Hello, audience friends. Starting today, we will talk about the Three Kingdoms. When it comes to the Three Kingdoms, we will think of the famous Battle of Red Cliffs, and when it comes to Battle of Red Cliffs, we will think of Su Dongpo's famous Red Cliff Nostalgia-
"The river of no return, stormy waves, eternal romantic figures. Old camp west, people say it's the war of the Three Kingdoms, Battle of Red Cliffs. Rock clouds break, waves beat the shore, and thousands of piles of snow are rolled up. The majestic rivers and mountains are picturesque, and many heroes emerge at once.
Looking back on Zhou Yu's spring breeze era, young and beautiful Joe just married him, and he was full of heroic spirit. Feather fan nylon towel, joking, the wall is like smoke. I am wandering in the battlefield today. I feel a feeling heart and give birth to white hair prematurely. Life is like a dream, and there are statues on the moon. "
Su Dongpo's poems are really magnificent, reminding us of the heroism and romantic feelings during the Three Kingdoms period. Su Dongpo wrote this word in Chibi, Huangzhou, Hubei at the age of 47. As Su Dongpo knows, Huangzhou Chibi is not the Chibi of Zhou Lang in the Three Kingdoms. Therefore, he said that "humanity is" in the west of the old base area, while in Chibi, Zhou Lang, during the Three Kingdoms period, that is, someone said so. But he still wrote this first word, because when he stood by the Red Cliff in Huangzhou and looked at the flowing water of the Yangtze River flowing eastward, he couldn't help but think of the magnificent history of the Three Kingdoms.
Take Zhou Yu as an example. He is the commander-in-chief of Battle of Red Cliffs Zhongsun Liu Lianjun. At that time, he was 34. He was married to Joe, a beautiful woman in Jiangdong for ten years, which was not Joe's first marriage. But Su Dongpo linked Xiao Qiao's first marriage with Battle of Red Cliffs to show Zhou Yu's charming Confucian demeanor. Therefore, it says below that "feather fans are fans made of feathers, and black scarves are headscarves made of moss." This dress was elegant at that time. We know that the costumes of the Han Dynasty, nobles and officials should wear crowns, high crowns, take off your coat and Emei belts, which is the so-called dignity of Han officials. But at the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, nobles and officials began to wear casual clothes, that is, headscarves. If you are a military general, you are wearing casual clothes and holding a feather fan, that is the demeanor of a Confucian general. Zhou Yu in front of me is such an image.
We can imagine the scene in Battle of Red Cliffs at that time. At the beginning of Battle of Red Cliffs, Cao Cao had basically unified northern China. We know that Cao Cao is a hero in troubled times. He defeated Dong Zhuo, Yuan Shu, Lu Bu, Zhang Xiu, Yuan Shao and Liu Biao with a weak body, and gained the dominance of northern China at that time. At this time, he decided to go south and wipe out the alien forces entrenched in Jiangdong. This is Sun Quan's military group. For Cao Cao, this is his strategic move to unify the whole country and the princes of the nine countries; For Sun Quan Group, this is a crucial autumn. At that time, Cao Cao personally raised hundreds of thousands of troops, claiming that 800,000 sand rushed to the east of the Yangtze River and was arranged on the north bank of Changjiang River near chibi city, Hubei Province. At that time, Cao Cao's army was arrayed in the northwest of the Yangtze River, and the warships were connected into one piece, and the military flag was flying in the river wind, eyeing and ambitious. The monarch and his subjects in Jiangdong were frightened to death and offered to surrender to Cao Cao immediately. However, Zhou Yu, a 34-year-old young general, did not take Cao Cao's hundreds of thousands of troops seriously. He wore a scarf made of moss and a fan made of feathers in his hand. If he gives the order calmly, Cao Cao's hundreds of thousands of troops will be wiped out in laughter! The arrogant enemy fled at once.
Through the above analysis of Mr. Yi Zhongtian's "Red Cliff Nostalgia", we can see that Zhou Yu, the protagonist of Battle of Red Cliffs, is a radiant young hero. According to the description in the novel Romance of the Three Kingdoms, the protagonist of Battle of Red Cliffs should be Zhuge Liang, and Zhou Yu is only a supporting role to set off Zhuge Liang's image, and he is a narrow-minded person. So, what kind of hero is Zhou Yu in history?
In fact, Zhou Yu in history is indeed such a heroic image. At the age of 24, he was appointed as a corps commander of Jianwei by Sun Ce and Zhou Lang by Wuzhong. At that time, people in this place called him He Sunlang. "Lang" means young people. At this time, calling them Lang has a beautiful meaning, so Sun Lang is handsome Sun and handsome Zhou. Handsome men are attracted to beautiful women, and handsome men also like beautiful women. There are two sayings in ancient China: Beauty loves heroes since ancient times, and Chang 'e loves teenagers since ancient times, so beauty likes young heroes best. Zhou Yu and Sun Ce are such young heroes. Moreover, they also married the most beautiful girl in Jiangdong, namely Gong Qiao's two daughters, Da Qiao and Xiao Qiao. At this time, Zhou Yuzhen was proud of officialdom, battlefield and love.
Think about it, a 24-year-old boy, as a senior general of a place, galloped on the battlefield, made great achievements and married the most beautiful girl in this place. Is there anything more enviable as a man? Even Su Dongpo mentioned this matter, showing infinite envy! Let's read Su Dongpo's words, "Think back to Gong Jin, when Xiao Qiao first got married". What kind of feeling is it? I envy him anyway. How can such a person be jealous of others? We are more jealous of him. How can he be angry with others because he is jealous of others? That's impossible.
In fact, Zhou Yu's magnanimity in history is very great, and his evaluation in The History of the Three Kingdoms is "magnificent personality", that is, magnanimity and good quality; At that time, people spoke highly of him, and Liu Bei said that he was "quite talented"; Jiang Gan called him "generous". By the way, Jiang Gan has also been wronged. Jiang Gan did go to Zhou Ying because Jiang Gan and Zhou Yu were classmates, but Jiang Gan didn't steal books. It seems that history is sometimes really far away from us, and it is difficult for us to understand what history really looks like.
In fact, any historical event and historical figure has three images. One is the true face of history, which we call historical images, which are advocated by historians, such as the records in the annals of the Three Kingdoms. The second is the face in literary works, which we call literary image, which is advocated by writers and artists. There is another kind, which is advocated by ordinary people. We call it folk image, such as the image of historical figures in folk beliefs and the image of historical figures in each of us. In fact, each of us has an image of a historical figure in our mind. So after a historical drama, TV series or movie is made, our audience will evaluate an actor who is not like this Cao Cao, this Zhou Yu, this Lin Daiyu and this Jia Baoyu. How can you refuse? Have you seen it? It can be seen that everyone has an image in his mind, which we call a folk image.
There is a gap between these three images. For the three countries, Zhuge Liang is the most heinous image.
When Zhuge Liang is mentioned, people will think of an empty city plan, and when it comes to empty city plan, it shows people's great admiration for Zhuge Liang's military talents. So, has Zhuge Liang ever had an empty city plan? When did people pursue Zhuge Liang? What is Yi Zhongtian's unique evaluation of Zhuge Liang's historical image?
Zhuge Liang has been sought after by many people since at least the Jin Dynasty. At that time, there was a man named Guo Chong, probably a diehard "fan" of Zhuge Liang. He felt that everyone's evaluation of Zhuge Liang was far from enough now, so he wrote an article called "A man with five bright ideas but not seen by the world". What does this mean? In other words, there are five things that all of you don't know, and the third thing is an empty plan. Zhuge Liang's empty city plan was first seen in Guo Chong's article.
Later, Pei Songzhi quoted this material when taking notes for the reflection, and refuted it, saying that such a thing could not have happened in the rising tone place at that time. Why? Because Sima Yi's official residence in Jingzhou at that time was in Wancheng, not in the rising tone battlefield, how could there be Zhuge Liang and Sima Yi's empty city plan? But the story of this empty plan is so wonderful that literary works are repeated and dramatic works are postponed, but this matter does not conform to facts and logic. Let me briefly talk about this empty plan first. Generally speaking, Sima Yi led the troops to attack, and Zhuge Liang sent Ma Su to guard the street pavilion. Ma Su was a bookworm who could speak but could not fight, so he lost the street pavilion, so Sima Yi led the troops and killed hundreds of thousands. At that time, Zhuge Liang had no soldiers in his hand, so he had to open all the gates and four gates and sent 20 veterans to sweep the floor at the door. Zhuge Liang himself moved a piano, burned a pot of incense, and took two children to sit on the podium and sing karaoke. Sima yi's army came to have a look and didn't know what was going on. Sima Yi personally stepped out and said in great shock, "What's wrong with the old nose?" The door is open. He drove Patty. So I quit.
This thing is illogical. First of all, aren't you afraid of an army lurking in his city? Can you send a reconnaissance company in to see if it's true or not? Second, Sima Yi personally came to the gate downstairs and saw Zhuge Liang smiling on the rostrum. The sound of the piano was not chaotic, indicating that the distance was very close, and he could see and hear clearly. So, can you send an archer to shoot him down? Third, according to Guo Chong and the Romance of the Three Kingdoms, the military strength of the two armies is very different. Some people say that Sima Yi has brought 200,000 troops, while others say that Sima Yi has brought 100,000 troops. Anyway, at least100000 troops. Can you siege for three days without fighting? Why don't you turn around and leave? One is illogical, and Zhuge Liang's empty plan is false.
Others, such as burning Wang Bo, burning Xinye, borrowing arrows from grass boats and so on, are all made up. The most ridiculous thing is to borrow the east wind. You can go and see the romance of the Three Kingdoms. What was the image of Zhuge Liang at that time? Long hair, barefoot, wearing robes, so Mr. Lu Xun said that the romance of the Three Kingdoms looks wise and close to a demon. This demon is neither a demon nor a demon, but a demon. Demons are people who are playing tricks at that time, such as witches and immortals. Zhuge Liang is certainly not a demon. Zhuge Liang is not only not a demon, but also a handsome boy. The Three Kingdoms said that Zhuge Liang was eight feet long, and this eight feet was the ruler of China. The eight meals of the ruler of China are now five feet five inches, which is equivalent to one meter eighty-four. And how old was Zhuge Liang when he came out of the mountain? 26-year-old, what image should a 26-year-old man who is 1.84 meters tall look like? Is it as different from what we think and do on the stage? Of course, there is no such thing as borrowing from the east wind. And even if there is, it should not be Zhuge Liang, it should be Zhou Yu. We read Du Mu's poem "If Dongfeng doesn't cooperate, Tongquetai will lock Er Qiao", but we didn't say that Dongfeng doesn't cooperate with Zhuge.
In fact, Zhuge Liang's main achievement during his stay in Battle of Red Cliffs was to promote the combination of Liu Bei's military group and Sun Quan's military group, which was his main achievement, and Zhuge Liang's main achievement before Liu Bei's death was to formulate a political strategy of three points in the world for Liu Bei. In other words, Zhuge Liang is an outstanding politician, not necessarily an outstanding strategist, and Zhuge Liang's military talent is questionable. Now there is a couplet written by A Qing Zhao Fan in Wuhou Temple. He said: "if you can attack his heart, you will be self-defeating. Since ancient times, you have known that soldiers are not good at fighting; Don't judge the situation, temper leniency with severity, and you have to think deeply in the future. " In fact, this heart-to-heart couplet is a euphemism for criticizing Zhuge Liang for being militaristic and combining leniency with severity when he presided over the work of Shu after Liu Bei's death. But in the Romance of the Three Kingdoms, Zhuge Liang became an outstanding strategist, and he had a clever plan. Other military generals have become marionettes, foolishly taking their troops to war and taking a bite when they get there. I opened it and took a look. Oh, let's start. This is really outrageous. What does this mean? Shows people's admiration for him.
Mr. Yi Zhongtian thinks that Zhuge Liang is an outstanding politician, but not necessarily an outstanding strategist. Like the above analysis, it is only the writers who mythologize Zhuge Liang, so the historical image is not equal to the literary image. The most incredible person who worships the figures of the Three Kingdoms is Guan Yu, who has become the object of folk beliefs and is also regarded as the grandfather of the industry. So why do people worship Guan Yu like that? What wonderful comments did Mr. Yi Zhongtian have on the folk worship of Guan Yu?
Cultural people worship Zhuge Liang very much, and folk beliefs worship Guan Yu even more. Guan Yu is also a man worthy of worship, because Guan Yu attaches great importance to friendship, which is Guan Yu's greatest feature. After being captured by Cao Cao, Cao Cao was very, very kind to him. Guan Yu was very grateful for Cao Cao's acceptance and trust, but he still turned his heart to Liu Bei. Then Guan Yu is faced with a choice at this time, whether to be loyal to Cao Cao or Liu Bei? What Guan Yu has done is that I repay Cao Cao and Liu Bei, that is, I value affection and righteousness. Of course, Cao Cao also showed generosity when Guan Yu left. At that time, someone proposed to kill Guan Yu, but Cao Cao said no. We should respect such an upright person. Unfortunately, the people now only remember Guan Yu's feelings and forget Cao Cao's benevolence and righteousness. It is precisely because Guan Yu values friendship so much that Guan Yu becomes the object of folk belief worship.
But this folk belief is sometimes a bit strange to think of. We know that this folk belief is most influenced by two books, one is Water Margin and the other is Romance of the Three Kingdoms. Although A Dream of Red Mansions occupies the highest position among intellectuals and is regarded as theNo. 1 of China's classical novels, Water Margin and Romance of the Three Kingdoms are still deeply loved by the people. For example, the folk industry will use people from the Water Margin and the Three Kingdoms as grandfathers. For example, the robber took Song Jiang as his ancestor, the thief took Shi Qian as his ancestor, the editor took Liu Bei as his ancestor, and the butcher took Zhang Fei as his ancestor. There is no Jia Baoyu in A Dream of Red Mansions, and there is no grandparent like Wang Fengjie. Then all this makes sense. Strangely enough, the barber regarded Guan Yu as his grandfather, and Guan Yu didn't shave his head. Moreover, in the Eastern Han Dynasty, we China people were not interested in shaving our heads, but kept all our hair. So I think about it a little bit. It's nothing more than that the barber and Guandi both have knives, but Guan Yu's knife is decapitation, not shaving. I remember that a barber in Qing Dynasty posted a couplet at the door, which sounded like Guan Yu's tone. How to say it: "ask how many heads there are in the world and see what old people do!" " ! I wonder if anyone dares to shave their heads.
This is a strange thing, and there is another strange thing. Guan Yu has now become a god of wealth. You see, many enterprises, private enterprises or individual traders have portraits of Guan Yu at home. This Guan Yu is a military general. You can say that he is a god of war. How can he be the god of wealth? Does that mean all the money comes from guns? And in my opinion, Guan Yu will one day become a god of love and be enshrined in a marriage agency. Why? Because Guan Yu was also persistent in his pursuit of love, Liu Bei took him to Cao Cao, who was fighting against Lu Bu. Before the war, Guan Yu made a request that Tsao Gong could fight, but after Lu Bu was shot, there was a woman you wanted to marry me. When Cao Cao said yes, Liu Bei went to help him. Then on the eve of the decisive battle, Guan Yu reminded Cao Cao that you must keep your word and marry me after we win. What Cao Cao said is wrong. How did Guan Yu see this man clearly? I went to see him. Cao Cao saw it and said, Oh, this country is beautiful. I still have the advantage of getting the moon first. Guan Yu was very depressed as a result.
However, although Cao Cao robbed other people's wives, he was also robbed of credit by others. What credit was robbed? In the Romance of the Three Kingdoms, Zhuge Liang robbed the "invention right" of the empty city plan. In fact, there is an empty story, but it didn't happen to Zhuge Liang, but to Cao Cao. When Cao Cao and Lu Bu were fighting, once Cao Cao's army went out of the city to harvest wheat, and suddenly Lu Bu's army came. In desperation, Cao Cao took all his family members to stand guard on the wall. When Lu Bu drove over, the city was singing and dancing, and the sound was good. Look, there is a forest outside the city, which is unfathomable. Lu Bu thinks that Cao Cao is a sly thief and must have bought an ambush in the forest. Leave! Think about it after withdrawing it. I'm not reconciled. The next day, he came again. This time, Cao Cao really ambushed in the Woods.
Now we know that there are three images of history: historical image, literary image and folk image. So how should we look at history? My personal opinion is that we must first understand the true colors of history, that is, the image of history.
There seems to be an empty plan in history, but it belongs to Cao Cao instead of Zhuge Liang. From the above analysis of Mr. Yi Zhongtian, it can be seen that everyone has his own ideas about the history of the Three Kingdoms, and everyone will comment on the characters of the Three Kingdoms from different angles, which leads to the false and wrong cases of the empty city plan. So, what standard should we modern people look at the history of the Three Kingdoms?
Now we know that there are three images of history: historical image, literary image and folk image. So how should we look at history? My personal opinion is that we must first understand the true colors of history, that is, the image of history.
For the three kingdoms, we still have to look at the annals of the three kingdoms. The author of The Three Kingdoms is Chen Shou, who is now from Nanchong City, Sichuan Province. Chen Shou finished the book "The History of the Three Kingdoms", only five years before the Western Jin Dynasty unified China, that is, the time interval was not very long. Second, Chen Shou's scholarship is very rigorous. He would rather not use the materials he collected, but the suspicious things he found should be basically reliable. But it is precisely because Chen Shou has such a characteristic that the book "The History of the Three Kingdoms" is very brief and not very good-looking. So 130 years later, Pei Songzhi came to annotate the history of the Three Kingdoms. Generally speaking, people annotate ancient books mainly by making some explanations, such as noun explanation, verb explanation, background introduction and so on. In case you don't understand, make a note. Pei Songzhi's notes are different. Pei Songzhi selectively added materials abandoned by Chen Shou and materials that Chen Shou could not see when he wrote The Three Kingdoms. Added, Pei Songzhi also made a screening work, that is, the material he thinks is unreliable, which will be explained later, that is, I think this thing is unreliable, and I think it is impossible at this time. What is the reason? Then, if several materials contradict each other, Pei Songzhi will take the way of coexistence and list them here for later readers to identify themselves. So Pei Songzhi's notes are more reliable.
Therefore, it is necessary to understand the historical features and images of the Three Kingdoms, that is, these two things: Chen Shou's History of the Three Kingdoms, Pei Songzhi's Note, and Shou Zhi's Pei's Note. However, literary images and folk images are not meaningless. For example, Mr. Qian Zhongshu thinks this story is a typical example of "not bullying sales". What does "no cheating" mean? Is to cheat by not cheating I don't have anyone here I'm telling you clearly, no one. As a result, the other party still doesn't believe me. The more you say that there are really no soldiers in my city, the less he believes me. This is called "no deceit", and Mr. Qian thinks this is a typical example.
Therefore, The Romance of the Three Kingdoms has always been regarded as the art of war. During the Ming and Qing Dynasties, the Qing people used Romance of the Three Kingdoms as a teaching material to enter the customs. At that time, The Romance of the Three Kingdoms was translated into Manchu, printed with 1000 copies, and distributed as an internal document to nobles and officials at a certain level for reading. There is even a story that a Manchu general met a Han Chinese and became friends. Then the Manchu general said, you are a hero. Come on, come to my room. I'll show you an internal document. It's private. Open it, Romance of the Three Kingdoms. Because even if it is like an empty plan, there are psychological problems. It's actually psychological warfare. Therefore, Mao Zonggang and his son who approved the Romance of the Three Kingdoms have a saying. He said that only cautious people can't do bold things, and only cautious people can do bold things, because this cautious person has been cautious all his life, and no one will suddenly believe him when he is bold. Zhuge Liang is a very cautious man. He is called a cautious Zhuge all his life. He was cautious all his life and suddenly came to an empty city. Sima Yi didn't believe it, because he only remembered his usual caution. Of course, this thing is that Sima Yi is an intellectual, and the problem is complicated, so later a man named Wei said that if he met a group of bandits, he wouldn't think so much, so I didn't care if I went in! Didn't Zhuge Liang take it?
So the three images have their own reasons. So what we have to do in this series is to tell the audience all these three images and then discuss them. In other words, we have to do three things: the first is to restore, that is, to restore the true colors of history; The second is comparison, that is, comparing the differences between historical images, literary images and folk images; The third is analysis, which is to analyze why this image has evolved. In fact, there are three opinions on reading history. One is to look at history from the standpoint of the ancients, which is called historical view; The second is to look at history from the standpoint of modern people, which is called the view of the times; The third is to look at history from a personal standpoint, which is called personal opinion.
Anyone who studies history will inevitably have these three opinions, because history is history after all, and history is a thing of the past, that is, a story. Things in the story, say yes, yes, no; Things in the story, if you say no, are not, yes andno. Song Dynasty poet Zhang Sheng said, "How many things in the Six Dynasties flourished and abolished, they all engaged in gossip about fishing and firewood." In fact, it is more prosperous than the Six Dynasties. That can include all the history. As the saying goes, a pot of turbid wine is happy to meet, and many things in ancient and modern times are just laughed off. In the future program, I will tell you a joke about the Three Kingdoms, and read three points. The first person we want to talk about is a person with the most controversial, divergent views and diverse images in history. So who is this person? Please watch the next episode-True and False Cao Cao.
He used to scold Fengyun, but he was the most reviled after his death. Why is he a white-faced traitor in romance novels? Why is his behavior contradictory in historical records? Is he a traitor, a traitor or a hero? Among many different images, which one is the real Cao Cao? "Yi Zhongtian Pins the True and False Cao Cao of the Three Kingdoms" will be broadcast soon, so stay tuned!