It is said that one day, a rich man across the hall invited Tang Bohu to draw a poem for his mother's birthday. He is witty, and a picture of "Birthday for Flat Peach" came in an instant. Then I wrote four lines of poetry. The first sentence is: "Old woman is not human". "Not a person" is not bad, but when it comes out, it is eclipsed. Tang Bohu then wrote the second sentence: "This is like Guanyin in the South China Sea." Children and grandchildren turn anger into joy. Who knows that the third sentence is actually "having a son is a thief." The rich man was angry and was about to have an attack. The fourth sentence read: "I stole a flat peach to celebrate my birthday." The rich man immediately changed his face and praised him, and the whole family was very happy.
This poem is amazing and special. It's really "laughing and cursing, it's all an article." The four-line poem runs through a theme: say good things about your birthday. "Like Guanyin in the South China Sea" naturally looks like "not a person", and the idea of "not a person" is the same as "Guanyin": whoever steals a flat peach is undoubtedly a thief, and his judgment is appropriate. However, instead of calling you a thief, he praised you as "the Monkey King". This poem is contrary to the truth, which makes people angry and happy, and finally leads to a happy family.
Poetry is the art of language, and its form is short. How to obtain greater capacity in short form needs to firmly grasp a center. It seems that I have written a lot, but others have gained little. Only by focusing on the theme closely can readers understand concentrated and profound ideas in a few words. When writing poetry, we should abide by the law of identity. On the negative side, we should prevent uncertainty, inconsistency and logical contradiction. The positive side is to better express the theme.
The ancients had a game of opening poetry competitions. Or the topic is limited to rhyme, each with its own unique skills; Or you, me, perfect match. If you don't do well, you will be fined three cups.
In the thirty-seventh chapter of A Dream of Red Mansions, it is said that the ladies and gentlemen in the Grand View Garden formed a Haitang Club, and each of them agreed to write a poem. Li Wan, the president, gave a topic to chant Bai Haitang, and set a seven-character law for the Spring Festival, which is the rhyme of "door". Everyone can only chant Bai Haitang, you can't chant chrysanthemums, he can't chant anything else, let alone write a five-character poem, and you can't violate the rhyme of the word "door", otherwise you will be punished. This "rhyme restriction" is to demand unity, and we can't go it alone, otherwise it will violate the law of identity.
However, it is not easy to face this pair in front of the emperor. Emperor Qianlong made three imperial edicts to compile Sikuquanshu, a masterpiece covering the world for thousands of years, and recalled Ji Xiaolan, a great genius who was sent to the exiled army in Xinjiang for the crime of "divulging secrets". Ji Xiaolan will be appointed editor-in-chief tomorrow, and Qianlong hesitated again. He decided to test his great talent in the old way-writing couplets the next day.
"I said' two dishes of beans'." Gan Long spoke.
"I said' full of oil'." Ji Xiaolan followed closely.
"I said,' Two butterflies are fighting in the forest'." Qianlong changed his concept with homophonic.
"I said,' A seagull is upstream of the water'." Great people do the same thing. They are not happy at all.
"People say that the south is mountainous, watery and versatile." Gan Long had to change the subject.
Ji Xiaolan just a thought, smiled. Gan Long thinks he wants to run away, too. Which know his words sonorous clear voice right:
"I said,' Northland is a saint every day.' The antithesis not only deftly confronted Qianlong's "parrot" sentence, but also skillfully kowtowed to the emperor.
Hearing this, Gan Long laughed and was immediately appointed.
There is an anecdote about poetry in Lu Shu, written by Lu Yao, a native of Putian in Ming Dynasty. Someone sent loquat to a county magistrate and misspelled it as "pipa". The county magistrate laughed and chanted, "Loquat is not this pipa, but only hates poor literacy." There happened to be a guest next to him, and he casually continued two sentences: "If the pipa can bear fruit, all the pipes in the city will be open." The county magistrate greatly appreciated it. "Pipa" and "loquat" have different meanings and cannot replace each other. Confusion is against the law of identity. By using rhetorical "flying white" techniques, let guests know their mistakes and imitate them deliberately. Suppose "Pipa" is the same life as "Loquat", which will blossom and bear fruit, and a flower will attract thousands of flowers, thus skillfully connecting "Pipa" and "Loquat" and eliminating spelling problems seamlessly and without leaving any trace. This is really a flexible use of identity.
When writing poetry, we should abide by the law of identity, and so should writing.
Li Yu, a drama theorist in the Qing Dynasty, said in Leisure: "An ancient composition must have a brain. The main brain is not him, it is the original intention of the author's text. "
The ancients emphasized that intention is the main brain of an article, and writing an article should be "one meaning to the end" rather than "two meanings", which makes "meaning is greater than words". The meaning of the ancients is very close to the present theme. Wang Fuzhi pointed out: "Poetry and long articles are based on meaning. It still means handsome. There is no handsome soldier. It is called Wuhe. Therefore, Du Li said that everyone is a master, and he has no intention of poetry. Clouds and springs, flowers and birds and moss forests, and golden curtains are meant to be spiritual. "
Both Li Yu and Wang Fuzhi emphasized that the theme of the composition must be determined, that is, "conception". The whole article should focus on the theme. From layout to wording, we should take "meaning" as the commander in chief. Otherwise, it will become a mob, fragmented, write a thousand words, and digress from Wan Li.
When talking about the relationship between conception and speech, Yuan Mei said: "Meaning is like the Lord, speech is like a handmaiden, and the Lord is weak and the slave is strong, which cannot be called." Yuan Mei only said that "the weak master and the strong slave can't be called". Even if you call him, you should use words to hurt others.
You will encounter a problem of thinking when writing an article. As the name implies, thinking refers to the number of ways of thinking and the coherent and organized process of thinking activities. Layout planning is a reflection of the coherence and order of thinking. Comrade Mao Zedong said, "Writing articles should be logical. It is to pay attention to the structure of the whole article and speech. There must be a relationship between the head, the middle and the tail, and there must be an internal connection so that they will not conflict with each other. " This kind of "relationship" and "internal connection" is the concrete expression of identity in the article.
The structure of the article should pay attention to "internal connection", and a good music work should also pay attention to "internal connection". It is said that the word "theme" comes from German and was originally a musical term. It refers to the most characteristic and dominant melody in music, that is, the main melody, which expresses a complete musical idea and is the core of music.
Symphony, for example, usually has four movements, which are arranged according to the central proposition of the whole song. Each movement has its own theme and consists of one or more melodies. It constitutes the basic unit of music language, and the music behind it develops and develops along this theme like making a fuss.
In order to give full play to the movement, the second or third theme usually appears, called subtitle. This subtitle sometimes has a deep relationship with the first theme, and sometimes it is completely new, or it can be said that it is an opposite contradiction. However, from the whole chapter, it is still related. Composers will also make the mistake of "writing a thousand words, digressing from Wan Li" if they are imaginative or write irrelevant things.
Whether writing poetry, composing music, painting or composing music, in order to highlight the theme, we must make a choice. This is the so-called "gain and loss". Good works always dare to make bold choices. One of the bases of choice is to maintain the continuity of style, that is, to ensure the implementation of the law of identity in the whole text and the whole movement.
There is an article entitled "Legend of China" in the newspaper, saying that Hua 13 was in the second grade, and the Chinese teacher arranged to write an article about his experience in reading Hu Shi's "Trial Collection". He read the preface of the book and then closed it. This is because Hu Shi himself wrote a few words in the preface:
Trying to succeed has never existed since ancient times, and it is not necessarily true that people are letting go.
This is my next turning point: success has been trying since ancient times.
Hua looked at it and didn't agree. He said: The two "attempts" here are different concepts. The first "try" means to try only once, and the second "try" means to try countless times. Hu Shi is still puzzled by the concept of "attempt". Is his Trial Collection still worth reading?
It is admirable that a teenager is not superstitious or blindly obedient to great men.
According to the source of Lu You's poems, it can be seen that "trying" in Lu You's poems really means trying only once, but Hu Shi's "trying since ancient times" does not mean this. Because he immediately said, "don't try to succeed, it's not that easy!" Sometimes I try thousands of times before I know that I have given up my previous efforts. " So this means trying countless times.
Usually, when we speak and write articles, especially in scientific papers, it is best to express a certain concept with one word, but in literary works, we don't have to stick to it. Polysemy often has special expressive effect. Besides, Hu Shi didn't confuse the concept, and the word "not necessarily" in "Fang Weng" is a negation of the previous sentence. Throughout the ages, there have been successful things. Hu Shi also specifically stated that "for the next stop" means repeated attempts that I want to emphasize.
Lu You emphasized that there has never been a successful person since ancient times, and Hu Shi is better than Lu You after all. He further pointed out that in order to succeed, you must try again and again. After all, China was young at that time, attacking one point, not as good as the rest, and didn't understand the position of Try Collection in China's new culture movement. This collection of vernacular poems is actually worth reading.
An English poet wrote a poem, which includes: "Every minute, a person is dying, and every minute, a person is born." After the poem was published, a mathematician wrote to question: there are several lines in the poem that are illogical. Every minute, the number of people who are born, sick and dead is offset, and the number of people on the earth will never change. To be exact, 1.6749 people are born every minute. Therefore, it is solemnly suggested that the poem be changed to: "Every minute, a person is dying, and every minute, a sixth person is born." In this case, all excellent poems will be changed into scientific papers. It should be noted that the poet's poems only vividly illustrate that people are dying and being born all the time on the earth, rather than doing demographic statistics!
Du Fu, a great poet in the Tang Dynasty, wrote two sentences in A Passage to Cooper: "A pale skin glided forty times in the rain, and its emerald fish tip was 2,000 feet in the sky". Pale color refers to the trunk, and dark color refers to the blue-black leaves. Shen Kuo, a famous scientist in the Northern Song Dynasty, has a good mathematical mind, which is calculated according to Nine Chapters of Arithmetic. This bronze statue is 2000 feet high, but only 7 feet in diameter. He thought the ratio was too unbalanced, so he asked, "Forty yards is seven feet in diameter. Are you okay? " I didn't know that the poet was exaggerating to express the majestic and tall Cooper, instead of measuring it.