The epigraph, also called the word case, is the name of the tune used to fill words. Words are originally sung along with music, and all songs have certain melodies and rhythms. The sum of these melodies and rhythms is the tone of words. Between words and tones, or according to the tone of words, or according to the tone of words, tunes are called epigrams, usually depending on the content of words. After the Song Dynasty, Ci developed and changed continuously, mainly according to the melody, and the epigraph had nothing to do with the content of Ci. When the word is completely divorced from the song, the epigraph is only used as the formula of the word and phonological structure.
Some aphorisms, in addition to correcting their names, are marked with different names, or with the same name and different tones.
According to the length and scale, words can be roughly divided into Xiao Ling (within 58 words), Middle Tone (59-90 words) and Long Tone (above 9 1 word, with the longest word reaching 240 words). A word, some with only one paragraph, is called monotony; Some are divided into two sections, called double tones; Some are divided into three or four sections, which are called three or four sections.
According to the nature of music, words can be divided into nine types: ling, yin, slow, three sets, preface, French music, Daqu, lingering and Zhu Gong tune.
According to the beat section, there are four common types: Ling, also known as Xiao Ling, has a shorter beat section; Lead, lead long in a small order; Near, the tone is similar, which leads to long; The slower, the longer the lead.
According to the creative style, it can be roughly divided into graceful school and unrestrained school.
Li Qingzhao (1084 ~ about 1 155)
China was a poet in the Song Dynasty. Self-styled Yi 'an lay man. A native of Zhangqiu, Jinan (now Shandong). His father Li was a famous scholar in Qilu area at that time. Mother Wang knows books and writes well. Zhao Mingcheng, son of official assistant minister Tingzhi Zhao, is a textual research scholar. Li Qingzhao lived comfortably in her early years and was proficient in writing and music. After their marriage, he and Zhao Mingcheng devoted themselves to the collation of epigraphy of calligraphy and painting, and compiled The Book of the Stone. Nomads from the central plains, the family fled south. After Ming Cheng's death, most books and cultural relics were lost in the war, and they were wandering around alone, in an extremely miserable situation. It is said that Qingzhao has remarried, which is quite controversial by later scholars. There is no record about her life in her later years, except that she wrote The Classic of Beating Horse and its preface, and also took Mi Fei's ink to visit Mi Youren for an inscription.
Li Qingzhao works hard in poetry, can write and is better at ci. With the changes of life in the Northern Song Dynasty and the Southern Song Dynasty, his works showed different characteristics in the early and later periods.
In the Northern Song Dynasty, in a few poems such as Wuxi Zhongxing Fu and Zhang Wenqian, Li Qingzhao showed a broader ideological realm and life field than ordinary women in feudal society, satirized the past and advocated learning from the historical lessons of Tianbao Rebellion in Tang Dynasty. In addition, in her early years, she also wrote On Ci, which put forward the theory that Ci is different from others. She believes that there are five tones, five tones and six rhythms in Ci, and there are also clear and muddy points, which is an important theory of Ci in Song Dynasty. His poems talk about history, the world, literature and art, and have a wide range of subjects.
Li Qingzhao's early poems truly reflected her boudoir life, thoughts and feelings, and showed natural scenery and parting feelings. Such as "like a dream" two songs, lively and fresh, meaning beautiful. I remember playing the flute on the Phoenix Tower, I cut the plum, and drunk the flowers. These words describe the lonely life, express the love for her husband, and show that the author loves nature and yearns for a beautiful love life, which has certain literary value.
During the Southern Song Dynasty, great changes took place in Li Qingzhao's works, showing her patriotic spirit of caring about the fate of the country and expressing her determination to uphold national integrity. For example, poems about epic poems, poems about the Han Palace in Shangshu Mi, poems about summer, and so on. , have improved the ideological, has a strong reality. Du Nan's post-ci style is also very different from that of the previous period, turning into desolation and pain, expressing nostalgia and nostalgia when he was injured. Such as "Bodhisattva Man", "Die" and the slow word "Ode to Fishing Music", all have a strong yearning for the motherland. In her poems, she fully expressed her deep sadness in her lonely life. Such as "Wulingchun", "Slow Voice" and "Qingpingle". The pain of national subjugation is integrated with the personal miserable life, and the sadness and melancholy are rendered to the extreme. It can be said that this is an artistic summary of the suffering of the times and the unfortunate fate of individuals.
The artistic achievements of Li Qingzhao's ci are very high, which occupies an important position in the history of literature. His ci has a strong lyricism, and he can use clever ideas to select some life fragments to write in his ci, so as to show the author's inner world in detail, such as [Wuling Chun], "Things are human beings who don't rest on everything, but if they want to talk, they should stop crying first" and "I'm afraid that I can't afford to worry". She is also good at describing concrete things in simple ways, "just frowning, but thinking" ("Pruning Plums"), which is subtle and tactful, simple and natural. Qingzhao's ci style is mainly graceful and restrained, but there are also occasional bold works, such as "Yu Fu Ao" and "Days Meet Clouds", which is called "elegant and elegant, without the slightest powder". The language of Qingzhao Ci is exquisite and unique. For example, the flower trees in her works are "green and fat, red and thin", the weather is "thick smoke and dark rain" and "the wind is soft and thin". She is also good at using dialect words as clear as home, such as "How can it be dark when a person looks out of the window?" Easy to get, natural and fresh. Her words are full of musical beauty, and also pay attention to the interlacing of tongue and teeth and the use of overlapping words. The most typical example is that [slow voice] begins with 14 reduplication, and its originality is praised. Qingzhao Ci is called Yi 'an Style, which is widely circulated.
Li Qingzhao's Yi 'an Jushi Collection and Yi 'an Ci Collection have been lost. Today, there are only four copies of Shuyu Ci, 1 book. There are Li Qingzhao's collating, People's Literature Publishing House, Huang Youli Qingzhao's collected works, and Qilu Bookstore Edition.
Xin Qiji (1 140- 1207) was a poet in the Southern Song Dynasty. The word euan, no. Jia Xuan was born in Licheng (now Jinan, Shandong). At birth, Shandong was occupied by nomadic people. At the age of 21, he joined the anti-Jin army and soon returned to the Southern Song Dynasty. He has been to Hubei, Jiangxi, Hunan, Fujian and eastern Zhejiang. During his tenure, he took active measures to recruit exiles, train the army, reward farming, fight corruption, and attach importance to stability and people's livelihood. He persisted in resisting gold all his life. In the notes of Ten Comments on Meiqin and Nine Comments, the political and military situation at that time was analyzed in detail, which strongly refuted the fallacy of exaggerating the strength of nomadic people and advocating compromise and surrender. It is required to strengthen operational preparations and boost morale in order to restore the Central Plains. His anti-gold suggestion was not adopted and was hit by the peace faction. I have left my post for a long time and lived in Shangrao and Lead Mountain in Jiangxi. In his later years, Han □(tuo 1) was in power, once used by people, and soon died. His ci tries to restore the patriotic enthusiasm of national reunification, pour out the grief and indignation of hard-to-pay ambition, and expose and criticize the humiliating surrender of the upper ruling group in the Southern Song Dynasty. There are also many works that praise the rivers and mountains of the motherland. The artistic style is diverse, mainly bold. Passionate, generous and tragic, vigorous brushwork, and Su Shi are also called "Su Xin". Famous for breaking the array, Chen Tongfu gave Zhuang words to recall the past, Yong Yule, Jingkou, Gu Beiting, Shuilongyin, Deng Jiankang, Shangxin Pavilion and Bodhisattva Man, and wrote a wall in Jiangxi. However, some works also reveal negative emotions caused by unfulfilled ambitions. And "Jia He's Short Sentence". Modern people compiled Notes on Xin Jiaxuan's Poems.
Like a dream, it rained last night and the wind suddenly blew, Li Qingzhao.
The rain stopped suddenly last night. Deep sleep won't leave a hangover. I asked the shutter man, but he said, "Haitang is still there." You know what? You know what? It should be green, fat and thin!
Enjoy 1
This poem, with its characters, scenes and dialogues, fully demonstrates the expressive power of the language of Song Ci and the poet's talent.
"It rained last night and suddenly it blew" means it rained last night and blew badly. Sparse means sparse writing, not the usual sparse meaning. It's spring, and the famous flowers are just right, but the wind and rain are coming, so I'm in a bad mood and can't sleep, so I can only drown my sorrows by drinking. I drank too much and slept like a log. As a result, I woke up and it was already dawn. But last night's mood was already across my chest, so we have to ask what is hanging in the air together. So, she asked the maid who cleaned the house and opened the blinds: What happened to Begonia? The maid took a look and smiled and replied, "Yes, Haitang hasn't changed at all after a night of wind and rain!" The hostess listened and sighed; "Silly girl, do you know that Haitang is less red and more green? ? "
This dialogue shows what poetry and painting can't, and shows the complex expression and tone of the boudoir, which can be described as a vivid pen.
Taking "deep sleep" and "residual wine" as a bridge, the author wrote the time change and psychological evolution from white night to dawn. Then a "roller blind" skillfully and appropriately broke the dawn of the day. However, the person who asked the shutter didn't mention anything, only revealed the answer.
It's really wonderful, without trace. Poets are happy for flowers, sad for flowers, drunk for flowers, and angry for flowers. In fact, they are hurting and cherishing spring, using flowers as a metaphor to lament that their youth is fleeting.
Appreciate II
Although Li Qingzhao is not a prolific writer, there are only 40 or 50 poems that have been circulated so far, but they are all "useless" and "numerous poets". This poem "Like a Dream" is an immortal masterpiece that is "called by the world". After waking up from the dark, Xiaoyu asked about the description of flowers, which euphemistically expressed the poet's feelings of loving flowers and hurting spring. The language is fresh and meaningful, which makes people think deeply.
How to understand the first two sentences is controversial. Gaitui used logical reasoning: since it is "a deep sleep does not consume residual wine", how do you know that "the rain cleared last night and the wind blew suddenly"? Isn't this a contradiction? In fact, these two words cannot be understood by simple things in life, because the poet's original intention is not here, but through these two words to express his infinite love for flowers. Poems that cherish flowers talk more about wind and rain. Bai Juyi's poem "Two Precious Peony Poems" reads: "Those who are bright should spend all their flowers, while those who are at night should cherish the red and watch the fire." Feng Yansi's "Sauvignon Blanc" words: "Red branches are full of branches, green branches are full of branches, and you get up late when you are tired." Zhou Bangyan's "Youth Tour" words: "One night the east wind, begonia blossoms, look at the shutters upstairs." The meaning of flowers scattered in the wind and rain is easy to understand. However, it is not easy to understand that "a deep sleep does not consume residual wine" is also about cherishing flowers. However, as long as you read more poems about flowers written by predecessors, it is not difficult to understand. Du fu's poem "three quatrains": "I would rather be drunk and the wind blows away, but I can endure the rain when I wake up." Wei Zhuang's You recorded Bao's poem Xi Hua Yin: "Flowers on branches, flowers on people, and poor colors are all youth. Yesterday, I saw flowers burning, but today I saw flowers falling. Drinking this flower is better than waiting for the spring breeze to blow. " These verses can be used as footnotes for "A sound sleep does not consume wine". Yi An said in the poem "Jade House Spring" praising Hongmei: "Red Crisp is willing to let Qiongbao break and explore the southern branches all over the place. ..... If you want a drink, you can't rest. " It is also a self-annotation of the sentence "sleeping". Although the wording of this word only means that I drank too much last night and haven't stopped since the next morning, there is another meaning behind this wording, that is, I was drunk last night because I cherish flowers. The poetess couldn't bear to see the flowering of Haitang in the Ming Dynasty. She drank too much wine under Haitang last night and is still drunk. There are many words about drinking in Shuyu Ci, which shows that Yi 'an lay man likes drinking. Drinking well will still lead to deep sleep. After deep sleep, the alcohol power has not completely disappeared, which is not a general overdose. As long as you think about why the poet wrote the word "deep sleep without residual wine", the answer can only be "cherish flowers" As far as the meaning of this word is concerned, it is the same as the poems quoted by Du Fu and Bao Wenji. However, the height of Yi 'an is to find a new way. Once you understand the meaning of "cherish flowers" hidden behind "deep sleep without consuming residual wine", then the understanding of the following sentence is "logical"
The next three or four sentences are an inevitable reflection of the psychology of loving flowers. Although he was drunk all night, the first thing Xiao Qing cared about after waking up was the begonia in the garden. Knowing that Haitang couldn't stand the abrasion caused by sudden wind and rain overnight, the window must be a red mess, full of fallen flowers, but I couldn't bear to see it myself, so I tried to ask the maid who was rolling the curtains. The word "try" expresses the poet's ambivalence that he cares about flowers but is afraid to hear the news of flowers falling, and he can't bear to see them with his own eyes but wants to know what is going on. On the other hand, Zhou Bangyan's "Youth Tour": "One night, the east wind, begonia blossoms, look at the shutters upstairs." It's vulgar and tasteless. What is the result of "asking"? -"But Haitang is still there." The maid's answer surprised the poet. Originally, I thought that after a night of wind and rain, the begonia flower must have withered and deformed, but the maid rolled up the curtain and looked out, but casually replied: the begonia flower is still the same. The word "que" not only indicates that the maid is unaware of the hostess's doubts, but also indicates that the poet is puzzled after hearing the answer. Yes, after the "sudden storm", how can "Haitang" remain the same? This naturally leads to the last two sentences.
"You know what? Do you know that?/You know what? It should be green, fat and thin. " This is not only a rebuttal to the maid, but also a soliloquy: this careless girl, do you know that the begonia in the garden should be lush with green leaves and few red flowers! "Should" indicates that the poet's speculation and judgment on the scenery outside the window is extremely appropriate. Because she has not witnessed it with her own eyes, she should leave room for her speech. At the same time, the word also implies the meaning of "must" and "have to". Although Haitang is heartless, it can't bloom forever. In short, there is endless helpless love for flowers, but the predicate is shallow and profound. And this layer's affection for flowers is naturally invisible to the "roller blinds" and does not need more attention. After all, she can't be as delicate as the hostess and have a deeper understanding of nature and life. This may be the reason why she gave the above answer. The last sentence "green and fat and red and thin" is the perfect pen of the whole word, which has been praised by the world. "Green" instead of leaves and "red" instead of flowers are the contrast of the two colors; "Fat" describes that the leaves after rain are lush and fat because of sufficient water, and "thin" describes that the flowers after rain are withered and scarce because of unbearable rain. This is the contrast between the two States. Four common words are so vivid and vivid through the collocation and combination of poets, which is really a creation in the use of language. Associated with these four words, doesn't "red thinness" indicate the gradual disappearance of spring, while "green manure" symbolizes the coming of summer with green leaves? This very common language is really amazing. Hu Zai's "Tiaoxi Fishing Hidden from Conghua" said: "This language is very new." Comment on A Bie Lu of Caotang Poetry: "The end of the sentence is especially delicate." Looks like it's not a hollow reputation.
This little word is only six sentences and thirty-three words, but it is written in a tortuous and euphemistic way, which is very hierarchical. The poet drinks heavily because he loves flowers, but he "questions" because he knows the gratitude of flowers, and asks questions because he doesn't believe the answer of "confinement". So he turned around step by step and expressed his love for flowers in a swaying way. "Selected Poems of Starting a prairie fire" says: "Short poems have numerous twists and turns, and nature is more sacred than words." It can be described as rave reviews.
The thatched roof of the hut is low and small, and the stream is covered with green grass. Drunk Wu local drunk, gentle voice, white-haired old man who is it? The eldest son is weeding in the bean field on the east side of the stream, and the second son is busy knitting chicken cages. I like children and scoundrels best, lying on the head of the stream peeling lotus flowers. -Qingpingle Village Residence; Xin Qiji
Low eaves and huts. The stream is gurgling and the shore is covered with green grass. For a while, I covered my eyes and talked, but also with a little drunkenness, kindness and beauty! Whose house is this? A pair of white-haired fathers and grandmothers. Eldest son, weeding in the bean field on the east bank of the stream. The second son is knitting a chicken coop. What a good skill! The youngest son is lying by the stream peeling lotus flowers. He is a lovely and naughty guy.
The word "lie" is really the most wonderful one. It tells the story of children lying on the stream peeling lotus leaves, which makes the characters lifelike and the artistic conception intriguing.