Literary events occur in troubled times.
The model of writing style will go down in history forever.
Jian 'an poets wrote magnificent movements in the history of China literature with their outstanding creative practice and literary ideas. They created an excellent literary tradition of expressing feelings, expressing their thoughts directly, reappearing reality and embodying individuality, which set a brilliant example for later poetry creation. Poetry in the Tang Dynasty can reach its peak, which directly benefits from Jian 'an spirit. As one of the most attractive artistic styles, "Jian 'an Style" has always been the ideal realm pursued by most poets in later generations.
In the history of literature, there are many phenomena that a family, father and son or brothers become famous writers. Take Ban Gu and Ban Zhao in Han Dynasty, "Su San" (Su Xun, Su Shi and Su Zhe) in Song Dynasty and "Sanyuan" (Yuan Zongdao, Hui Hongdao and Yuan Zhongdao) in Ming Dynasty. Cao Cao, Cao Pi and Cao Zhi were great writers in the Han and Wei Dynasties. These three fathers and sons made positive contributions to the literary prosperity in Jian 'an era, and even played a decisive role.
Jian 'an is a title of Emperor Xian of Han Dynasty. However, the "Jian 'an period" in the history of literature is not limited to these 25 years. It covers nearly half a century from the end of Han Dynasty to Wei Chu.
At the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, from the Yellow Scarf Uprising to the Dong Zhuo Rebellion, a series of warlord scuffles and armed separatist regimes plunged the unified empire into a situation of great division and great turmoil, and the people suffered unprecedented catastrophe, resulting in the tragic scenes of "food for the people, bones flourishing in the wild" and "all famous people are empty, and countless lifeless people". Social unrest has led to the fission of social thought. Poets in the Jian 'an era witnessed the tragedy of this scene, experienced the life of drift from place to place, and had personal feelings about social unrest. They abandoned the prose style of the Han Yuefu Dafu, which was flowery in rhetoric and satirized one school to persuade a hundred schools of thought, broke through the shackles of the Confucian literary view of "seeking the original way, sanctifying the saints and classics", and put forward the literary proposition of "predestination" on the basis of inheriting the fine tradition of Han Yuefu folk songs. They truly reproduce reality with simple and vigorous, fresh and natural language, express strong thoughts and feelings, show distinctive personality and spirit of the times, and form a unique style of generosity and sadness. Later generations called this writing "Jian 'an Style".
Cao Cao was the first person to create a generation of ethos. He loves literature, has a high literary accomplishment and is full of innovative spirit. He is not bound by traditional ideas and forms when he creates, and he speaks freely and writes without scruple. Lu Xun called him "the founder of reform articles", and Cao Cao had the idea of cherishing talents and attaching importance to scholars. Therefore, a large number of famous scholars such as Kong Rong, Chen Lin, RoyceWong, Xu Gan, Ruan Yu, Angelababy, Serina Liu, etc. have collected the stamps of Dou Yun. Cao Pi and Cao Zhi get along with Jian 'an literati as good friends. "If you walk, you will be at the same table." . This undoubtedly improved the status of literati and stimulated literary creation.
Cao Pi (A.D. 187- A.D. 226), named Jpua, was the second son of Cao Cao. Jian 'an established a prince in 22 years, and succeeded Cao Cao after his death in 25 years. That winter, he forced Emperor Xian of Han to meditate and became the Great Wei Emperor himself. He handed down more than 80 poems, of which five-character poems and seven-character poems were better written; In content, the description of love is better.
Cao Pi's achievements in literary creation are lower than those of Cao Cao and Cao Zhi, but he has made outstanding contributions to literary theory. Dian Lun Wen is the first systematic literary theory work in the history of China literature. Dian Lun Wen affirmed the value and function of literature for the first time, holding that literature is "a great undertaking of statecraft and an immortal event", and equating the status, value and function of poetry and fu with academic works for the first time. This is of epoch-making significance in the history of literature and has played a direct role in promoting the independent development of literature. In addition, Dian Lun Essay also made profound comments on the text and characteristics of the article, the relationship between the writer's temperament and talent and the style of his works, and the attitude of literary criticism. These discourses directly influenced the development and maturity of literary theories in the Northern and Southern Dynasties, and played a positive guiding role in literary creation at that time.
The most outstanding writer in Jian 'an period was Cao Zhi, a gifted scholar. Cao Zhi was named Zijian and was named King Chen before his death. After his death, his nickname was "Si", so later generations also called him Wang.
Cao Zhi's life can be divided into two periods. In the early stage, he lived a noble life in the shadow of his father, received a good education and was brilliant. As a teenager, he "read hundreds of thousands of words" and had great ambitions. Cao Cao loved him very much and once planned to make him a prince. But in the end, Cao Pi won the battle for the crown prince. Because of this, he was deeply resented by Cao Pi. Although the story of the seven-step poem is not necessarily true, it truly reflects the relationship between Cao Pi and Cao Zhi. After Cao Pi succeeded to the throne, he persecuted Cao Zhi. First, he killed Rockett and Rockett brothers who had always supported Cao Zhi, and then he drove Cao Zhi to the fief, changed his title six times and changed his fief three times. In the later period, Cao Zhi was easily accused like a prisoner, and his material living conditions were also very poor. However, his desire to contribute has never weakened or even increased. Finally died at the age of 4 1 year.
Cao Zhichuan left nearly 130 poems, and made great achievements in poetry, prose and ci-fu. The ideological basis of his various works is to make contributions and make a name for himself. In his early essay "The Book with Yang Dezu", he wrote the following sentence: "The way of ci and fu is not enough to promote righteousness ... (1) Still make great efforts to serve the country, benefit the people, make contributions, and be immortal. Is it really that calligraphy is a feat and ci fu is a gentleman? " Lu Xun commented on this passage: "His article is well written, so he dares to say that the article is a trail; On the other hand, he paid more attention to politics, so he emphasized "serving the country faithfully and benefiting the people" and did not really deny Ci Fu.
There are obvious changes in the style of Cao Zhi's works in the early and late periods. The previous works are bold, cheerful and full of high spirits. The brave spirit of dying for the country is the self-expression of the author's own ideals and aspirations. In the later period, because the ideal could not be realized, the works were filled with generosity, grief and indignation. "I wish I had a boat, but I have no cabinet", "I love my sword and Lei Yin, I am fierce; Pan Bo is embarrassed, who knows his ambition? " Wait, it's all the confession of the author's grief and indignation.
Cao Zhi wrote many poems reflecting the unfortunate experiences of women in his later years. However, after a little analysis, we can see that these poems are seemingly abandoning their wives and complaining about their daughters, but in fact they are self-symbols and tortuous expressions of the poet's sadness of being abandoned in politics. This is exactly the same as his painful feeling of being forced to leave the court and serve the country for no reason under the pretext of his love story with Luo Shen in the famous Ci Fu.
In artistic techniques, Cao Zhi is good at using metaphors and symbols to express his thoughts and feelings skillfully. For example, Shi Ding, his good friend, wrote "Journey of Wild Birds" after his brother was killed, and used a series of literary words such as storm, sword, teenager and sparrow to vividly and concretely express the poet's fantasy of a strong man to save his friend from danger.
Cao Zhi is also good at raising the spirit in the first two sentences of the poem, highlighting and exaggerating the atmosphere, so that readers can feel the thoughts and feelings that the poet wants to express from the beginning.
Zhong Rong's evaluation of the three people in the poem is "Cao Zhi", Cao Pi's evaluation is "all can be despised as a few words" and "extremely beautiful to play with", and Cao Zhi's evaluation is "extremely high-spirited and colorful", which is very pertinent.
Under the advocacy and influence of Cao Shi and his son, a large number of literati actively created and set off a real literary movement. Nearly one hundred writers, including Cai Yan, Fan Qin, Yang Xiu, Wu Zhi, Yi Ding and Mi Fei, left outstanding works. At this time, literature has reached maturity in genre and writing skills, creating unprecedented prosperity of literature in troubled times and becoming a much-told story in literary history. As a model of writing style, Jian 'an Fengdu has also been recorded in history, praised and imitated by later generations, and carried forward in future creative practice.