1. How to improve classical Chinese reading ability ppt People's Education Press
Improving reading level does not depend on a day's work, and classical Chinese reading is no exception.
There are only two most effective ways: one is accumulation and the other is transformation. Let’s talk about accumulation first.
Many people are only satisfied with clearing the language barriers when learning classical Chinese, thinking that the teacher has made it clear. I also understand that this is enough. The teacher talks about it one by one, and the students learn it one by one.
During the review period in the second semester of the senior year of high school, when you ask him how many articles he still remembers, he will shake his head blankly and say that he doesn’t remember any of them. This method of learning is extremely undesirable.
Therefore, the first step in learning classical Chinese is to accumulate. The best way to accumulate is to memorize and memorize several important passages in classical Chinese. The meanings of content words, the use of function words, and changes in various sentence patterns in classical Chinese are already included.
More importantly, through recitation, you can learn the essentials of conception, layout, language and rhetoric of famous ancient works, and improve your cultural literacy. So, how many chapters do you need to recite? The newly revised "Chinese Teaching Syllabus for Middle Schools" has clearly stipulated, "Read classical poetry and simple classical Chinese, understand the meaning of words and the ideological content of the works, and recite a certain number of famous works.
"This" must be "Quantity" is stipulated in the outline as 50 poems and songs such as "The Road to Shu is Difficult", "Slow Voice", "Farewell at Changting", and 20 ancient articles such as "Encouragement to Learning", "Preface to the Lanting Collection", and "Red Cliff Ode" ( part). These are the minimum requirements for every high school student.
As the number of recited passages increases, your ability to perceive the language of classical Chinese will become stronger and stronger, and your reading level of classical Chinese will also become higher and higher. This is like building a house before laying a good foundation. The stronger the foundation, the higher the house can be built.
Recitation is the foundation for learning classical Chinese. This is the fundamental way to improve the reading level of classical Chinese. Apart from this, there is no better way. If you don't want to spend time on this, then asking what to do when the time comes for the exam is like pulling your own hair to leave the earth. There is really no way around it.
Let’s talk about transformation. The transformation mentioned here refers to transfer ability, that is, the ability to read other simple classical Chinese texts on the basis of reading and reciting.
To transform the knowledge learned in class into abilities, you need to master some classical Chinese learning rules and methods, specifically the following aspects. Grasp the meaning of content words.
Although the "Outline" only stipulates that you need to master 150 classical Chinese content words, it is an indisputable fact that the more content words you master, the higher your reading level will be. There are four main aspects to mastering the actual words in classical Chinese: 1. The ancient and modern meanings of the words.
Focus on grasping the changes in the meaning of words in ancient and modern times. The meanings of some words have been expanded, the meanings of some words have been reduced, and the meanings of some words have been transferred. For example, in the sentence "Man-made disaster, thousands of families are on hunger strike" in the 1999 College Entrance Examination Question 11, item D, "hunger strike" means "to cut off food", which is completely different from today's "hunger strike".
This is the evolution of word meaning. 2. The word has multiple meanings.
The polysemy of words in classical Chinese is very common. A word often has at least several meanings and as many as more than a dozen meanings. When studying, you should summarize it at any time and deepen it continuously. For example, the word "发" can be seen in "Eighty-nine times out of ten when you see the target of hair" ("The Oil Seller"). 2. How to learn the most complete version of classical Chinese, ppt
1. Several issues that should be paid attention to when learning classical Chinese content words.
Classical Chinese content words include nouns, verbs, adjectives, numerals, and quantifiers. In classical Chinese, the number of content words is much greater than that of function words. When learning classical Chinese, the most important thing to do is to master the meaning of classical Chinese content words. Only by mastering the meaning of a certain number of classical Chinese words and accumulating certain knowledge of classical Chinese words can it be possible to read classical Chinese texts smoothly.
When learning classical Chinese content words, special attention should be paid to the following points: 1. Pay attention to the similarities and differences between ancient and modern word meanings. From the development of Chinese to the present day, the meanings of words have continued to evolve. The meanings of some basic words and very few general words have not changed much between ancient and modern times. Such words will not be useful for us to learn classical Chinese. What difficulties does it cause?
But there are some other words that, although commonly used in classical Chinese, have disappeared with the disappearance of old things and old concepts, and the meanings of ancient and modern words have changed. This change is mainly reflected in the following four aspects. Aspects: (1) Expansion of word meaning. Expansion of word meaning refers to the expansion of the scope of objective things reflected in the word meaning, that is, from part to whole, from individual to general, from narrow to broad, so that the original meaning becomes part of the new meaning. < /p>
For example, "autumn" has expanded from one season to refer to the whole year; "sleep" has expanded from sitting and dozing to referring to sleep.
The narrowing of word meaning refers to the narrowing of the scope of the objective things reflected in the word meaning, that is, from the whole to the part, from broad to narrow, so that the new meaning becomes part of the extension of the original meaning. For example: "husband" in ancient times generally refers to a man, such as "the husband also loves and pities him." "You have a son?" Now, "husband" refers specifically to a woman's spouse.
"Smelly (xiù)" refers to all smells in general and to filthy smells specifically.
"Soup" generally refers to hot water and boiling water to specifically refers to vegetable soup, broth, etc.
(3), transfer of word meaning. The transfer of word meaning means that the meaning of the word changes from referring to the first thing to referring to the second thing.
For example, "scholar" refers to "a person who studies" in ancient times, such as "This is why scholars cannot take things carefully without thinking deeply" ("You Baochan Mountain Wang"), now it refers to academic A person with certain achievements. "Miss" in ancient times referred to unmarried women or unmarried women from powerful families. Now, in the context of reform and opening up, its meaning has basically changed to refer to women who have engaged in improper behavior.
If you call a young and beautiful woman a lady, the lady will glare at you angrily to show that she is not a lady. (4), the praise and blame color of the word meaning has changed.
For example, "slander", in ancient times, refers to publicly blaming others for their faults, and is a neutral word. For example, "Those who can slander and ridicule the city and court and hear the ears of few people will be rewarded."
"Zou Ji satirizes the King of Qi for accepting advice". Nowadays, "slander" is used to slander, which means to say something about others out of nothing. A bad word is a derogatory term. The above four situations are the main types of changes in word meanings in ancient and modern times.
The existence of a large number of words with both ancient and modern meanings that are both related and different is a major obstacle to learning classical Chinese. When we study classical Chinese, we must combine it with studying classical Chinese works, and master the common meanings of a number of commonly used words in classical Chinese with purpose, plan, and as required.
2. Pay attention to the distinction between monosyllabic words and polysyllabic words in ancient and modern Chinese. Modern Chinese has the vast majority of polysyllabic words, while classical Chinese is dominated by monosyllabic words. Therefore, when we read classical Chinese, we should not mistake the disyllabic words in classical Chinese for the disyllabic words in modern Chinese.
For example, the ancient meaning of "very" in "Extraordinary views often lie in dangerous places" ("You Bao Chan Mountain") is two words: different from ordinary. Jinyi is an adverb expressing degree.
In addition, do not interpret polysyllabic words in classical Chinese separately. For example: "At dusk, I killed a hundred Wuli people" ("Feng Wanzhen"). The word "Wulu" is a connected word, which means "roughly" and "roughly". This meaning is the same as "wu" and "wu". "The two words have nothing to do with each other and cannot be discussed separately.
3. Pay attention to the polysemy phenomenon in ancient Chinese. Like modern Chinese, polysemy also exists in classical Chinese.
If we only understand one or two meanings of a polysemy word, and easily interpret one or two meanings when reading classical Chinese, errors in understanding may occur. In order to avoid mistakes, we must consciously accumulate and organize knowledge.
In our textbooks, there are convenient exercises at the end of each classical Chinese text. This is to help us accumulate and organize the work. It must be completed carefully and must not be ignored. If you accumulate more word meanings, you will be able to choose the meaning more accurately when encountering polysemy words.
In addition, we also need to understand the original meaning and extended meaning of the word. Every word has its original meaning, its original meaning.
Later, with the development and changes of society, the new meaning was its extended meaning. For example: "wife", the ancient meaning is to grab a woman with your hands, but the modern meaning refers to a man's spouse.
"Sun", the ancient meaning means that my son's son has been passed down from generation to generation, and the modern meaning refers to the son's son. 4. Pay attention to the phenomenon of false characters.
The use of ancient characters to communicate with falsehoods is a common phenomenon in classical Chinese. In ancient times, because of the same or close pronunciation, some characters were often used in common with other characters. This phenomenon of characters replacing each other in use was called "tongjia" characters.
"Tong" means universal; "Fake" means borrowing. It is not easy to identify Tongjia characters. The older the classical Chinese text is, the more difficult it is to read Tongjia characters.
For beginners, the way to master Tongjiazi is to read more classical Chinese works, look up more dictionaries, and accumulate knowledge. 2. Several issues that should be paid attention to when learning classical Chinese function words.
Classical Chinese function words include adverbs, prepositions, conjunctions, particles, interjections and pronouns. The lexical meaning of function words is relatively abstract, but it has various grammatical functions such as expressing mood and organizing content words.
Classical Chinese function words, especially commonly used function words, appear more frequently in classical Chinese and can be used more flexibly. When reading classical Chinese, one must be good at analyzing the meaning and function of function words in order to fully understand the meaning of the article.
If you misunderstand the function words, it will affect your understanding of the entire sentence and even the entire article. While studying, we should pay attention to the following convenient questions.
1. Distinguish content words and function words. Most of the function words in classical Chinese are made up of content words.
For example, the basic meaning of "su" is "place", which was later extended to mean "the place of..." or "the person of..." and is used as a structural particle. Another example is that the basic meaning of "zhi" is "to go", and later it was transformed into pronouns, particles, modal particles, etc., and became the most commonly used function word. 3. How to learn classical Chinese.ppt
1. Several issues that should be paid attention to when learning the content words of classical Chinese.
Content words in classical Chinese include nouns, verbs, adjectives, numerals, and quantifiers.
In classical Chinese, there are much more content words than function words. When learning classical Chinese, the most important thing to do is to master the meanings of classical Chinese content words. Only by mastering the meaning of a certain number of classical Chinese words can one have a certain knowledge of classical Chinese words. Accumulation will make it possible to read classical Chinese more smoothly.
When learning classical Chinese words, you should pay special attention to the following points: 1. Pay attention to the similarities and differences in the meanings of ancient and modern words. From the development of Chinese to today, the meanings of words have continued to evolve. The meanings of some basic words and a very small part of general words have not changed much from ancient to modern times. Such words will not cause any difficulty for us to learn classical Chinese.
But there are some other words that, although commonly used in classical Chinese, have disappeared with the disappearance of old things and old concepts. The meanings of ancient and modern words have changed. This change is mainly reflected in the following four aspects: (1 ), expansion of word meaning. The expansion of word meaning refers to the expansion of the scope of objective things reflected in the word meaning, that is, from part to whole, from individual to general, from narrow to broad, so that the original meaning becomes part of the extension of the new meaning.
For example, "autumn" has expanded from one season to refer to the whole year; "sleep" has expanded from sitting and dozing to referring to sleep. (2), the reduction of word meaning.
The narrowing of word meaning refers to the narrowing of the scope of the objective things reflected in the word meaning, that is, from the whole to the part, from broad to narrow, so that the new meaning becomes part of the extension of the original meaning. For example: "Husband" generally refers to a man in ancient times, such as "Does a husband also love and pity his young son?" Now, "husband" specifically refers to a woman's spouse.
"Smelly (xiù)" generally refers to all smells to specifically refers to foul smell. "Soup" generally refers to hot water and boiling water to specifically refers to vegetable soup, broth, etc.
(3), transfer of word meaning. The transfer of word meaning means that the meaning of the word changes from referring to the first thing to referring to the second thing.
For example, "scholar" refers to "a person who studies" in ancient times, such as "This is why scholars cannot take things carefully without thinking deeply" ("You Baochan Mountain"), now it refers to academic A person with certain achievements. "Miss" used to refer to unmarried women or unmarried women from powerful families in ancient times. Now, in the context of reform and opening up, its meaning has basically changed to refer to women who have engaged in improper behavior.
If you call a young and beautiful woman a lady, the lady will glare at you angrily to show that she is not a lady. (4), the praise and blame color of the word meaning has changed.
For example, "slander", in ancient times, refers to publicly blaming others for their faults, and is a neutral word. For example, "Those who can slander and ridicule the city and the court and hear the ears of few people will be rewarded."
"Zou Ji satirizes the King of Qi for accepting advice". Nowadays, "slander" is used to slander, which means to say something about others out of nothing. A bad word is a derogatory term. The above four situations are the main types of changes in word meanings in ancient and modern times.
The existence of a large number of words with both ancient and modern meanings that are both related and different is a major obstacle to learning classical Chinese. When we study classical Chinese, we must combine it with studying classical Chinese works, and master the common meanings of a number of commonly used words in classical Chinese with purpose, plan, and as required.
2. Pay attention to the distinction between monosyllabic words and polysyllabic words in ancient and modern Chinese. Modern Chinese has the vast majority of polysyllabic words, while classical Chinese is dominated by monosyllabic words. Therefore, when we read classical Chinese, we should not mistake the disyllabic words in classical Chinese for the disyllabic words in modern Chinese.
For example, the ancient meaning of "very" in "Extraordinary views often lie in dangerous places" ("You Baochan Mountain") is two words: different from ordinary. Jinyi is an adverb expressing degree.
In addition, do not interpret polysyllabic words in classical Chinese separately. For example: "At dusk, I killed a hundred Wuli people" ("Feng Wanzhen"). The word "Wulu" is a connected word, which means "roughly" and "roughly". This meaning is the same as "wu" and "wu". "The two words have nothing to do with each other and cannot be discussed separately.
3. Pay attention to the polysemy phenomenon in ancient Chinese. Like modern Chinese, polysemy also exists in classical Chinese.
If we only understand one or two meanings of a polysemy word, and easily interpret one or two meanings when reading classical Chinese, errors in understanding may occur. In order to avoid mistakes, we must consciously accumulate and organize knowledge.
In our textbooks, there are convenient exercises at the end of each classical Chinese text. This is to help us accumulate and organize the work. It must be completed carefully and must not be ignored. If you accumulate more word meanings, you will be able to choose the meaning more accurately when encountering polysemy words.
In addition, we also need to understand the original meaning and extended meaning of the word. Every word has its original meaning, its original meaning.
Later, with the development and changes of society, the new meaning was its extended meaning. For example: "wife", the ancient meaning is to grab a woman with your hands, but the modern meaning refers to a man's spouse.
"Sun", the ancient meaning means that my son's son has been passed down from generation to generation, and the modern meaning refers to the son's son. 4. Pay attention to the phenomenon of false characters.
The use of ancient characters to communicate with falsehoods is a common phenomenon in classical Chinese. In ancient times, because of the same or close pronunciation, some characters were often used in common with other characters. This phenomenon of characters replacing each other in use was called "tongjia" characters.
"Tong" means universal; "false" means borrowing.
It is not easy to identify Tongjia characters. The older the classical Chinese text is, the more difficult it is to read Tongjia characters.
For beginners, the way to master Tongjiazi is to read more classical Chinese works, look up more dictionaries, and accumulate knowledge. 2. Several issues that should be paid attention to when learning classical Chinese function words.
Classical Chinese function words include adverbs, prepositions, conjunctions, particles, interjections and pronouns. The lexical meaning of function words is relatively abstract, but it has various grammatical functions such as expressing mood and organizing content words.
Classical Chinese function words, especially commonly used function words, appear more frequently in classical Chinese and can be used more flexibly. When reading classical Chinese, one must be good at analyzing the meaning and function of function words in order to fully understand the meaning of the article.
If you misunderstand the function words, it will affect your understanding of the entire sentence and even the entire article. While studying, we should pay attention to the following convenient questions.
1. Distinguish content words and function words. Most of the function words in classical Chinese are made up of content words.
For example, the basic meaning of "su" is "place", which was later extended to mean "the place of..." or "the person of..." and is used as a structural particle. Another example is that the basic meaning of "zhi" is "to go", and later it was transformed into pronouns, particles, modal particles, etc., and became used. 4. How to divide the reading rhythm of ancient poems.ppt
First of all: understand the meaning to help determine the correct pause.
For example: One of the dogs is sitting in front. ("Wolf") The correct pause is: 1/The dog sits/in front.
Because this sentence means: One of the (wolves) sat in front of (the butcher's) like a dog. Some people will pause like this: One dog/sits in front. The reason is that "dog" is mistaken for the subject. This is obviously a pause that does not conform to the meaning of the text.
Another example: You can fight. ("The Debate on Cao GUI") The correct conclusion is: It can be fought with one battle.
Some people often divide it into: yes/a battle. The reason is that he regarded "ke" as the word "ke" in modern Chinese. In ancient Chinese, "ke" is actually the two words "ke" and "yi", which can be translated as: can rely on.
Secondly: Mastering some ancient cultural knowledge and analyzing the sentence structure and its components can also help determine the correct pause. The following situations require a pause: (1) There can be a pause between the subject and the predicate.
For example: I regard it as chaotic. ("On the Battle of Cao GUI") The late emperor did not regard his ministers as despicable.
("Chu Shi Biao") The lotus of my / Du Ai / emerges from the mud but remains unstained. ("Ai Lian Shuo") (2) There can be a pause between the verb and the object.
For example: Xun/Zhang Huaimin ("Night Tour of Chengtian Temple") is a close/virtuous minister and a distant/villain. ("Chu Shi Biao") engraved on it are poems and poems by modern people of Tang Xian.
("Yueyang Tower") (3) There can be a pause before the turning conjunction in the sentence. For example: The late emperor/had not even started his business half way/but the middle path collapsed.
("Chu Shi Biao") People don't know/not be surprised. ("The Analects of Confucius") The husband / surrounds and attacks / but is victorious.
("The right person will be helped a lot, but the wrong person will be helped little") (4) There can be a pause before the introduction phrase. Such as: being appointed/when the army is defeated, being ordered/in times of danger.
("Chu Shi Biao") (5) In sentences expressing the tone of discussion, inference, rhetorical question, result, etc., if there are words such as "husband, Gai, Qi, Gu" in front of it, when it is started, in These modal particles can be followed by a pause. Such as: husband/war, courage.
("The Debate on Cao GUI") Ruofu/The rain is falling and the moon is not blooming. ("Yueyang Tower") The husband / surrounded and attacked / but was defeated.
("The right person has many helpers, but the wrong person has few helpers") How are they like earth and rocks? ("The Foolish Old Man Moves the Mountain") Gai/The special experience of pursuing the late emperor. ("Chu Shi Biao") Therefore/A gentleman will never fight if he wants.
("The Debate on Cao GUI") (6) There can be a pause after the advance adverbial. For example: Today/the world is divided into three parts.
("Departure from the Army") Today/the south has been decided. ("Shi Shi Biao") Today / Qi Di / is thousands of miles away.
("Zou Ji satirizes the King of Qi for accepting remonstrances") (7) The ancients had surnames, given names, characters, titles, posthumous titles, modest titles, self-proclaimed names, nicknames, honorific titles, official names, and literary and style names, etc., which can be followed by pause. For example: Chen Shengzhe, a native of Yangcheng, whose courtesy name is /she.
("Chen She Family") Nanyang/Zhuge Lu, Xishu/Ziyunting. ("Humble Room Inscription") Humble Room/Inscription.
Ailian/said. Departure/table.
(Inscriptions, narratives, and expressions are all ancient styles) Again: the general rules for dividing reading rhythms in ancient poetry, lyrics, and music. The rhythm of reading aloud in poetry and music can be divided into syllables or meanings.
In terms of syllables, the rhythm of four-character poems in ancient poetry is mainly "22", the rhythms of five-character poems are mostly "221" and "212", the rhythms of seven-character poems are mostly "2221" and "2212", and the rhythms of four-character poems are mostly "221" and "2212". Each line of a five-character poem usually has two beats, each line of a five-character poem usually has three beats, and each line of a seven-character poem usually has four beats. Such as: graceful/lady, gentleman/good Qiu.
("The Book of Songs·Guan Ju") Open the pavilion/noodle/field garden, drink/talk/mulberry and hemp. ("Passing the Old Friend's Village") The mountains are heavy/the water is back/doubtful/there is no way, the willows are dark/the flowers are bright/and there is another village.
("Visiting Shanxi Village") In terms of meaning, the rhythm of five-character poems in ancient poetry is mostly two beats per sentence, while the rhythm of seven-character poems is mostly three beats.
The same two example sentences mentioned above will be divided like this: open the pavilion/nianchangpu, put the wine/talk about sangma.
("Passing the Old Friend's Village") The mountains are heavy/the water is restored/there is no way out, the willows are dark/the flowers are bright/there is another village. ("Visiting Shanxi Village"). 5. How to quickly read the extracurricular classical Chinese courseware for the high school entrance examination
First of all, what needs to be realized is that the ancient Chinese we call is just the daily conversation of ancient people, just like our current Mandarin. Therefore, it is not difficult to learn ancient Chinese well, but the difficulty lies in having literary talent.
Based on my own experience, if you have a weak foundation in ancient Chinese and are not interested in ancient Chinese, but just focus on solving questions, then my suggestion is to learn the meaning of some commonly used words in textbooks, such as real and functional words. , the usage is clear, and there are some special sentence patterns such as the predicate of the true predicate, etc. Some classic passages must be recited proficiently.
If you want to get a higher score in the ancient Chinese part of the exam, I suggest reading "Historical Records" and "Zizhi Tongjian", both in ancient Chinese and vernacular versions. It would be better to be able to tell the historical deeds of this person by looking at ancient texts. In daily examinations, the questions are often about selecting a person's deeds, and then combining the ancient Chinese knowledge that has been learned to examine the meaning of real and functional words, sentence translation, and article comprehension. The so-called ever-changing, inseparable. One of the two books is a biography, and the other is a chronological history. They are very representative. Most of the short essays in the exam choose similar articles for examination. 6. How to do Chinese reading questions well.ppt
The most basic and important thing to improve Chinese reading is to read more and do more (it is best to ensure that you practice reading comprehension of one article a day), and learn in the process of reading Induction, analysis, summary, reflection. Let me share some reading tips below, I hope it will be helpful to you.
First of all, you can learn speed reading. Speed ??reading is an efficient reading learning method. After mastering speed reading, you can quickly extract the context and key points of paragraphs and articles when reading articles and materials, promote sorting, induction and analysis, and improve the efficiency of reading comprehension; at the same time, the fast reading speed can also save a lot of time, and you can read with ease. Do other things. For specific exercises, see "Elite Special Whole-Brain Speed ??Reading and Memory Training". You can install the software for trial training. Practicing with the software for more than an hour a day, in a month, can increase your reading speed by about 5 times, and your memory and understanding will also be improved accordingly. Ultimately, you will improve your reading and learning efficiency and achieve good results.
In the process of reading, we must learn and develop the habit of reading with purpose and focus, so that we can be good at discovering key points, new questions, new ideas and new materials when reading. During the reading process or when you finish reading a book, you should learn to take some reading notes to record the context, main characters, deeds, reading insights, etc. of the book. You can also excerpt some beautiful words and sentences. For example, paragraphs: The most convenient way to grasp the meaning of a paragraph is to grasp the "main sentence", that is, to grasp the sentence that explains the main meaning of the entire paragraph. Secondly, grasp the main idea of ??the article: in some articles, the title explains the central idea, some point out the central idea at the beginning and end of the article, and some express the central idea through the main events. As long as it is based on the main events, you can Establish the central idea quickly. Third, you must consciously memorize the main characters, deeds, viewpoints, central ideas and other key points in articles and books to form your own mind map to promote better understanding.