The moon in Li Bai's works overlooks everything: "The bright moon rises from the Tianshan Mountains, among the vast sea of ??clouds"; it reflects the gaze of the conqueror looking back at his hometown: "The wind blows tens of thousands of miles across Yumen Pass." ; is a specific frontier month. The high bright moon and the long wind carrying the flavor of the Central Plains homeland together exaggerate the vastness of the space, which is different from the "no people" in Li Hua's "Diao Ancient Battle Text", although the style is majestic and desolate. , but different paths lead to the same destination.
"The Han descended on Baideng Road, and the Hu peered into the Qinghai Bay", using the allusion of the confrontation between Hu and Han in history, is not only a method commonly used by the Tang people to use Han to describe the Tang Dynasty, but also has traceability significance, explaining the differences between the Central Plains and the northern peoples. The border dispute has a long history, thus extending the time when the incident occurred. "The ancients did not see the current moon, but this month once illuminated the ancients." In the context of this thousand-year time, what about a hundred years of life? In the vast Northland, how small an individual's life is, and what is the power of an individual? !
"The land was conquered, and no one returned it." After the previous foreshadowing, there are sufficient reasons to deduce this conclusion. This has always been the case, although it is ruthless but it is a fact. This sentence is so general that the Zhengren who yearns to return and the woman upstairs who sighs are no longer individual beings, but become representatives of the group. In this way, Li Shi greatly expands the original connotation of "Guan Shan Yue", expands time and space, and then focuses on the suffering of the entire society from the grief of parting of a husband and a woman, and ponders the survival destiny of a nation. The nature of border defense is to ensure peace, not for war. Li Bai said in "War in the South of the City": "Those who know soldiers are deadly weapons, and saints have to use them as a last resort." The same meaning is used in "Guan Shan Yue", sentimental The war has brought suffering to the people - "Suffering from injury" [4] (P503). This theme is deeper than the traditional "injury and farewell".
The voice calling for a thorough resistance to the war and the recovery of lost territory is the main theme of Lu You's poetry, and the patriotic sentiment has been integrated into Lu You's soul and flesh and blood. The current events after the "Longxing Peace Conference" made the poet choke like a bone in his throat, and it was difficult to suppress the anger in his heart. The theme of his "Guan Shan Yue" is very different from the past, opening up another path.
Lu You used the "Moon over Guanshan" which has been symbolized in Tang poetry, and implied a deep meaning under the title of the poem, making the poem itself more refined and more general. The whole poem is marked by rhyme change and is divided into three major sections. Each section has a different subject and scene, and uses different partial images to correlate with the main image "Moon over the Mountain". The main subject of the first paragraph is the general. The image of the singing and dancing of the wealthy family is intertwined with the image of the dead horse's bow and broken string, forming a strong contrast. "Fifteen years after the edict of He Rong", the spearhead is directed at the upper-level rulers and is not tabooed by the nobles, which increases the combat effectiveness of the work. The main character in the second paragraph is an ordinary soldier. The contemplation of the living under the moon and the bones of the dead reflect each other, forming the main image. "Moon" is used as a time coordinate, which means that day after day, the moon rises and falls, the sound of fighting is heard in the sky, and the ambition of the heroes is worn away. In the third paragraph, the poet focuses on the common people, especially the common people in the north who fell under the rule of the Jin people.
In Lu's poem, "Guanshan Moon" has become a background, or a witness of history. Under this image, each part of the image naturally has a deeper and broader meaning. In the past, the scenery under the moon over Guanshan was mostly scenes of "chasing the Hu soldiers in full rotation" (Wang Bao's "Moon over Guanshan") and "the golden scars of hundreds of battles" ("Yue over Guanshan" by Chen Tao). Now that the Central Plains has been lost, the general But he is obsessed with singing and dancing. When readers mobilize their memories related to the title of the poem, they cannot but feel indignant at the non-resistance policy of the Southern Song Dynasty authorities. The poem naturally expresses the active willingness to fight. The theme is contrary to the traditional resentment of war, but the resentment of not fighting for a long time. In the broader realistic background, the alienation of the theme of "Guan Shanyue" is realized, forming Li Bai's Another peak after poetry.
The formation of these two peaks is not only due to the treatment of themes and images, but also in its form and style. As Mr. Cheng Qianfan said when summarizing the works of Peach Blossom Spring with the same title: "Because the meaning of fate is different, it is necessary and inevitable to write differently" [5] (P89).
Let’s look at Li’s poem first. The moon is described in the form of a poem at the beginning, and then it focuses on the individual guests from the big scene, from far to near, from the border gate thousands of miles away to the corner of a tall building. Lu Shi, on the other hand, develops discussions in the description of scenes in an orderly manner: "The stable horse died of fat and the bow broke its string", "The sky above the sand is looking for human bones", and "Several tears stains tonight" can be said to be the three arguments of the method of illustration. , the opening chapter "He Rong" is the target of the refutation of the thesis. Typical examples are used to refute the view of surrender, prove the urgency and necessity of war, and show that not fighting is against the will of the people. The last sentence "the remaining people endure death in hope of recovery" can be regarded as a positive argument.
Although the two poems have differences in themes and expression techniques, they are still consistent in using poetry to reflect the characteristics of the times and inheriting and carrying forward the Han Yuefu tradition of "feeling sad and happy, and inspired by events" [6] of.
Although the Li Tang Dynasty had a brief humiliating experience of being tolerant to others when it first started, from Taizong to Xuanzong, it has always responded with a tough attitude to the provocations provoked by foreign races, and the entire society has been strong and powerful. Bravery is the aesthetic trend. Reflected in his works, Li Bai's "Shang Zhengxu" is different from the melancholy and pathos of the middle and late Tang Dynasty, but vigorous and cheerful.
Even a sentence like "I have conquered the battlefield, but no one has returned" is related to the contemporaries "Who knows the pain of going to the border court, even if you die, you can still smell the fragrance of the bones of a hero" (the second of four poems in Wang Wei's "Youth Journey"), "A Journey to Serve the Country" Poems such as "Going to disaster, it has always been natural since ancient times" (Cui Hao's "Gift to Wang Weigu"), etc., clearly show the heroic trend of the times at that time, which was to sacrifice one's life to serve the country. It can be said to be sad but not sad.
Also connected with real life, Lu You goes a step further than Li Bai. His poems speak from the heart and go deep into life, so they can inspire readers. The era that Lu You lived in was indeed full of crises, and there was no peace on the border. Although there were many troops, their numbers were redundant, orders were ineffective, soldiers were not trained, and rewards and punishments were unknown. Although Xiaozong also used the main war faction for a time, he compromised with the main force after a slight setback. Let's take a look at the historical facts related to the fourth year of Chunxi (1177), the year when Lu You wrote "Guanshan Moon": the Song and Jin Dynasties negotiated peace in the first year of Longxing, and concluded a peace treaty the following year, from the first year of Longxing (1163) to the time when he wrote the poem The year (1177) was exactly fifteen years, so it is said: "The fifteenth year of the imperial edict of He Rong". And what about the behavior of the supreme ruler Xiaozong this year? "In March, Gengxu...I was fortunate to have a shooting banquet in Jinyuan." "Bingyin, fortunately, gathered in Jingyuan, and in September, he went to the Xuande Hall" (Song History? 6? 1 Xiaozong's original record). At this point in reading history, we can better understand the loneliness of "who knows the heart of a strong man in the flute" and the sadness of "the sky above the sand illuminates the human bones". Therefore, Lu's poetry sweeps away the frivolity of the Southern Dynasties, and is different from Li's poetry, but uses Shen Xiong's style: concise wording, typical scene selection, and generous and heroic feelings in the description of the scene.
In just twelve sentences, Lu Shi described the different attitudes of various classes towards the country's war at that time, and expressed their love and hate positions. The words are simple and profound, and one sentence can speak to thousands of people. This is certainly due to the use of imagery, but the selection of typical scenes is also worth mentioning. All three scenes can be modified with the word "empty": "empty near the edge", "empty shining on human bones", "empty weeping". The Central Plains fell, but they could not lead the army to the Northern Expedition and regain their homeland. The generals were "empty at the border" after all, and the border defense was in vain. The common people were "more trapped than their houses and collected taxes" (Lu You's "Sorrowful Autumn"). What's the point of supporting them! Sacrifice on the battlefield, What they got in exchange was a humiliating peace agreement, and such sacrifices were ultimately in vain. What's more, the small imperial court "sings and dances in silence", how can it care about the lonely souls of the dead! "Don't hate the emperor for not having old eyes, please look at the moss on the bones" (Lu You's "Night Drink"). The forgetfulness of the dead makes the living even more chilling. "Who knows the heart of a strong man in the flute" is followed by concentrating on the bones, which is not only mourning for the deceased, but also thinking about one's own destiny. It is sad to have no one to collect the bones, but as a soldier, it is ordinary to die on the battlefield. What is even more sad is that "there is no battlefield to serve the country"! These fourteen words condense the meaning of the entire poem "Longtou Water" by Lu You . The people with lofty ideals shed tears in pain, and their ambitions were worn out, and many remaining people shed tears and looked south: "The remaining people shed tears in the dust, and look south to see the king for another year." 2)! As for the "end" of tears, it can be seen that it is not just "tears" tonight, but year after year, and finally missing Wang Shi Beiding. Isn't this hope also in vain?
The literal meaning of the word "empty" here is in vain, and we can also read another meaning through the literal meaning, which is "silence", emptiness and loneliness. The former meaning is the thinking on the value level, which is the anguish of the patriots whose life value cannot be realized; the latter level is the pain of the poet's call not being answered.
Lu You's "loneliness" lies not only in his mental anguish, but also in the different customs in his poetry style. If the bright and bold poems of Li Bai are a natural part of the ensemble of "the atmosphere of the prosperous Tang Dynasty", then Lu You's selected poems have loud rhyme and sonorous rhythm, but they are a change in the melancholy sound of the Southern Song Dynasty.