1. What is the purpose of "Song of Everlasting Sorrow"? There have always been many lawsuits. The more representative opinions are as follows:
1. Allegory. It is believed that this poem is based on the love affair between Li and Yang, exposing the shameless debauchery of the ruling class, and satirizing Li Longji's corruption of the country, which led to the "Anshi Rebellion". It warns the supreme ruler to take a warning and avoid making the same mistake. As for the description of the long-lasting hatred in the second half of the poem, it does not express sympathy for Li and Yang, let alone praise. Instead, it uses the embarrassing scene of Li Longji losing everything in his later years to satirize him in a subtle and tortuous way. taste.
2. The theory of love. I think that in the first half of this poem, there is indeed some irony and dissatisfaction with Li and Yang's excessive lewdness and abandonment of state affairs, but this is not the main purpose. The whole poem spends most of its length describing the love encounter between the two people and praising the love between them. Commentators also believe that the love between Li and Yang written in the poem actually goes beyond historical facts and has a certain typical significance. Through this love tragedy, the author praises people's steadfastness and single-mindedness in love, and reflects people's pursuit and yearning for happy love. Although Li and Yang are imperial concubines, their love is consistent with people's lives and feelings.
3. Double theme theory. It is believed that on the one hand, this poem clearly satirizes Li and Yang Huang for their excessive lewdness and causing trouble; on the other hand, it gives deep sympathy to their love tragedy and sincere longing for each other, with more emphasis on the latter. The whole poem runs through duality from beginning to end, and the conflict between Li and Yang who are both the makers and bearers of love tragedy. The main manifestations of the conflict are the two characters themselves, and the inevitable result of the conflict is the characters' eternal hatred.
Among the three theories, we believe that the "dual theme theory" is more objective, pertinent, and consistent with the actual work. This is a brief elaboration or supplement on three aspects.
When analyzing the theme of "Song of Everlasting Sorrow", we must first note that this is a narrative poem that tells a complete story. Li and Yang's early pleasures and later eternal regrets are all indispensable parts of this story. Moreover, there is an inherent logical connection between the two. The early pleasures were the obvious reason that led to the death of the noble concubine and the growing roots of each other, while the everlasting hatred was the inevitable result of Li and Yang Huang's debauchery that harmed the country and finally harmed themselves. Therefore, arbitrarily highlighting or ignoring any of these aspects will damage the integrity of the story, cut off the internal logic and causal connection of the previous and subsequent plots, and cause the story to lose its original special significance. Of course, its comments will not be consistent with the work. actual and author's original intention.
Secondly, it should be noted that this is a love tragedy that has been artistically processed by the author. As the two protagonists in the tragedy, Li and Yang have special dual identities: on the one hand, their debauchery Yile caused the Anshi Rebellion, and from a certain perspective, he was also the creator of the tragedy; on the other hand, the occurrence of the Anshi Rebellion caused them to live and die in different places, never seeing each other, and reaping the consequences, so they were the bearers of this tragedy. This point must be taken into consideration when commenting on the theme of "Song of Everlasting Sorrow", because it is a necessary prerequisite for us to analyze and understand the author's right and wrong attitude and emotional tendency towards this tragedy.
Thirdly, and most importantly, we must pay attention to the author's right and wrong attitude and emotional tendency towards this tragedy. "Song of Everlasting Sorrow" is a narrative poem, but it has a strong lyrical color. In the process of narrating the beginning and end of Li and Yang's love, the author integrated his own feelings and expressed his judgment of the right and wrong of this tragedy through the medium of emotion. The author obviously intended to criticize Li and Yang's entertainment that harmed the country. This can be seen from "the emperor of the Han Dynasty focused on sex and thought of the country", "from now on the king did not go to court early", "there is no leisure for entertaining banquets, and spring outings" It can be clearly seen in the sentences such as "Slow singing and slow dancing, condensing silk and bamboo, all day the king can't see enough". However, with the development of the storyline and the occurrence of tragedy, the author's attitude towards Li and Yang also changed from criticism and irony to pity and sympathy. From "the king hides his face and cannot be saved", "died in front of the horse with the eyebrows of a moth", "the water of the Shu River is green and the mountains of Shu are clear, and the holy master is in love day and night"? "he hesitates here and can't go", "there is no place to die without seeing the beautiful face" , "Her face is as beautiful as her eyebrows, how can she not shed tears", "The fireflies flying in the evening palace are thinking quietly, and the solitary lamp is exhausted before falling asleep" and so on. From a large number of emotional descriptions, you can get very obvious and strong feelings. It is true that as the bearers of the tragedy, the author has deep sympathy for Li and Yang; as the creators of the tragedy, the author also condemns Li and Yang. However, the author's condemnation has its own basis, that is, Li and Yang's wanton indulgence not only delayed national affairs and harmed the country, but also brought great misfortune to themselves. They suffered the consequences themselves and were not intended to expose and criticize the debauchery of the rulers. Decay (even though poetry objectively has this cognitive function). Otherwise, why would the author spend so much time and effort in exaggerating the long-lasting hatred between Li and Yang? Even according to the "allegory theory" theorists, this is "through the embarrassing scene of Li Longji losing everything in his later years. "It is ironic", then at least the entire description in the fourth part is unnecessary; and the author does not need to pour such obvious and deep sympathy between the lines!
2. Throughout the whole text, the author's emotions have experienced three changes: "joy - sadness - joy", and the author's thoughts have also experienced a development process from calm to depression, and then from depression to relief. And around the three changes in the author's feelings, the entire text also unfolds cleverly.
"Writing conveys the truth." If the author wants to make his thoughts and feelings clearly understood by readers, he must resort to good literary expression forms. Su Shi's philosophy in this article is also conveyed through his new use of Fu. "Qian Chibi Fu" is a Ci Fu, which often expresses the author's thoughts and opinions in the form of subject-object questions and answers. "Qian Chibi Fu" obviously uses this traditional format. Ci Fu pays attention to parallelism and parallelism. There are also many parallelism and parallelism sentences in "Qian Chibi Fu", so it has the basic characteristics of Ci Fu. However, this Fu by Su Shi is not as gorgeous as the Fus since the Han and Wei dynasties. It only lays out things, with little philosophy infiltrated into it. The reason why this poem has been recited for a long time is because of its new achievements in breaking through the old style of poetry. Today we can call it a prose poem. The poet uses a flowing style of writing to express the emotional waves in his heart, making the words richer in flesh and blood, the feelings more sincere, and the emotions and words are closely integrated. We have to admire Su Shi's extraordinary ability to control words.
Some of the author's language can easily be misunderstood as carpe diem, but this idea is not directly reflected in the article. The expressed point of view is that he hopes that a person will not moan without illness and not pursue that. This seemingly otherworldly world is not actually a realm of reality and fantasy; rather, it should adapt to reality and revel in the embrace of nature in this peaceful and comfortable environment. Su Shi's view contains a certain degree of rationality, because he does not agree to view problems in absolute terms and pays attention to the dialectical relationship between opposite and complementary things. But this view is not scientific, because the author follows Zhuangzi’s relativistic view, denies objective standards for measuring things, and obliterates the actual boundaries between matter and quantity. In short, in the context of the time, the author's point of view is still positive. This view of "the identity of things and myself" illustrates Su Shi's affirmation of life and his love for life. Nature is an infinite treasure that can serve as people's spiritual sustenance. Therefore, Su Shi believes that people should not take what should be taken from all things in nature, but should take what should be taken. There is no need to envy the "infinity" just because of the "moment of my life", but to allow the infinite natural things to be enjoyed by "my life" and derive pleasure from them.
Three. Zhang Xun: Serve the country loyally, be calm and calm, regard death as home, and remember well-informed things.
Xu Yuan: Generous and humble, he sacrificed his life to serve the country.
Nan Jiyun: Deeply aware of righteousness, jealous of evil, loyal and strong.
The characters are depicted in the style of Sima Qian's "Historical Records", and the full emotions of love and hatred are poured into every detail. It shows superb artistic attainments in terms of being good at selecting materials and proficient in detailed description.
In "Postscript to the Biography of Zhang Zhongcheng", when the author created the images of Zhang Xun, Xu Yuan and Nan Jiyun, the methods used by the author are both similar and different. Therefore, It’s hard to talk about them one by one. There are two main methods used in the article:
1. Describe the characters through detailed description.
This article depicts the characters vividly and vividly through detailed descriptions. For example, the details of Nan Jiyun cutting off his fingers with a knife and shooting an arrow into a tower vividly depict the character's strong character and hatred of evil. Almost all details are used in writing about Zhang Xun, such as reading the entire scroll, Yu Song asked Xun about the book on the shelf, Xun's response was correct, and writing and setting up the book without even mentioning the single word. These details vividly depict Zhang Xun's strong blogging skills. His character traits include quick writing and memorizing.
2. The mutual contrast and contrast between characters.
In the article, three positive characters, Zhang, Xu and Nan, set off each other and show their own personalities. Xu Yuan's official position was originally above Zhang Xun's. Because Xun Xun was capable, he was authorized to Xun. Naturally, he was subordinate to him, and finally They died defending the city together. This not only highlights Xu Yuan's modesty and concession, but also reflects Zhang Xun's outstanding talents. After the fall of Suiyang City, the enemy persuaded Nan Jiyun to surrender. Zhang Xun called out: "Nanba, if a man is dead, don't be unjust!" Yun smiled and said: "You will have something to do if you want to do something; I dare not die if you want to do it!" Here, with one call and one answer, it is written Zhang Xun's righteousness is awe-inspiring, and he regards death as home. It also describes Nan Jiyun's mentality of wanting to preserve his strength but having no chance to take revenge. And from his answers, we can see Zhang Xun's high prestige in the eyes of his subordinates. The two contrast each other and make him even more heroic. In the article, Nan Jiyun begs Yu Helan Jinming to learn from him. The despicable and shameless villain Helan Jinming is used to set off Nan Jiyun's loyalty, courage and strong character, and the character is extremely vividly portrayed.