance, two new modes were widely used, which later directly affected the creation of major and minor keys
They are: Aeolian Modes and Ionian modes. Types of early polyphony: organon, ornate organon, rhythmic pattern, disconte. Major and minor keys: The development process of the tonal system of major and minor keys began in the Renaissance and matured in the Baroque period. There are three major categories of concertos in the Baroque period: Concerto Grosso, Concerto for Solo, and Concerto for Orchestra.
Representative figure: Composer (Italian) Vivaldi. Representative works: "The Four Seasons" Handel: Instrumental works "Water Music" "Royal Fireworks Music"
Oratorio works "Messiah" "The Israelites in Egypt" The reform of Gluck's opera: Principles: Music Obedient to the needs of poetry Representatives of the Viennese neoclassical school: Haydn, Mozart, Beethoven. Mozart: Italian serious operas "Idomeneo of Crete" and "The Mercy of Tito"
Comic operas: "The Geese of Cairo", "The Beguiled Husband", "The Marriage of Figaro" and "Don "Juan" and "Così fan tutte"
German and Austrian operas: "Bastian et Bastienne", "The Escape from the Harem" and "The Magic Flute" Mannheim School: the works are light and lively, with the main theme The music style has been completely established, the lines of the treble part are very prominent, and the band texture is clear and transparent. The most common thing between nationalism and romanticism in the 19th century: a strong interest in the music culture of one's own nation and folk. Weber's "The Magic Bullet" marked the birth of German romantic opera and became the foundation of European romantic opera. "Ondine" is also translated as "Navy". Hoffmann's opera heralded the germination of German romantic opera. Schubert, the "King of Lieder", is most famous for his vocal works, including "The Devil", "Wild Rose", "Trout", "Serenade"
"Lullaby" and "Ave Maria".
Chopin: "Piano Poet"
Music characteristics: both strong and heroic, but also delicate and soft, which is the general artistic conception. Piano music during the most prosperous period of Romanticism in the 19th century
Among them is a unique "fixed musical idea": Berlioz's "Song without Words": Mendelssohn
"Piano Poet": Chopin "King of Waltz": Johann Strauss the Younger
"Symphonic Poetry": Liszt "Father of Waltz": Strauss the Elder
"Musical Drama": Wagner "Father of Russian Music": Glinka
"King of Art Song": Schubert Verdi: the first opera "Oberto" and the last "La Gracia". "Nabucco" revived him
In addition, there are "Il Trovatore", "La Traviata", "Aida" and "Othello"
*The main field is opera, Including "The Ring of the Nibelung", "Das Rheingold", "Valkyrie", "Siegfried"
"The Twilight of Life", "Tristan and Isolde", "The Wanderer" "The Dutchman", "Lohengrin", "Tannh?user", "Rienzi"
"The Meistersinger of New York", "Percival", etc. There is also the orchestral piece "Faust Overture" Rossini: "The Barber of Seville" "Queen Elizabeth of England" "The Italian Girl in Algiers" Glinka: Contribution: He brought Russian professional music to catch up with Europe The level of a musical power has laid the foundation and opened the way for the development of Russian art music, thereby establishing the status of Russian music in world music.
Works: the first opera "Ivan Susanin" the second "Ruslan and Lyudmila"
Creative characteristics: the first opera "Ivan Susanin" ~" established the type of national patriotic historical opera.
The second "Lu~" established the style of Russian folk mythological opera. Five-strong group: Balakirev, Guy, Mussorgsky, Borodin, Rimsky-Korsakov Tchaikovsky: "Sixth "Pathétique" Symphony" (Solemn Overture)
Three dance dramas: "Swan Lake", "Sleeping Beauty" and "The Nutcracker"
Characteristics: One is profound lyricism, the other is strong dramatic smetá That: The symphonic poem "Vltava" Deosjak: "Slavonic Dances" "From the New World" Grieg: "Solveig's Song" is known as Norway's "Second National Anthem" Sibelius : "Ode to Finland" Impressionist music and its representatives: Saint-Saens' "Carnival of the Animals" Sublisted "Requiem"
Debussy's "Moonlight" Ravel's "Borero" Italy Opera: Mascagni's "Cavalier Rusticana" Leoncavolo's "Pagliacci" Puccini: "The Artist's Life" "Tosca" "Madame Butterfly" "Turandot" Expressionist music: Schoenberg, Bell Ge, Webern (New Viennese School)
Schoenberg: Twelve-tone System and "Harmony" Neoclassical Music: Stravinsky 20th Century Nationalist Music: (Hungary) Bartok, (Polish) Szymanowski, (Czech) Janacek, (American) Coplan Gershwin Bartok: the most successful nationalist composer of the 20th century. He not only opened up a new situation for Hungarian music, but he was also one of the few important innovators who stood at the forefront of modern music in the 20th century. Sequential music: Messiaen; Incidental music: Cage Bach: (1) Vocal music works are mainly religious music, most of which are Lutheran religious music. Two Passions.
(2) In terms of instrumental music, "Well-Tempered Clavier" (known as "The Old Testament for Pianists" by later generations)
"French Suite" "British Suite" Orchestra Work "Brandenburg Concerto"
1. Gregorian Chant
Definition: It originated in the Roman Church in the sixth century AD and was formed in the 8th and 9th centuries. It was named after Pope Gregorian Chant. The Christian liturgical music named after Gauli is known as "Gregorian chant" and also known as "plain song".
Basic features: (1) A single-part music form of unaccompanied pure human voice (male) singing. (2) The lyrics are in Latin. (3) The lyrics mainly come from the Bible and Psalms (4) The rhythm is divided according to the rhythm of the language, and there is no obvious rhythmic feature. (5) The music style is simple and solemn, with a stable tone, mainly progressing and third-degree jumps. (6) The range is narrow. (7) The melody absorbs the characteristics of the ancient East, ancient Greece and folk melodies of the time and is based on the simple natural scale. . (8) Gregorian chant can be divided into two types: recitative and melodic. The latter includes three forms: syllabic, neume and florid singing. The singing methods include solo singing, unison singing, alternating singing and response singing. .
Significance: It is not only an important part of Christian music culture. From these monophonic chants, the tradition of polyphonic music was gradually bred and developed, and a large number of music songs were compiled for later generations of composers. Providing a lot of creative material, Gregorian chant is of extremely important significance in the history of Western music.
2. The significance of the German "Hymn"
Positioning: a Protestant hymn reformed by the German religious reformer Martin Luther in the 16th century.
Representative work: "God is Our Strong Fortress"
Features: 1. Change Latin to German
2. Change prose lyrics to Rhymed poetry.
3. The melody borrows many folk tunes.
4. In terms of texture, polyphony was changed to harmony.
5. Change the choir singing to hymns sung by the congregation.
3. Bass continuo
Definition: It is a main tone harmony texture that is different from the Renaissance polyphonic texture. The composer only writes the treble part melody when creating. and bass. This independent bass part continues throughout the entire work, so it is called "continuo bass." The composer marks the position of the note in the harmony with a number next to the bass, and the performer improvises the harmony according to the marking. Generally speaking, the bass is played with instruments such as cello, double bass or bassoon, while the keyboard instrument lute fills in the harmony, due to the different understanding and decoration of the music by the players. The handling is also different.
Significance: Bass continuo has been popular for more than a hundred years. Therefore, the Baroque period is also called the bass continuo era. Bass continuo is the iconic feature of Baroque. Its emergence led to the The birth of acoustics. The formation of the harmony system also led to the emergence of the major and minor key systems. Thus ended the era of church moderation.
1. Characteristics of music in the historical stage of ancient Greece
1. Texture: It belongs to single music, mainly harmony. Although there are many types of musical instruments, they are mainly used for accompaniment. Attached to the harmony.
2. In terms of performance form, it combines poetry, music and dance, integrating poetry, music composition, singing and accompaniment.
3. Closely related to religion, the birth of Christianity is of great significance to the development of Western music culture.
4. Music theory and music aesthetics have reached a considerable level. 5. The tragicomedy of ancient Greece is a group that later developed Western drama.
2. What is the difference between ancient Greek music and ancient Roman music?
1. The Romans were good at conquests, fighting, and advocated force, authority, and discipline. Their cultural characteristics lacked the artistic and elegant character of ancient Greek culture. 2. The popularity of music in Rome was related to many of the Roman dynasties. The king's passion has something to do with it.
3. One of the important characteristics of Roman music is its development towards practicality and ceremony. Collective military music and ritual and processional music are very popular. 4. In addition to social music activities, family music has also become popular for a while.
5. Another important difference from ancient Greek music is the professionalization of music.
6. Ancient Roman music can no longer compare with ancient Greece in terms of spiritual health.
3. Characteristics of medieval music
1. Gregorian chant was the center of musical activities throughout the Middle Ages
2. Gregorian chant was The highest peak of the development of monophonic music.
3. From monophonic music to polyphonic music, polyphonic music finally developed to secularization.
4. Music is an integral part of religious culture and life. The church rules and creates the essence of various arts, including the
mode, harmony, music theory, notation and The establishment of conservatories is related to the church.
5. In the late Middle Ages, church music and secular music coexisted, opposing and blending with each other.
6. Vocal music is the main part, and instrumental music is subordinate to vocal music.
IV. Overview of the Characteristics of the Renaissance
1. The themes are different from those in the Middle Ages such as affirming life and praising nature.
2. Martin Luther’s religious reform began to blur the distinction between religious and secular music. Religious music became more complex and perfect, and
developed towards secularization.
3. During the Renaissance, vocal polyphony entered the golden age. Driven by Palestrina and Lasus,
pure vocal art reached its peak. .
4. Instrumental music themes with independent significance have emerged.
5. Secular music has developed, and many new themes such as pastoral songs have emerged.
5. "Two Conventions"
This is Monteverdi's thought. In the fifth volume of "Pastoral" in 1605, he talked about the polyphonic tradition of the Renaissance, that is, " "Ancient style" can be called the "first routine", and the new composition technique he adopted is the "second routine". He emphasized that when the composer used the "first routine", "harmony (polyphony) is the lyrics "The master of harmony" means that form comes first and content comes second. "Second routine" is the opposite. "Lyrics should be the master of harmony" that is, content comes first and form comes second.
The meaning of "first norm" and "second norm"
The polyphonic tradition of the Renaissance, that is, the "first norm", puts form first and content second. Monteverdi's own new composition technique was the "Second Convention" where content came first and form came second.
6. The Origin of Opera
1. Tragedy can be traced back to the ancient Greek period.
2. Religious dramas and mystery dramas in the medieval period. Miracle plays and pastoral plays laid the foundation for the emergence of opera.
3. Madrigal opera during the Renaissance also heralded the birth of opera.
4. The most direct origin of opera is the interlude at the end of the 15th century.
5. Opera was finally produced in Florence, Italy, at the end of the 16th century.
7. Cantata and oratorio, and their differences
Oratorio: also known as "oratorio", is a large-scale vocal suite with dramatic and epic content. , also includes chorus, duet, aria, overture, etc. It is only sung but not acted, with the Bible as the main content.
Cantata: includes recitatives, arias, overtures, etc., is small in size, simple in content, and focused on lyricism.
The difference between cantata and oratorio:
Contact: 1. Both are large-scale vocal suites produced at the same time as opera during the Baroque period.
2. Mainly vocal music, including chorus, solo, duet and orchestral accompaniment.
3. No makeup, scenery, movements, props, stage design, etc.
4. They both belong to the category of main-key music.
Difference: Cantata is smaller in scale and focuses on lyricism. The subject matter can be religious or secular. Oratorio is also called divine drama.
It is larger in scale. It focuses on the epic, and the subject matter must be religious. Its earliest origin can be traced back to the miracle plays of the Middle Ages. After the mid-17th century, Passion music developed a new type of oratorio.
8. Musical Characteristics of the Classical Period
1. Music moved from the church to the palace and gradually to the public.
2. The music creation mainly adopts the main music form, which strengthens the correspondence between harmony and melody, and establishes the functional harmony progression of "master-subordinate-subordinate-master".
3. Establish the principle of segmented structure of music form, with clear theme, concise musical drama, beautiful music, simple and balanced.
4. Theme-motivated development uses contrast between themes to replace the single-theme development in the Baroque period.
5. "Continuo bass" is replaced by clear instrument notation, allowing the composer to experience the timbre of the instrument more clearly.
6. Pursue considerable beauty and expand the scope and expressiveness of music.
7. The focus of music has shifted to new instrumental themes—symphonies, concertos, sonatas, and quartets.
9. Gluck’s opera reform
1. Gluck’s position in music history was established by his reform of Italian opera
2. Requiring music to be subordinate to poetry is Gluck’s principle in opera creation
3. Gluck’s operas are simple, natural and touching
4. Style Gluck used a recitative with orchestra accompaniment instead of the "clear recitative" commonly used in operas in the past
5. Gluck's orchestra absorbed the achievements of orchestral music in the 18th century, and used the orchestra's individual voices to A clear notation replaced the digital bass technique.
10. The difference between sonata and sonata form
"Sonata" refers to the "sonata" theme that gradually formed in the 18th century and consists of different numbers of movements. The movements contrast in tonality, emotion, and speed. As a whole, several movements are intrinsically related to each other.
"Sonata form" refers to the structural form used within the theme of "Sonata". When used in the first movement, it is often called "Sonata Allegro
Sonata form" , other movements also often use sonata form and other musical forms.
11. Beethoven (German composer. One of the representatives of the Vienna classical music school)
Representative works: 1. Symphony: Symphony No. 3 "Eroica" 2 .Opera "Fordario"
3. Sonata: Sonata No. 14 "Moonlight" 4. Concerto: violin, cello, piano trio. 5. Chamber music: 16 string quartets 6. Vocal works: Mass in D major, vocal suite "Distant Lover"
Artistic achievements: 1. Motivation: Expanding highly concentrated musical motivations , while maintaining a comprehensive and rigorous unity, expanding the development part, making it the focus of highlighting the inner contradictions, motivational publicity and dramatic conflicts of the work. Beginning with the Third Symphony, the scherzo is introduced into the third movement of the symphony, the Ninth Symphony.
2. In terms of piano sonatas: His 32 piano sonatas made significant contributions to the structure of sonatas.
3. Creative style: in terms of musical expression; the spiritual essence of the times, the work shows from struggle to victory, from darkness to light; his pattern inherits the Haydn-style motivation development method and absorbs Mozart’s melodies The deep feeling forms the characteristics of simplicity, roughness, simple enthusiasm,
4. The dynamics caused by syncopation and rest, the dissonance of the harmony and the instability of the mode.
12. Characteristics of Naples opera (also the characteristics of formal opera)
1. Development in the direction of formal opera: it was the last city to develop and was stereotyped as " "Opera"
2. Representative figures and works: Scarlatti's "Theodora"
3. Features: (1) Content: mostly based on ancient mythology and history Legend, serious content, as opposed to comedy.
(2) In terms of structural form: from the original five-act opera to a compact three-act structure, often interspersed between acts
Comedy, sexual interludes The play begins with a personalized overture, in which recitatives and anti-beginning arias alternate.
Duets, choruses, and dances are rarely used.
(3) Two different recitatives. One is the dry recitative, which is used for longer dialogues or monologues. The solo part only uses continuo.
The second is the bass accompaniment, and the second is the recitative with accompaniment. It is good at expressing complex emotions and is also used in dramatic and tense scenes. The solo is accompanied by an orchestra,
(4 ) Anti-beginning aria: This kind of aria is in the form of ABA three sections. Composers usually no longer write out the reproduced section A, but only mark ala eapo at the end of section B, which means repeat from the beginning. , pretending to mean "reverse the beginning", and marking fine at the end
13. A. Scarlatti's contribution to opera
1 , *** wrote 115 operas and was the founder of modern opera.
2. Representative works "Griselda", "Pirro et Dimetro" and "The Downfall of the Company of Ten" Most famous
3. Artistic achievements: (1) He is the founder of the Neapolitan school of music (2) He pioneered the anti-beginning aria, dry recitative and accompaniment recitative (3) Established the The three-section form of the "fast-slow-fast" Naples opera overture became the precursor to the symphony (4) and created a typical orchestral arrangement of the late Baroque period: four string parts plus oboe, bassoon, trumpet, French horn, etc.