Xiongnu is an important nomadic people in ancient northern China, also known as "Hu" (Wang Guowei, the word "Xiongnu" is pronounced as "Hu"), that is, "favored by heaven". Its name first appeared in the Warring States Period and the initial activity center of China historical stage. It was the first frontier nation in China to establish a slave country in Yinshan and Monan Hetao areas. * * * has experienced nearly 700 years, which has had an important influence on the history of northern nationalities and Han nationality in ancient China. He is the ancestor of the northern frontier nationalities and a member of the Han ancestors.
Huns, literally translated as "people" in Chinese, or "people", "residents" and "natives", meaning "sons of the heavenly emperor", originated from the belief in gods in primitive times; Some say it is "hanging hair", "knotting hair" and "tying hair", and some say it is "Hai Dongqing" (falcon hunting), which means "brave and good at fighting".
L Wu Huan
Wuhuan, also known as "Wuwan", "Guwan" and "Wuyan", originated from Donghu, and its language is the same as Xianbei, belonging to a branch of Donghu (ancient Mongolian).
During the Qin and Han Dynasties, nomads were wandering around Leshui (now around Xilamulun and Laolamulun). It is adjacent to Lou, Fuyu and Goguryeo in the east, Xiongnu in the west, Secretariat of Youzhou in the south, Xianbei in the north and Wuhuan in the south.
In the first year of Emperor Gaozu of the Western Han Dynasty (206 BC), Donghu was defeated by Xiongnu Khan, and the soldiers were in a state of chaos. One of them, Wu Huan, fled to Wu Huan Mountain (now north of Arukerqin Banner in Inner Mongolia, that is, the southern end of Daxinganling) to accept the service of the Xiongnu.
In the fourth year of Yuanshou (before 1 19), Huo Qubing defeated Xiongnu Zuo and moved Wuhuan to the Great Wall of Shanggu, Yuyang, Youbeiping, Liaodong and Liaoxi to protect Wuhuan, a captain.
In the early years of the Eastern Han Dynasty, Wu Huan took advantage of the civil strife in Xiongnu, forcing Xiongnu to move northward and choose desert south. In the Eastern Han Dynasty, the measures of appealing were taken. With 865,438+0, the commanders of the Fifth Ring Canal, A Hou, A Wang and A Jun, were established, and a captain of the Fifth Ring was placed in Ningcheng, Shanggu (now northwest of Xuanhua, Hebei) to manage the affairs related to the Fifth Ring and Xianbei, allowing the Fifth Ring to move in. Xianbei immediately went south and moved to his hometown beyond the Great Wall. At the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, Wu Huan was involved in a scuffle between state and animal husbandry, helping Yuan Shao destroy Gongsun Zan. In the 11th year of Jian 'an (206), Cao Cao led an army to personally levy Wu Huan, break it, and incorporate Wu Huan cavalry, known as "a famous rider in the world". Wuhuan declined and merged with Han nationality, while those who stayed in their hometown merged with Xianbei people.
After Wei and Jin Dynasties, great changes have taken place in Wuhuan, forming the so-called "miscellaneous Hu". After Sui and Tang Dynasties, Wu Huan was no longer active in the mainland. In the Liao Dynasty, Wu Huan disappeared from history and merged into the Han nationality and other ethnic groups. Legends such as Hao in Taiyuan, Wang in Taiyuan and Zhang in Nanpi (southeast of Hebei) all come from Wuhuan.
Wuhuan is mainly engaged in animal husbandry, enjoying riding and shooting, grazing on aquatic plants, living in impermanence, taking the vault as the house, eating meat and drinking cheese, and taking Mao Cui as the clothing. The hunting industry is developed, and the handicraft industry has developed, such as casting copper, smelting iron, making ceramics and weaving. Developed agriculture, established close commodity exchange relations with Xiongnu and Han people, such as "Hu", such as Shanggu Ningcheng (now northwest of Xuanhua, Hebei). Tribal organizations, with hundreds or thousands of accounts (hukou) as one department, belong to cities. There are adults in the department and handsome boys in the city. Those who are brave and healthy and can handle duel lawsuits are adults, not hereditary. Under the age of adults, each animal husbandry produces, and no corvee is levied. The matriarchal system remains, and blood revenge prevails. Few people are expensive, but old people are cheap. Killing fathers and brothers is innocent and won't hurt their mothers. Mother has race, and father and brother have no revenge. There is a custom of stepmarriage, "when the father and brother die, the wife and stepmother hold their wives." Worship ghosts and gods, heaven, earth, sun, moon, stars and adults with healthy names. "Kun ˉ (ancient punishment for shaving off men's hair) and" Zhe ˉ (reddish brown) clothes, the top hair is cut off, which is different from the Qidan people, but the top hair is cut off. 197 1 year, the mural tomb of the Eastern Han Dynasty was discovered in Xindianzi, Helinger, Inner Mongolia. The mural is based on the theme of the tomb owner's "celebration banquet", with the images of Wuhuan and Xianbei people as the main ones. (An important mural tomb of the Eastern Han Dynasty was discovered in hollinger with the cultural relic number 1974, 1).
He Linger's horse-herding map shows the Han dignitaries traveling by car and the Wuhuan people herding horses.
Hollinger mural tomb. Chen Shiceng, the owner of the tomb, held a "hundred plays and dances" to protect Wu Huan, a captain.
In the Western Jin Dynasty, the golden seal of "Jinwuwan Guiyihou" was given, and at the same time, the golden seal of "Jinxianbei Guiyihou" and the silver seal of "Jinxianbei guiding the good corps commander" were unearthed.
L Xianbei
Xianbei and Wuhuan are of the same origin, from Donghu, with the same language and customs as Wuhuan. In the pre-Qin period, it was active in the north-central Daxing 'anling, rising later than the Fifth Ring Road, and names began to appear in the Eastern Han Dynasty.
Ethnic origin: pluralism, when it comes to Xianbei, it refers to "rhinoceros ratio" and "teacher ratio", which refers to the hook of Hu people; First, Xianbei is a transliteration of Sabi (Jixiang) in Manchu, which is transformed from the name of the tribal chief; It is said that Xianbei is related to Baiyi of Jiuyi. When it comes to Xianbei, it refers to Shanrong (Northern Rong, Endless Rong, Dai Rong) before Donghu, and then Donghu flourished, so the name came to Donghu. After being attacked by Xiongnu, Donghu was separated from Wuhuan and returned to Daxinganling area in the northeast, with Wuhuan in the south, and then Xianbei in the east and Xianbei in the north.
Xianbei in the east: it originates from Xianbei Mountain in the east of Inner Mongolia, that is, Dahan Mountain near Xihale Ancient River in Horqin Right-wing Banner of Xing 'an League at the southern foot of Daxing 'an Mountains, that is, Xianbei Mountain outside the Great Wall in western Liaoning, and Wuhuan Mountain in the northwest of Arukerqin Banner in the southwest 140.
Xianbei in the North: the Great Xianbei Mountain in the northern section of Daxinganling. 1980, the ancestor stone chamber of Tuoba Xianbei was found in jia county Cave at the east foot of Daxinganling, northwest of Ali River, Oroqen Autonomous Banner, Hulunbeier League, Inner Mongolia, which proved that the northern part of Daxinganling was the birthplace of Xianbei people.
Tuoba Xianbei's ancestral home is Gaxian Cave, located at 10 km northwest of Alihe Town, Oroqen Autonomous Banner, Inner Mongolia. It is the birthplace of Tuoba Xianbei, and Tuoba Xianbei established the Northern Wei Dynasty. Irregular triangle, the cave is like a hall that can accommodate thousands of people. The dome is more than 20 meters high, nearly 30 meters wide from east to west and 92 meters deep.
In the Western Han Dynasty, Xianbei and Wuhuan were enslaved by Xiongnu. In the early years of the Eastern Han Dynasty, Xianbei adults belonged to Liaodong, which was called "Xianbei Dadu Protection". After the Han army was defeated by Xiongnu, Xianbei moved westward on a large scale and entered the hometown of Xiongnu, leaving more than 65,438+10,000 Huns in the north, "all surnamed Xianbei" and merging to form Tuoba Xianbei, the father of Xianbei (Xiongnu); In the south of Mongolian grassland, there appeared the iron-rich Xiongnu whose father was Xianbei. In the area around Xilamulun River, after the southern Xiongnu, Yuwen moved from Yinshan to this place, ruling the local Xianbei, and Yuwen Xianbei appeared.
In the 2nd century AD, Shi Huai, a famous leader of Xianbei, made laws to judge merits and demerits. In the north, a court was built in Liu Gao (now the northwest of Yanggao County), with 654.38+ 10,000 cavalry. In the north, Dingling was refused, the husband was defeated in the east, and Wusun was attacked in the west. A powerful military and political complex was established in the Xiongnu homeland, which was divided into three parts: east, middle and west. After Tan's death, various ministries collapsed. During the Three Kingdoms period, there was a Bi Keneng called "Xianbei Race" who once unified the Monan area.
During the Wei and Jin Dynasties, Xianbei in the East was divided into three parts: Murong, Duan and Yuwen.
Murong Department comes from Xianbei Mountain. First it was a tribal name, then it was a clan name. After Cao Wei moved the capital to Liaoxi County, Yan Qian (337-370), Houyan (384-407), Xiyan (384-394) and Southern Yan (398-4 10) were successively established.
Duan Xianbei moved from Liaodong to western Liaoning in the middle of the Eastern Han Dynasty and became a tribal adult. At the beginning of the 4th century, it became the most powerful tribe in Xianbei in the East.
Yuwen Xianbei is a Xianbei Xiongnu, who moved from Yinshan Mountain to western Liaoning, joined the Xianbei tribal alliance and gradually became Xianbei, known as Xianbei Yuwen in history. When it was divided into three parts, Yu became an adult in the East. Later, it was under the jurisdiction of Murong and Tuoba. At the end of the Northern Wei Dynasty, Yu Wentai became strong and specialized in the Western Wei Dynasty, and its descendants replaced the Western Wei Dynasty to establish the Northern Zhou Dynasty.
Xianbei in the north mainly refers to Tuoba's family in Xianbei, and Tuoba Taofu stone carving in the fourth year of Taiping Zhenjun in the Northern Wei Dynasty (443), which traces the history that Tuoba ancestors started from here and began to inherit. They crossed Daxinganling from the eastern foot of Daxinganling and entered Hulunbeier grassland from the western foot of Daxinganling in the early Eastern Han Dynasty. At the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, they entered the hometown of Xiongnu, roughly in Yinshan or Hetao, and merged with the rest of Xiongnu, known as "Xianbei parents". Later, it moved from northern Hetao to Lesheng in Dingxiang County of Han Dynasty (now northwest of Linger County). In 3 15, he was appointed acting king and established acting country. In 376, this country was conquered by Fu Jian of the former Qin Dynasty. After the overthrow of the former Qin dynasty, Tuoba GUI took the opportunity to convene the old department, that is, to replace the throne. In 383, it was renamed Wang Wei, and in 386, it was officially named Wei, which was called Northern Wei or Post Wei in history. In 398, he moved his capital to Pingcheng (now Datong City, Shanxi Province) and formulated various laws and regulations modeled on the Central Plains Dynasty, thus unifying the North. In 493, Emperor Xiaowen Tuoba Yuanhong moved his capital to Luoyang and took a series of measures to change the old customs of Xianbei into Chinese style, which is the most famous "Emperor Xiaowen's Northern Wei Reform" in China's national history. In 534, the Northern Wei was divided into the Eastern Wei and the Western Wei.
Xianbei in the west mainly refers to Xianbei in Hexi and Xianbei in Longxi, and also includes Tuyuhun from Murong Xianbei.
Xianbei in Hexi refers to Xianbei departments living in Hexi Corridor in Gansu during Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, among which Tuxianbei was the most powerful. Nanliang was established in Lv Guang in 396, and died in 4 14. There are other departments such as Xianbei in Wheat Field, Xianbei in Car Cover and Xianbei in Beishan.
Xianbei in Longxi refers to Xianbei living in Longshan, west of Liupanshan and east of the Yellow River in Gansu Province. It is led by Qi's father's family, and it is a fusion of Xianbei and Gaoche. In 385 A.D., the king of Chifu County was called Dashan Rain, in 388 A.D., he was named King of Yu, and in 394 A.D., he was renamed King of Qin, known as Western Qin in history. He died at 43 1.
The early Xianbei people were mainly nomadic hunters, which lasted until the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, especially after moving into the homeland of Xiongnu. During the Wei and Jin Dynasties, some Xianbei had gradually run agriculture concurrently, and began large-scale farming after entering the Yellow River basin. With the slow development of handicraft industry and the war in the Central Plains, many Han people fled to Xianbei area, bringing with them handicraft skills and making weapons. Commodity exchange with Han areas.
Social organizations are composed of cities, towns and departments, where there are handsome boys and adults. Hao Shuai, adults are nobles, below them are tribal members, and then slaves. When Tan lived, it was divided into three parts: the middle, the east and the west, and there were more than 60 small towns. After Tan's death, the adult recommendation system was replaced by the adult hereditary system, which marked the further establishment of the hierarchical system. After Xianbei entered the Central Plains, the country was established, and the nobles claimed to be kings and emperors, which became the feudal ruling class, while the ordinary people became subjects under feudal rule. The language originated from Donghu language and belongs to Mongolian family of Altai language family, which is considered to be almost the same as Mongolian.
Marriage customs retain the remnants of adoption marriage, slavery marriage (men serving in women's homes) and robbery marriage.
"Kun ˉ" is the characteristic of Xianbei hairstyle. When a man marries a woman, the woman must shave her head and keep her hair at her side, leaving it hanging behind.
Funeral customs are very popular. Believing in witchcraft, offering sacrifices to heaven, earth, mountains, rivers, sun, moon and stars. After moving to the Central Plains, the West gradually converted to Buddhism, and some of them also served Taoism. Wherever we went, temples and grottoes were overhauled, such as Yungang in Datong and Longmen in Luoyang, which all reflected the integration of Xianbei, Western Regions and Central Plains cultures.
Xianbei's "happy at once" is also called beige. Xianbei dance Deer pattern card decoration.
Yungang Grottoes, located at the southern foot of Wuzhou Mountain, west of Datong City, Shanxi Province 16 km, are carved by the mountain and extend for about one kilometer from east to west. There are 45 main caves, 252 large and small caves and 5 1000 statues, which represent the excellent Buddhist grottoes art in China in the 5th and 6th centuries. 200165438+February was selected into the World Cultural Heritage List. The construction of 120 years almost runs through the whole Northern Wei Dynasty, which is a "dynastic history" of the Northern Wei Dynasty.
Longmen Grottoes are located on the banks of the Yi River, which is12km south of Luoyang City, Henan Province. From the Northern Wei Dynasty to the Northern Song Dynasty for more than 400 years, there are still more than 2 100 caves and niches, more than 65,438+10,000 statues and more than 3,600 inscriptions. In 2000, 1 1.30 was selected into the World Cultural Heritage List.
Hou Jinyin of the Western Jin Dynasty, a square camel buckle with a height of 2.8 cm, a side length of 2.2 cm and a weight of 88.4 g, is now in the Museum of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region.
During the Western Jin Dynasty, Jin Xianbei led a good corps commander, with a silver seal, a square shape and a camel buckle, with a height of 2.5cm, a side length of 2. 1 cm and a weight of 41.2g. It was unearthed in Xiaobazitan, Liangcheng, Inner Mongolia in 1956, and is now in the Inner Mongolia Museum.
Jin Xianbei has a bronze official seal of more than 100 years.
Fu figurines, double-breasted robes of Yanbei Teachers College of Northern Wei Dynasty
Painted coffins of Northern Wei Dynasty in Guyuan: the story of Guo Ju's burial. Narrow-sleeved black boots are exquisite makeup bundles.
Lacquered coffin painting of the Northern Wei Dynasty tomb in Guyuan: a picture of the life of the tomb owner. The host and waiter are wearing narrow-sleeved robes, black boots and elegant makeup. The owner holds the ear cup in his right hand and the tail in his left.