the pale crimson colored porcelain in Jingdezhen is simple and elegant in decoration, and has the charm of literati painting. Guangcai porcelain is widely known for its gorgeous colors, full of drawings and rich and compact composition. Jingdezhen and Guangzhou are far apart, and there are undeniable differences in regional culture. There seems to be no intersection between the light crimson porcelain in Jingdezhen and the wide colored porcelain in Guangzhou. At the end of the Qing Dynasty and the beginning of the Republic of China, they showed similar fresh and natural features, leading a new trend in the field of colored porcelain. ?
1. Pale crimson colored porcelain
Pale crimson is taken from the terminology of traditional Chinese painting. "Violet" is the ochre color in the pigment of traditional Chinese painting, and "Pale crimson" outlines the landscape with ink and wash, and then dyed with light colors such as shallow ochre and light blue. The whole landscape looks elegant and quiet, and it is indifferent to the feelings of Ming Zhi. Landscape painting with elegant overall style. Pale crimson color, as the name implies, is an over-the-glaze colored porcelain drawn by pale crimson Chinese painting techniques. The pigment of light crimson color does not need arsenic-containing glass white as the base, so it has no powder texture, and the glaze color layer is thin, giving people a sense of lightness and elegance.
during the Xianfeng period in the late Qing dynasty, when Jingdezhen colored porcelain was in decline, pale crimson colored porcelain rose quietly. At that time, the social environment was turbulent, with aggression from imperial powers outside and peasant uprisings such as the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom Movement inside. Especially in the fifth year of Xianfeng, the Taiping Army captured Jingdezhen, and the imperial kiln factory was set on fire, and Jingdezhen porcelain industry suffered a major blow. Porcelain painters in the Imperial Kiln Factory had to engage in folk kiln firing. Most of them have a good cultural accomplishment. Literati paintings that combine poetry with calligraphy and painting are displayed on porcelain with superb porcelain painting techniques, creating light crimson colored porcelain, which is very interesting for literati. Pale crimson colored porcelain is elegant and soft in tone, with a combination of poetry and painting, which is very decorative and very popular as soon as it comes out. During the period from Tongzhi to Daoguang-year, pale crimson colored porcelain shone brilliantly, and famous porcelain painters came forth in large numbers, which triggered an upsurge of pale crimson color (Figure 1 and Figure 2). Fig. 1 shows the porcelain plate for fishing in the Changjiang River in Chengmen, with the inscription: rainy weather comes at night, and it spreads all over the lake and the mountain. Unique fishermen come and go in canoes. Ding Chou copied it in spring, and Xin 'an Chengmen wrote it (seal: Cheng). Cheng Men, a famous scholar in the late Qing Dynasty, was named Songsheng, whose name was Xue Li and Li Daoren, and worked in Jingdezhen Imperial Kiln Factory. During the reign of Emperor Xianfeng Tongzhi, he was famous for painting light crimson colored porcelain, especially for his landscape theme. Fig. 2 shows a mussel-shaped dish with clear light and colorful characters.
figure 1? Chengmen Changjiang fishing map porcelain plate
Figure 2? The mussel-shaped dish with bright and colorful characters in the Qing Dynasty
Even court officials could not conceal their love for it and personally participated in the creation and design. At that time, Wang Fengchi, the magistrate of Jiangxi Province, had close contacts with Jingdezhen porcelain painters Jin Pinqing and Wang Shaowei, and often cooperated with them. Pale crimson reached its peak in this period. In the early years of the Republic of China, light crimson colored glaze was gradually replaced by new pastels with bright colors, which were easy to fall off, so it withdrew from the stage of history.
Second, the elegant style of wide-colored porcelain
Wide-colored porcelain is a kind of over-the-glaze multicolored porcelain, which is famous for its gorgeous colors and exported to overseas. It was created and burned in the Kangxi period of Qing Dynasty, and gradually formed a mature style in the Qianlong period. Because it was born in Guangzhou, where foreign trade flourished, the early Guangcai porcelain was "fancy in style and uncertain in age" in order to cater to the aesthetics of westerners, and its decorative techniques were also rich in western cultural elements. Tongzhi and Daoguang reached their peak during the years, and also cast a gorgeous decorative style of wide-colored porcelain, with bright colors and flowing gold.
in the late Qing dynasty, some artists of wide-colored porcelain, inspired by the pale crimson color of Jingdezhen, began to try to apply landscape literati painting to porcelain decoration. Fig. 3 shows the landscape plate of colorful porcelain in Guangdong Provincial Museum, which was made in Guangxu period of Qing Dynasty. It can be seen that at that time, Guangcai painters had begun new explorations, absorbed traditional landscape painting methods and tried to make new styles of Guangcai porcelain. In Fangcun and Aozhou near Guangzhou, a number of porcelain studios have sprung up, such as "Yangcheng Fangcun Porcelain Studio", "Pen Hua Xian Pavilion", "Yongmei Villa" and "Biwu Painting House", which use the brushwork of traditional Chinese painting to create colored porcelain and create wide-colored porcelain with landscapes, flowers, birds and figures.
figure 3? Guangxu Guangcai Landscape Plate in Qing Dynasty
In the early Republic of China, the "Lingnan Painting School" painters with revolutionary spirit keenly discovered the broad prospects of Guangcai porcelain industry, and combined the painting techniques of "Lingnan Painting School" with Guangcai porcelain to promote the new development of Guangcai porcelain. Headed by Gao Jianfu and Gao Qifeng of Lingnan School of Painting, Guangdong Natural History Chamber of Commerce was founded, which mainly burned wide-colored porcelain, brought the painting style of Lingnan School into the production of wide-colored porcelain, and combined with the flower and grass painting method of "Erju" and the unique landscape painting technique of "Lingnan School of Painting" to create a batch of wide-colored porcelain with great artistic value, which was amazing at home and abroad.
Third, comparative appreciation
1. Landscape
Pale crimson colored porcelain was originally imitated by the painting method of pale crimson landscape, so landscape is the most representative theme of pale crimson color. The theme of landscape is much like that of Huang Gongwang and other famous landscape artists, and nearly like that of literati and painters in Ming and Qing Dynasties. Usually, the tree stone is outlined with ink and wash, then filled with light colors such as shallow ochre and turquoise, and finally painted with a touch of ochre and azure, showing the layering of distant mountains and near water. The whole picture emphasizes composition with meaning, and skillfully uses blank space, giving people a sense of indifference and distance. Generally, the shallow crimson mountains and rivers paint more secluded mountains and forests, and the scenery is mostly mountain farmhouses, small bridges, flowing water, fishing boats, Yunshan waterfalls, etc., which are full of natural flavor. Fig. 4 shows the fisherman's Letu Bowl with light crimson color. The brushwork is smooth and freehand, and the rocks are even hooked and twisted, with light colors such as light green, azure and ochre, and the color is fresh and pleasant. The whole bowl depicts an elegant landscape painting. Several farmhouses are surrounded by mountains and rivers, and in the grass pavilion by the stream, one person sits idly fishing, which makes Shan Ye interesting.
figure 4? In the early stage of the development of Guangcai porcelain, there were plenty of western landscapes, and the brushwork imitated western painting. There are also some traditional landscapes in China, whose brushwork imitates traditional landscape paintings, which are combined with mountains and rivers, decorated with trees, houses, people or animals, but most of them are painted in the opening light or with side decorations. In the late Qing Dynasty and the early Republic of China, the landscape decoration on the colorful porcelain was decorated with the whole landscape painting, with little border decoration. The picture was left blank, and the artistic conception composition of the landscape was emphasized. The brushwork was quite delicate and elegant, which was very literati style. Figure 5 shows a clear and colorful landscape plate, which is close to the mountains and far away from the water. The mountains are painted in red, green and hemp colors, depicting the scenery of mountains and streams, and a boat floats by the water. The picture is beautiful and the artistic conception is far-reaching.
figure 5? Qingguangcai landscape dish
This dish is very similar to the landscape style in the heart of the light crimson fisherman's music bowl in Jingdezhen in Figure 4. Not only is the brushwork similar, but the rocks outline French paintings, and the colors are also light, such as ochre and light blue. The same attention is paid to the expression of artistic conception pictures, which all show a picture of green mountains and green waters, full of the wild interest of mountain fishermen.
2. Figures
The subject matter of figures shown in the light crimson colored porcelain paintings is the same as that in China traditional paintings, with emphasis on depicting the figures' forms, movements and costumes, giving people a sense of beauty and beauty. Most of the characters are Gaoyi hermits, village fishermen, etc., and they are accompanied by landscapes of four seasons, reflecting the interest of literati. Fig. 4 The fisherman's music bowl with light crimson color vividly depicts the fisherman's fishing and loading fish into the basket around the outer wall. The brushwork is delicate, the characters are vivid, and the color is fresh and elegant. Moreover, the title of the picture is "Wake up the dream of misty clouds, and have a deep feeling;" It's more fun to protect the wind and moon. It's mid-winter. Uncle Starbridge, have fun. My nephew, Chen Yucan, is respectful. Written by Chi Ming Tsui. (Seal: Zi Ming) "The combination of poetry and calligraphy is more like a complete literati painting.
during this period, some of the characters in Guangcai were based on traditional stories, novels and operas, and this kind of Guangcai still continued its rich and gorgeous style. The other kind, however, has a different style, depicting people from the outside world, such as literati, villagers in the mountains, and so on. The characters are fresh and refined, and their expressions are comfortable and natural, similar to those in light crimson colors. The layout of the whole picture is simple and elegant, and the colors are elegant. The figure painting method is mostly taken from the traditional Chinese painting method, and it is semi-enjoyable and pays attention to depicting the characters. Figure 6. The landscape figure plate with clear and colorful colors, with ink lines in the center, outlines the figure, wears simple and elegant clothes, wears a hat and clogs on his feet, holds up the clothes pendulum and climbs slowly. According to legend, Xie Lingyun, a poet in the Eastern Jin Dynasty, liked to swim in the mountains and hills, and invented the clogs that were convenient for mountain climbing. The famous poet Li Bai wrote in tianmu Mountain Ascended in a Dream: "with the hermitage of Xie still there, and the monkeys calling clearly over ripples of green water. With Xie Gongqi at his feet, he climbed the ladder. " It can be seen that this dish depicts the scene of Xie Lingyun, a poet in the Eastern Jin Dynasty, climbing mountains and enjoying himself with his feet. The landscape is beautiful, the characters are vivid and full of elegance.
figure 6? The landscape figure plate of Guangcai in Qing Dynasty
It is worth noting that the Guangcai figures in this period, due to the revolutionary spirit of Lingnan Painting School, participated in the drawing of Guangcai porcelain, and there were also unique cautionary figure paintings. Influenced by the satirical cartoons of the pictorial propaganda revolution at that time, Lingnan painters painted cautionary figures on wide-colored porcelain to express their revolutionary feelings. Fig. 7 Why do swordsmen make colorful character plates?
figure 7? He Jianshi is a famous patriot, who often satirizes the unhealthy trend of society by cartoons, criticizes the corruption and incompetence of the Qing court, and promotes revolutionary ideas. This disc is He Jianshi's satirical cartoon style, which is applied to the creation of Guangcai porcelain. A full moon leans against a dangerous building. In the night, a chivalrous woman leaps down from the city wall with a sword in her right hand and a head in her left hand. At the top right of the picture, there is an inscription: "The wind blows the moon and falls into a dangerous building, and thousands of rivers and mountains meet for several autumn. In order to ask about the painting of the gray edge, I asked the traitor to ask for the skull (seal: sword call). " The image of the chivalrous woman is resolute and bold, and her hand cuts the head of the wicked, which shows the revolutionary spirit of "discussing the country's thief to get the skull" in the poems above the porcelain plate.
3. Flower-and-bird animals
Flower-and-bird animals with bright crimson colors and slender brushwork imitate the paintings of some famous artists. In order to meet the needs of the market, we also choose some auspicious themes. The themes of birds are often painted to symbolize the beaming magpies, quails who live and work in peace and contentment, and bald birds with rich and white heads. Flowers are mostly plum, orchid, bamboo, chrysanthemum, peach blossom, peony, crape myrtle and so on. There are also some fixed festive animal combinations, such as crane and deer returning to pine, Jue Lu sealing Hou and so on. Fig. 8 shows a porcelain plate made by Min Danchen in Jingdezhen. In the middle of Shan Ye, the deer are resting by the stream, or looking forward, or lying down or playing in the water. A mountain monkey on a rock by the stream looked curiously at the deer. The inscription on the top of the porcelain plate reads: "There are many wild deer in shallow water, and there are also monkeys in deep mountains. Bingwu Mid-Autumn Moon is written by Min Danchen (seal: stop water). "
figure 8? The deer porcelain plate of Mindanchen Mountain Monkey Group
The whole picture composition adopts the traditional layout, with vivid descriptions of deer and monkeys, fine brushwork and visible hair, and even contains the auspicious meaning of Jue Lu sealing Hou.
in the late Qing dynasty and the early Republic of China, most of the flowers and birds on the colorful porcelain were taken from auspicious and festive themes, and monkeys, deer and other auspicious animals were also common. The painting techniques are mostly taken from the famous painter "Erju" in Lingnan. Inspired by the "powder bump method" of traditional Chinese painting, Guangcai painters created the technique of "tarting flower heads". When painting flowers, they first filled in a white background, and then slowly smudged the colors needed by the flowers, showing the delicate and gorgeous flowers. Influenced by the fact that the flowers and birds of the Ju brothers are often dotted with grass insects, the flower-and-bird ornamentation of wide-colored porcelain is often dotted with grass insects in the flowers, which makes the picture more lively and interesting. Among them, the Guangdong Provincial Natural History Chamber of Commerce, founded by Gao Jianfu and others of Lingnan School of Painting, produced a batch of fresh and unique colorful porcelain with flowers, birds and animals.
figure 9? Leng Yue habitat map colorful plate
Figure 9 is a colorful plate of Leng Yue habitat map, which is painted with brown color at the bottom, creating a heavy night. In the dim light of night, a round of Leng Yue hangs a bough, and a few sparrows perch on snow bamboo, revealing the meaning of silence and solitude. The brushwork is exquisite, the sparrow is realistic in form and spirit, and the bamboo forest is three-dimensional in light and shadow. According to textual research, the sparrow was painted by Gao Qifeng, the bamboo forest was painted by Panda, and the full moon was written by Chen Shuren, which is a precious witness of Lingnan painters' cooperation in colorful porcelain.
figure 1? Guang Cai qun Lu tu porcelain plate
Figure 1 Guang Cai qun Lu tu porcelain plate, made by Gao Jian, a famous figure of Lingnan painting school. The porcelain plate is round, depicting six sika deer strolling leisurely, or looking into the distance, or looking down at the wild flowers in the grass. This plate, like the above-mentioned light crimson porcelain plate of mountain monkeys' deer (Figure 8), also depicts the deer, which is very vivid. However, because monk Gao Jian has the experience of studying in Japan, the whole picture has the realistic style of oriental animal painting, and the color contrast is used to create a three-dimensional sense, with more detailed brushstrokes and distinct hair roots.
In the late Qing Dynasty and the early Republic of China, pale crimson colored porcelain and wide colored porcelain, although separated by thousands of miles, had similar features, among which there were many reasons. To sum up, Jane is classified into three important factors. First, both of them were born in the same era, and they were also born in the troubled times of the late Qing Dynasty and the early Republic of China. The impact of social unrest on the ceramic industry promoted the transformation of the ceramic industry itself. Second, highly literate painters participate in porcelain making. Pale crimson colored porcelain presents a refined and elegant style because of the participation of painters from the Royal Kiln Factory, which is highly culturally cultivated. Guangcai porcelain, on the other hand, has been revitalized and reborn because of the participation of "Lingnan Painting School" painters. Thirdly, the pursuit of fresh and elegant artistic conception and the same theme of composition with meaning have created an indissoluble bond between light crimson and wide color.
Although the painters of light crimson porcelain and wide colored porcelain are craftsmen, they are filled with romantic literati feelings at the same time, sketching and drawing deep poetic feelings on the white and lustrous porcelain tires. In the field of colored porcelain in the late Qing Dynasty and the early Republic of China, pale red colored porcelain and wide colored porcelain, one north and one south, reflected each other from a distance, blowing a fresh wind, and the fragrance was far away and clear, leaving a rhyme to this day.