Confucius said: "Isn't it just right to learn and practice it over time? Isn't it a joy to have friends from afar? Isn't it true that a person who doesn't know and is stunned is not a gentleman?" ("Xue Er")
Zengzi said: "I have to examine myself three times every day: Have I been unfaithful in my plans for others? Have I not trusted my friends in my dealings? Have I not learned what I preach?" ("Xueer")
Confucius said: "Those who review the past and learn new things can become teachers." ("Wei Zheng")
Confucius said: "Learning without thinking is useless
Thinking without learning is useless "("Wei Zheng")
Confucius said: "You know it by teaching me! Knowing it means knowing it, and not knowing it means knowing it." ("Wei Zheng")
< p> Confucius said: "When you see a virtuous person, you must think about it; when you see an unworthy person, you have to reflect on yourself." ("Li Ren")Confucius said: "When three people are walking together, there must be one who is my teacher. Choose the one who is good." And follow it, and correct it if it is not good." ("Shu Er")
Zengzi said: "A scholar cannot be ambitious, and the task is heavy and the road is long. Isn't it also important to be benevolent? Isn't it so far away after death?" ("Tai Bo")
Confucius said: "When the years are cold, you will know that the pines and cypresses will wither." ("Zi Han")
Zigong asked: "Is there anything you can say that can be implemented throughout your life?" Confucius said: "Forgive me! Don't do to others what you don't want others to do to you." ("Wei Linggong")
The first one: Learning methods
Confucius said: "Learning and practicing it from time to time, isn't it also said? Isn't it a joy to have friends coming from afar? People don't know but are not surprised (yùn), that's not it. Are you a gentleman?" ("Xueer")
Confucius said: "Isn't it also very happy to study and review on time? Isn't it also very happy to have like-minded people coming from afar? Others don't If you understand me but don't get angry, aren't you also a morally cultivated person?"
Explanation of key words: (1) Zi: Sir, refers to Confucius. In ancient China, it was a respectful title for men with status and knowledge, and sometimes it was also called men in general. The words "Zi said" in "The Analects of Confucius" all refer to Confucius. Confucius (551 BC - 479 BC), whose surname was Qiu and courtesy name Zhongni, was born in Zou Yi (now Qufu, Shandong Province) of the state of Lu during the Spring and Autumn Period. He is the founder of Confucianism and a thinker and educator in ancient my country.
(2) Learning: The "learning" mentioned by Confucius here mainly refers to the study of traditional cultural classics such as rituals, music, and calligraphy of the Western Zhou Dynasty.
(3) Regular practice: Review on time. In the Zhou and Qin Dynasties, the word "Shi" was used as an adverb, meaning "at a certain time" or "at the appropriate time". However, Zhu Xi explained "Shi" as "Shi Chang" in "Analects of Confucius". "Xi" refers to practicing etiquette and music; reviewing poems and books. It also means review, practice, and practice.
(4) Say: Tongjia, pronounced yuè, is an ancient Chinese character that actually means "joy", which means happiness.
(5) Friends: In ancient times, there was a difference between friends and friends: fellow students (teachers) were friends, and comrades were friends.
(6) Le: It is different from speaking. An old note says that joy is found within, while joy is found outside.
(7) People don’t know: This sentence is incomplete and does not say what people don’t know. Missing object. Generally speaking, knowing means understanding. People don't know, which means that others don't understand themselves.
(8)愠: Pinyin: yùn, angry, angry.
(9) Gentleman: A morally cultivated person.
Explanation of supplementary words:
And: conjunction. (Can be translated as and) Example: Learn and practice from time to time.
Turning. (can be translated as but) Example: People don’t know but are not surprised.
Yi (yì): Same, also.
Hu: a modal particle, expressing a questioning mood, which can be translated as "?".
From: From.
Zhi: Understand.
Understanding of this paragraph:
The first sentence talks about learning methods. Regarding knowledge, "learning" is just a cognitive process, and "learning" is a consolidation process. If you want to obtain more knowledge, "learning" and "learning" must be unified.
The second sentence talks about the fun of learning. Visits by like-minded people can enhance friendship, learn from each other, and improve together.
The third sentence talks about attitude. "People don't know", the object "zhi" is omitted after it, which can be translated as "I" or "oneself"
The second sentence: dealing with others
Zengzi said: "I (wú ) I (xǐng) my (wú) body three times a day: Are you unfaithful when planning for others? Are you unfaithful when you make friends with friends? Are you not accustomed to passing on (chuán)?" ("Xueer")
< p> Zengzi said: "I reflect on myself many times every day: Am I doing my best when doing things for others? Are I sincere and honest when dealing with friends? Have I reviewed the knowledge imparted by the teacher? "Explanation of key words:
(1) Zengzi: Zengzi’s surname was Zeng Shen (shēn) and his courtesy name was Ziyu. He was born from 505 BC to 436 BC in Nanwucheng (now Nanwucheng) of the State of Lu during the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period. A native of Feixian County, Shandong Province), he is a descendant of the nobles of the state of Zuo who were destroyed by the state of Lu. Zeng Shen was a favorite disciple of Confucius and was known as a filial son. It is said that he wrote the "Book of Filial Piety".
(2) Three Provinces (xǐng): Reflection many times. Note: There are several explanations for the three provinces: one is multiple inspections; the other is inspections from multiple aspects. In fact, in ancient times, numbers were added before action verbs to indicate that the action was more frequent and did not need to be considered three times. Three: refers to multiple times. Conduct self-examination and reflection many times.
(3) Loyalty: The old note said: Doing one’s best is called loyalty. This means that you should do your best to others.
(4) Faith: The old note says: Those who believe are sincere. Honesty is called trust. People are required to keep trust with each other according to the provisions of etiquette to adjust the relationship between people. Meaning: sincerity, honesty
(5) Chuan Bu Xi: Chuan (the verb is used as a noun), the old note said: "Received from the teacher, it is called the transmission. The teacher taught it to oneself. Practice, and The word "xi" in "learn and learn from time to time" refers to review, practice, practice, etc.
Supplementary word explanation:
I: I. > Day: Every day.
Three: Many times.
Provincial: Check, reflect.
Plan: Plan.
Loyalty: Do your best.
Faith: Integrity.
Biography: The knowledge imparted by the teacher.
Lesson 3: Learning methods.
Confucius said: “One can become a teacher by reviewing the old and learning the new. " ("Wei Zheng")
Confucius said: "Reviewing the knowledge you have learned can gain new insights and experiences
With this, you can become a teacher. "
Explanation of key words: Note: There are two interpretations of "reviewing the past to learn the new" in this chapter. One is "reviewing the past to learn the new": reviewing what you have heard and gaining new insights from it; The second is "reviewing the past and learning the new": on the one hand, we need to review the classics and stories, and on the other hand, we strive to acquire new knowledge.
I think merging these two solutions may be more complete: within the scope of ability. Within this period, read as many classics as possible and think over their meanings. You should also review the knowledge you have heard regularly so that you can gain insights and insights. You should also try your best to absorb new knowledge. In this way, you can expand the field of human knowledge and retreat. The wisdom of the sages can also be given the significance of the times. In this way, integrating the old with the past and understanding the past can be called "reviewing the past and learning the new".
Some scholars think that the interpretation of "reviewing the past and learning the new" is not appropriate. , because according to the literal interpretation, just absorbing ancient and modern knowledge without understanding the experience is just like a trader of knowledge, which is not enough to be a teacher. So let's take a look at the meaning of "teacher" in the Analects*. **Seen in Chapter 14, the meaning is similar to today's teacher.
Therefore: old knowledge (the adjective is used as a noun)
And: conjunction, indicating succession.
Know: understand.
Can:
By:
Other word explanations:
Review the past and learn the new (idiom):
Please note that it is not the review of the past to learn the new
Explanation: review: review; therefore: review the old. Old knowledge can gain new understanding and experience. It also means that recalling the past can better understand the present.
From: "The Analects of Confucius": "Reviewing the past and learning the new can become a teacher." "Han Bangu's "Dongdu Fu": "It is difficult to review the past and learn the new, but there are only a few people who know virtue. ”
Example: ~ is an important method of learning.
Grammar: linkage; used as predicate and attributive; used for study, work or other purposes
Lesson 4: The Dialectical Relationship between Learning and Thinking
Confucius said: “Learning without thinking is useless, thinking without learning is perilous. "("Wei Zheng")
Confucius said: "If you only study without thinking
you will feel confused and at a loss; if you just think without learning, you will be confused and gain nothing. ”
Explanation of key words:
Er: conjunction, indicating a turning point.
Er: conjunction, equivalent to "Ji" and "Bi".
p>
甔(wǎng): means "wandering", which means feeling confused and at a loss.
瀆(dài): This means harmful.
Originally. Duan talked about the dialectical relationship between learning and thinking, and believed that the two cannot be neglected.
The fifth point: learning attitude Knowing it, not knowing it means not knowing it, this is knowing (zhì). "("Wei Zheng")
Confucius said: "Zhong Yu, let me teach you the attitude towards knowing and not knowing! Knowing means knowing, not knowing means not knowing. This is smart. .
”
1. Teach your daughter what she knows!
Teach you the correct attitude towards knowing or not knowing! (Yang Bojun’s "Analects of Confucius Translation and Annotation")
2. Teach a girl to know!
Let me tell you what it means to seek knowledge! (Li Zehou's "The Analects Today")
3. Teach a girl to know!
I Let me teach you how to know! (Qian Mu's "New Interpretation of the Analects")
4. Teaching, do women know?
Education (teaching), do you know? (Nan Huaijin) "The Analects of Confucius")
5. Teaching women, do you know it?
Do you know all the knowledge I teach you? (Xu Zhigang's "The Analects of Confucius")
6. Teaching women knows what it is!
Do you understand what (I) taught you? (Xue Jinxing's "Comprehensive Explanation of Middle School Student Textbooks")
7. Let me teach you, do you understand this truth? (Yang Rungen's "Discovering the Analects")
Confucius said: "Zhong Yu, teach you the attitude towards knowing and not knowing: knowing is Knowing and not knowing means not knowing - this is wisdom.
Explanation of key words:
Female: The pseudo-character "女" is connected with "Ru", you.
Zhi (zhì): Tong "Zhi" This word refers to "It is Zhi (Tong "Zhi" zhì)": Tong "Zhi" is smart and wise.
Zhi: To teach on behalf of Confucius
Teaching: To teach, to pass on.
Hu: phonetic particle.
Origin: Zhong Youzi (Zilu) (542 BC - 480 BC) was a native of Bian (now Bianqiao Village, Quanlin Town, Sishui County, Shandong Province) in the state of Lu during the Spring and Autumn Period. He was a favorite disciple of Confucius and was famous for his political affairs.
Understanding of this paragraph: Confucius said this to mean that you should be cautious in your words and deeds, and do not exaggerate your knowledge and abilities. Be honest and humble, don't pretend to understand.
The Sixth: Learning Attitude
Confucius said: "When you see the virtuous, you should think about them; when you see the virtuous, you should introspect yourself." ("Li Ren")
Confucius said: "When you see a talented person (a person with both ability and political integrity), you learn from him, hoping to be like him; when you see an unworthy person, you reflect on whether you have the same shortcomings as him and want to correct them."
Explanation of key words:
Thinking: hope
Thinking.
Reflection: Refers to introspection to see if there are the same problems.
Qi: To be on the same page
Xian: A person with both ability and political integrity
Yan: Modal particle at the end of the sentence
Understanding of this paragraph: To be respectful Everyone should pay attention to learning anytime and anywhere. Learn with an open mind, learn from others, and learn from each other's strengths.
The Seventh: Learning Attitude
Confucius said: "When three people walk together, they must have a teacher from me. Choose those who are good and follow them, and change those who are not good." ( "Shuer")
Confucius said: "When several people walk together, there must be someone who can be my teacher. I must choose their strengths to learn from. If I see We must reflect on their shortcomings to see if we have the same shortcomings as them, and if so, we must correct them together.”
Explanation of key words:
There must be a teacher among them: there must be one among them. There are people who can be my teachers. Yan is equivalent to "in it", which means "in it".
Three: refers to multiple times in general;
Yan: also refers to the word "Yu Zhi", where;
Zhi: refers to choosing the good one and following it Zhi: To replace the good;
Zhi: The word refers to the bad and change it: to replace the bad.
Article 8: Cultivate oneself and be a good person
Zengzi said: "A scholar cannot be without great perseverance. The responsibilities are heavy and the road is long. Benevolence is one's own responsibilities. Isn't it also important? After death, it is not Is it far away?" ("Taibo")
Zengzi said: "An ambitious person must have a broad mind and a firm will, because he shoulders a great mission (or responsibility) and the journey is long. Far away. Isn’t it important to regard the realization of the ideal of benevolence as one’s mission? Isn’t it also very far away to stop until death?”
Word explanation:
Hongyi: broad-minded, strong-willed: strong, courageous
Benevolence: here refers to the Confucian concept of treating others with respect and kindness
Ended: Ended
Chapter 9: Cultivate oneself and be a good person
Confucius said: "When the year is cold, you will know that the pines and cypresses will wither." ("Zihan")
Confucius said: "Until the coldest season of the year
p>Only then did I realize that pines and cypresses (bǎi) are the last to lose their leaves. " Profound meaning: In order for people to withstand the test of time, pine and cypresses are also used as metaphors to express that people should have a persevering character!
Zhi: The zhi here is a structural particle. It is used between the subject and the predicate to cancel the independence of the sentence and become a partial structure. It is not translated or is reluctantly translated as "的".
Suihan: the cold season of the year
Deep winter
Then (ancient and modern words): then, after. The meaning is explained separately. Of course, this is it. Later, later.
Shi: An ambitious person.
Understanding of this paragraph: This paragraph uses the metaphor of withering after pines and cypresses to describe a social phenomenon of being unyielding, not following the trend, maintaining integrity, and perseverance.
Article 10: Cultivating oneself and being a good person
Zigong asked: "Is there any person who can say something that can be implemented throughout his life?" The Master said: "Forgive me! Do what you don't want others to do. "Don't do it to others." ("Wei Linggong")
Zigong asked: "Is there one word that can be practiced throughout life?" Confucius said: "That is probably the word 'forgiveness'!" Don’t force things on others that you don’t like.”
Explanation of key words:
One word: one word.
Action: follow.
Qi Shu Hu: Qi: Probably, maybe. Forgiveness: Use your own heart to infer the hearts of others, which refers to the Confucian philosophy of treating others with kindness and kindness.
Desire: like, want. want (something to do).
Shi: Apply.
It: Probably
Comment on this paragraph: "Don't do to others what you don't want others to do to you" means don't do to others what you don't want to do to others. It has positive significance in today's social moral cultivation and has become a cautionary motto.