An outstanding representative of Russian romantic literature, the founder of realistic literature and the founder of modern standard Russian. His works are the literary reflection of Russian national consciousness and aristocratic revolutionary movement. The content of Pushkin's lyric poems is unprecedented in the history of Russian poetry, including To Chaadayev (18 18), Ode to Freedom (18 17) and To the Prisoner of Siberia (1827). Pushkin wrote 12 narrative poems in his life, the most important of which are ruslan and lyudmila in Captives of the Caucasus (1822) and Bronze Knight (1833). Pushkin's plays are few, and the most important one is the historical play Boris Godunov (1825). In addition, he also created the poetic novel yevgeni onegin (183 1), the prose novel Belgin Tales (183 1) and the novel Captain's Daughter (/kloc-0) It has created typical images with highly generalized significance: "redundant person", "money knight", "nobody" and the leader of the peasant movement. The presentation of these problems and the appearance of literary images have greatly promoted the progress of Russian social thought, helped to awaken the people and contributed to the development of Russian liberation movement.
Pushkin's excellent works have achieved a high degree of unity of content and form. His lyric poems are rich in content, profound in emotion, flexible in form, exquisite in structure and beautiful in rhythm. His essays and novels have concentrated plots, neat structures and vivid and concise descriptions. Pushkin's creation has an important influence on the development of Russian realistic literature and world literature, and is called "the beginning of all beginnings" by Gorky.
As a popular language, Pushkin's poetry and drama paved the way for Russian literature. His narrative style combines drama, romanticism and satirical art, which has a far-reaching influence on many Russian poets and is an important factor in Russian literature after him. Romantic poets of his time included george gordon byron and John Woolf Goethe, and he himself was deeply influenced by the tragedies of Voltaire and william shakespeare.
Pushkin is the founder of Russian language and literature. His creation laid the foundation of modern Russian literature, announced the arrival of its golden age, and bred outstanding Russian writers from generation to generation, so he was called "the father of modern Russian literature". Nikolai Nikolai Gogol said: "His works are like a dictionary, which contains all the richness, strength and soul of our language."
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all one's life
He was born in Moscow, from 1805 to 18 10, and spent every summer in his grandmother's village near Moscow. These life experiences of his childhood were later reflected in his early poems.
Pushkin studied at Imperial College for six years, which was an excellent college established in June 18 1 1 month 19. Today, this college is called Pushkin College. During this period, Pushkin experienced the war with Napoleon in 18 12. 18 15 Pushkin's first patriotic poem was published. Although he was a student at that time, he was accepted as a member by Al Zamasu, a literary association in Petersburg. This association opposed the conservative and rigid language prevailing at that time and advocated Russian. Pushkin's early poems are full of vitality.
18 16 his poetic style suddenly changed, and elegy became his main work.
Pushkin graduated from 18 17. He works as a secretary in the Petersburg Diplomatic Association. He often goes to the theater and attends Al Zamasu's meetings. He also joined a literary and drama group called Green Light. This group had a certain connection with the aristocratic group that opposed the czar's autocracy at that time. Although Pushkin did not take part in their political movement, he was good friends with many people in this movement, and his satirical short poems were also influenced by this movement. During this period, he has been writing a long poem "русланилюдмила", which he started writing when he was still in school. He finished this long poem on May 1820. But the critics at that time gave it a poor evaluation.
At the beginning of 1820, Pushkin's satirical poems brought him trouble. In these poems, he mocked some people in power, such as the then Minister of War and the Minister of Education. With the help of some powerful friends, he was not exiled to Siberia, but he still had to leave St. Petersburg. He was sent to Crimea. Until 1824, he lived in different places in southern Russia. Yevgeny onegin began to write a long poem from 1823, and didn't finish it until 1830. From 1824 to 1825, he lived in his parents' manor. During this period, he had a great disagreement with his father. His tragedy Boris Godunov marked his beginning to break away from the stale Russian poetry at that time.
1826 After Tsar Nicholas I received him, he was allowed to live in Moscow and St. Petersburg. But the czar personally inspected his works, and his works and his life were strictly monitored. This is also reflected in the creation of yevgeny onegin. Pushkin's life these days is very unhappy, because he can't live according to his own wishes.
Pushkin got married in 183 1 and he and his wife moved to Petersburg. His wife's family was very rich, which enabled him to enter the court of the czar, but Pushkin was still very unhappy. He often fights with people, often for decisive reasons. His works in this period all showed heavy mental pressure.
It was not until 1836 that he was allowed to publish a literary magazine of his own. He suffered an abdominal injury while fighting a French guard in winter and died two days later.
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Alexander Sergeyevich Pushkin (1799- 1837) is a great Russian national poet, the founder of Russian realistic literature, the creator of Russian literary language, and a peak of world poetry in19th century.
Pushkin is the darling and banner of the times. As the embodiment of national consciousness, he reflects the Russian people's longing for national dignity, national independence and social progress. Pushkin has a great influence on Russian writers, and no poet from any other country can compare with him in this respect.
Pushkin's adolescence
Pushkin 1799 was born in an ancient aristocratic family in Moscow and was influenced by Alina Rodionov, a nanny from serfdom. 18 1 1 year entered the Imperial Village School in Petersburg. 18 12 The patriotic upsurge aroused by the war greatly encouraged the young Pushkin. At school, he established a deep friendship with Kucher Bokai, a future member of The Decemberists. At this time, his poetic talent has begun to show. 18 14 years, he recited the poem "Memories of the Imperial Capital Village", which won the appreciation of the old poet Jerchavin present. 18 17, Pushkin worked in the Ministry of Foreign Affairs after graduation, and successively participated in the Smas Society of alzas and the Green Light Society. Under the influence of the Party members in December, Pushkin wrote many political lyric poems during this period, criticizing the autocratic system, praising freedom and sympathizing with people's misfortunes, such as Ode to Freedom (18 17) and To Chaadayev (18 17). He also wrote a narrative poem "Rusland and lyudmila". Pushkin's political lyrics had a great influence, so he was exiled to South Russia by the czar government.
Southern exile period
1820 After Pushkin came to South Russia in May, he stopped in Yekaterinov and Kishinov, and then went to Caucasus and Crimea. South Russia is the base camp of South Society of December Party members, and Pushkin is closely related to them and ideologically influenced by them. Exile life and the natural scenery in the south also left a mark on Pushkin's creation in this period. The exile in the south is the climax of Pushkin's romantic poetry creation. In the past few years, he has written four famous romantic narrative poems: Prisoner of Caucasus, Brother of Robber, Tears of Bahce and saraj, and Tzgang. 1823, Pushkin began to write the poetic novel yevgeni onegin in Kishinov. In the later period of exile in the south, the relationship between Pushkin and Governor Odessa deteriorated. 1824, the authorities intercepted Pushkin's personal letter of "offending" God, and used it as an excuse to exile Pushkin to his mother's territory-Mikhailovsk village, Pskov region, and put him under house arrest.
Rural confinement period
The village of Mikhailovsk is remote and only accompanied by an old nanny. He cut off contact with The Decemberists members, but he was close to rural life under serfdom and ordinary Russians. In the past two years, he often went to the market to listen to farmers talk and sing, and paid great attention to collecting folk stories and oral legends. Pushkin learned the people's language from there and absorbed a lot of beneficial nutrition, which had a great influence on Pushkin's later creation. In the past two years, Pushkin has created many excellent works, such as Prisoner, To the Sea, To Kane and If Life Deceives You, as well as dozens of lyric poems, such as the narrative poem Count Nurin, the historical drama Boris Godunov and the first six chapters of yevgeny onegin.
When he was under house arrest in the countryside, The Decemberists's uprising broke out in Petersburg. Pushkin has always been concerned about the development of tenses. After the failure of the uprising, the new czar Nicholas I decided to recall the poet to Moscow in order to attract him to serve him.
Return to Beijing period
During this period, Pushkin wrote many poems enthusiastically praising the lofty aspirations of December Party members, among which "To the Prisoner of Siberia" is a famous one. /kloc-in the autumn of 0/830, Pushkin stayed in Polkino for some reason, and these three months became the harvest period of Pushkin's creation. Yevgeni onegin and Belgin Tales (including Shooting, Blizzard, Village Girl, Postman, etc.) have been completed. ), four small tragedies and dozens of lyric poems.
Pushkin married Goncharova and settled in Petersburg. His actions are still monitored by the czar's government. During this period, Pushkin constantly created excellent works, such as the novel The Captain's Daughter, The Queen of Spades, Dubrovski, the narrative poem poltava, The Bronze Knight, Lyrics for Poets, Autumn and Monument. In the mid-1930s, the contradiction between Pushkin and the authorities became more and more serious. At this time, the French exile Dundees impudently pursued his wife. Unbearable, Pushkin dueled with Dantè s on February 8, 837/KLOC-0. He was seriously injured and died two days later.
Goethe
A famous German poet and the greatest writer in the later period of the Enlightenment in Europe. He was born in a wealthy citizen family in Frankfurt. He studied law at Leipzig University and Strasbourg University, and also worked as a lawyer for a short time. But his main interest is literary creation, and he is the backbone of the German "stormtroopers". From 1775 to 1786, in order to improve the real society, he applied for the post of Weimar principality, but got nothing. Not only did he not defeat the vulgarity of German citizens. So, in June of 1786, he went to Italy under an alias, devoted himself to the research of natural science, engaged in painting and literary creation. /kloc-after returning to Weimar in 0/788, he only served as the director of the theater, tending to be conservative politically and pursuing the classical beauty of harmony and tranquility in art. After contacting Schiller from 65438 to 0794, with the upsurge of the democratic national movement in Europe and the spread of utopian socialism, his thoughts and creations also made a new leap, and his masterpieces such as Faust were completed.
Goethe is not only good at painting, but also has extensive research on natural science. There are lyric poems, blank poems, group poems, long narrative poems, pastoral poems, historical poems, historical dramas, tragedies, poetic dramas, novels, short stories, educational novels, epistolary novels, autobiographical poems, essays and other literary works. The most famous novels are Young Werther (1774), Faust (1774 ~ 183 1) and William Meister (1775 ~ 65438). The Trouble of Juvenile Support is a romantic story about a young Werther who opposes feudal customs, hates bureaucrats and nobles, is incompatible with vulgar social reality, and is destroyed by feudal forces in love and commits suicide. Because it reflected the anti-feudal desire of a generation of young people, it was warmly welcomed by the masses, which made Goethe have a worldwide voice. Faust is based on the legend of Dr. Faust in Germany in the16th century, and it was processed and transformed. Write Faust as an ideal figure who keeps pursuing and making progress; His five stages of development, such as knowledge, love, politics, art and sideline, are all tragic stages written with the corruption of feudal regime, the disillusionment of pursuing classical beauty and the disillusionment of the blueprint of "rational kingdom" as the main contents; Become an artistic summary that European advanced bourgeois people constantly explore and pursue in the process of bourgeois rise. Tragedy is not only magnificent in structure and colorful, but also combines realism, romanticism and symbolism, which makes the whole thoughts, words and deeds of Faust and Mephistopheles the devil form a dialectical development relationship between good and evil, action and emotion, and success and failure. Therefore, his works rank alongside Homer's epic, Dante's Divine Comedy and Shakespeare's Hamlet in Europe.
William Meister, one of the four classic literary works, is divided into two parts: the learning era and the roaming era. It tells the story that the protagonist goes out to seek the meaning of life, affirms the significance of practice, and draws the conclusion that the highest ideal of life is to benefit the society with professional skills.
Goethe's Young Werther was translated into Chinese by Guo Moruo as early as the early 1920s. His works such as Faust, Herman and Dou Lutai have been translated into Chinese.