[Edit this paragraph] Ancient poetry style, also known as ancient style.
As the saying goes: Tang Poetry and Song Poetry Yuan Qu.
The ancient poetic style before the Tang Dynasty is a poetic style that does not pay attention to meter and has no limitation on the number of words and sentences. After the Tang Dynasty, due to the appearance of modern poetry, poets deliberately imitated the writing style of ancient poetry in the Han, Wei and Six Dynasties in order to distinguish ancient poetry from new metrical poetry, and restricted it in some aspects, thus forming a fixed pattern of ancient poetry in the Tang Dynasty. As a result, the completely free poetic style before the Tang Dynasty was changed into a semi-free poem between metrical poetry and free poetry.
The number of words and lines in classical poetry;
Classical poetry has no fixed verse and style. All ancient poems are classified according to the number of words in the poem. Four-character ancient poems are referred to as four-character ancient poems for short; Five-character ancient poems are referred to as five-character ancient poems for short; Seven-character ancient poems are referred to as seven-character ancient poems for short. Four-character poems were adopted by people as early as the Book of Songs. But it gradually declined in the Tang Dynasty, and few people wrote it. Therefore, ancient poetry is still expressed in five words and seven words.
Five-character ancient poetry is the orthodoxy of ancient poetry, and many people write it.
Seven-character ancient poetry is not the mainstream of classical poetry, because it originated late. Therefore, the seven-character style is greatly influenced by the seven-character modern poetry.
Five-character ancient poems and seven-character ancient poems are both ancient poems with neat words. There is also a kind of ancient poetry with mixed words, and the length between the lines is different and uneven.
[Edit this paragraph] Common sense of ancient poetry
1. Rhyming: rhyming words at the end of a verse sentence, such as Li Bai's Thoughts on a Quiet Night, are there already frosts at the foot of my bed? Looking up, I found that it was moonlight and sank again, and I suddenly remembered home. The land of light and frost is rhyme. Usually the third sentence doesn't rhyme, but there are also poems with irregular rhymes (such as looking at Tianmen Mountain).
2. Rhyme: Poetry rhymes to make the tone harmonious and beautiful. For example, Li Bai's "Silent Night Thinking" uses rhyme.
3. The structure of metrical poems: * * eight sentences, with one or two sentences as the head couplet, three or four sentences as the parallel couplet, five or six sentences as the neck couplet and seven or eight sentences as the tail couplet.
4. The rhythm and rhythm of ancient poetry:
Judging from the sentence pattern, the four words of ancient poetry are generally two and two; Five words are two, two and one; These seven characters are two, two, two, one,
In a sense, sometimes there are special circumstances due to ideographic needs, such as: Shila | Wuyue | Gai | Chicheng, which becomes Type II, II, I and II.
Because there are no punctuation marks in ancient poems (punctuation marks were added by later generations), one line is one sentence.
[Edit this paragraph] Two poetic sentences in middle school textbooks
On the Style of Ancient Poetry —— Also on the Two Poetic Styles in Middle School Textbooks
There are many styles of ancient poems in China, and there are different views on the classification and appellation of ancient poems. Especially for Yuefu, ancient style and ballad poetry, it is even more confusing. Because, from the formal point of view, Yuefu style and ancient style are both five-character styles, and seven-character ancient poems and ancient songs are all seven-character styles, so it is difficult to distinguish them. But since ancient times, people have unanimously recognized their differences in content, technique and style, and established their names.
In the second topic "Discussion and Practice" of Five Poems of Grade Eight (Volume II) published by People's Education Press, it is said that "The hut was blown down by autumn wind" and "A song to bid farewell to the field in the snow-secretary Wu goes home" are all poems with free form, fluent language and unrestrained style. Please talk about the similarities and differences between these two poems from the aspects of sentence pattern, narration and lyricism. "
The ninth grade (1) knowledge composition "How to read" said: "Du Fu's" Shi Qu Guan "has a wide meter, which is called ancient style ..."
The name here doesn't conform to the habit. People used to call Du Fu's Caotang "an ancient poem with seven words", while Cen Can's Bai Xuege was called "a poem with seven words". The editor also clearly saw the difference between the two poems, so this problem arose. Although Du Fu's "Three Officials and Three Farewells" are all five-character poems, people are used to calling Shi Hao officials "new Yuefu" instead of "ancient style". In order to understand this problem, it is necessary to make a brief review of the style of China's ancient poems.
China's earliest poetic style was The Book of Songs with four characters, and then the Chu Ci style represented by Qu Yuan's Li Sao (also known as Sao Style Poetry) appeared, which lengthened sentence patterns with the conjunction "zhi" and the modal particle "xi", such as "Xi, the descendant of Emperor Levin" (Li Sao) and "Wu Gexi is wearing a rhinoceros armour". Therefore, The Book of Songs and Songs of the South became the source of China's poems.
In the Han Dynasty, Yuefu, an organization specialized in collecting all kinds of poems and songs, appeared, and the most influential one it collected was folk poems, which we can still see today. Its biggest feature is strong reality, popular and lively, and its form is mainly five words. For example, the long songs in the eighth grade (1) textbook and "Drinking Horses in the Cave of the Great Wall" and "Joining the Army in the Tenth Five-Year Plan" in the high school textbook are authentic Han Yuefu. The content and style of Yuefu folk songs in Han dynasty influenced the poetry creation of literati at that time and later generations. By the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, there were 19 ancient poems representing the maturity of literati's five-character poems, which absorbed many characteristics of Yuefu folk songs and promoted the development of ancient poetry. Especially in Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties and Tang Dynasty, the development and evolution of Han Yuefu formed two main forms.
One is "Ancient Yuefu" (also called "Old Yuefu"), which was created by literati with simulation. It borrows the title of Han Yuefu and writes new contents, just like old bottles and new wine, such as Cao Cao's Out of Xiamen (Part VII), Yang Jiong's Joining the Army and Li He's Wild Goose Gate. The characteristics of these poems are that although they follow the theme of Han Yuefu, the content is new and related to the original theme, such as "joining the army" related to military affairs, and "wild goose gate satrap" related to frontier fortress. The content of literati's quasi-Yuefu changed from narrative to lyrical in Han Dynasty. In terms of form and technique, it draws lessons from its vulgarity and elegance, adds literati color and improves artistic taste. Ancient Yuefu has two forms: five words and seven words. Seven-word Yuefu, an ancient poem, was first seen in Cao Pi's Ge Yan Xing in the Three Kingdoms Period, and it was not until Bao Zhao in the Qi and Liang Dynasties in the Southern Dynasties that he wrote Quasi Difficult Travel (18) and so on. Yuefu poems can be sung, and the seven-character Yuefu style is mainly chanting. In terms of content and length, it is generally long, and it is like flowing water when chanting. It can freely change the rhythm, making its content changeable, its structure turning, its momentum magnificent and its feelings colorful. This kind of poetic style is suitable for carrying large ideological content and expressing warm feelings. It not only has the characteristics of the popularity and liveliness of ancient Yuefu, but also focuses on expressing the voices of literati. Its form is mainly seven-character sentence pattern, and the miscellaneous words are colorful and cadenced, so people also call it "Gexing Style".
The other is mainly to learn from the narrative-oriented, realistic content characteristics and simple and popular expression characteristics of Han Yuefu to reflect the social reality at that time and attract people's attention to society. It no longer borrows the original name of Han Yuefu, but is named according to the different contents of the event. The so-called "life-threatening, hard to see." In the Tang Dynasty, Du Fu was concerned about state affairs and reflected the social reality before and after the Anshi Rebellion with his pen. He wrote many such poems, such as Chedian (high school), Sanguan (Tongguan official, Xin 'an official and Shihao official) and Sanbie, which mainly inherited the tradition of Han Yuefu in essence. Later, Yuan Jie, Gu Kuang and other poets also wrote such poems. In the middle Tang Dynasty, realistic poets such as Bai Juyi and Yuan Zhen, in order to save the decline of the country at that time, used their own poems to reflect the shortcomings of social reality, so as to attract the attention of the rulers, vigorously advocated these poetic forms of Du Fu and Yuan Jie, and launched the "New Yuefu Movement" with the title of "New Yuefu". They themselves have written many "new Yuefu", with five or seven sentences in form. For example, Bai Juyi's "Looking at Wheat Cutting" (Part 9), selling charcoal Weng, Xinfeng folding arm Weng and Du Lingcuo are all narrative and popular "new Yuefu style". Answer in the Bamboo Grove said: "Ancient poetry and Yuefu have been divided since the Han and Wei Dynasties. Yuefu syllables don't pass on, and the Tang people borrow old topics and new meanings every time. At least Ling doesn't attack old topics, such as "Three Officials" and "Three Farewells", which are really Yuefu. " (Continuation of Poems in Qing Dynasty, 2225 pages, Shanghai Ancient Books Publishing House, 1983) Briefly points out the characteristics of new Yuefu poems.
There is another situation in literati's study of Han Yuefu, which mainly introduces the characteristics of Yuefu poetry into lyric ancient poems, reflecting the characteristics different from the previous five-character ancient poems. The representative work is Li Bai's "Ancient Style" (58 poems). From the formal point of view, "ancient style" is no different from five-character ancient poetry, but the lyrical content and way are different. When answering the difference between Yuefu and classical poetry in Zhao Zhixin's Yinpu in Qing Dynasty, he said: "There is a great difference between sound and emotion, and it takes more than half a minute to understand it here." (Qing Shihua 132, Shanghai Ancient Books Publishing House 1963) "Sound and emotion" refers to the difference in content, emotion and charm. "Ou Bei Shi Hua" further pointed out: "Beggars' Yuefu is more committed to women's thoughts, and violets are deeper than Yuefu, so they can also inspire couples to bid farewell to the injured. However, they are all subtle and ancient ... they are short and meaningful, leaving a legacy of national style directly. Shaoling has no such taste. " It can be seen that Du Fu's "new Yuefu" is different from Li Bai's "ancient style", although both are influenced by "Han Yuefu". In the collection of Tang poems, there are very few directly labeled "ancient style". "Ancient Style", "Five Words Ancient Style" and "New Yuefu" are free in form and don't talk about meter, so there is no problem of "wide meter".
There are also two situations when the seven-character song style developed to the Tang Dynasty. Because "metrical poetry" appeared in the Tang Dynasty (also called "modern poetry" to distinguish it from "ancient poetry" that didn't talk about metrical poetry before), one kind deliberately introduced some syntax and techniques of metrical poetry into ancient poetry, and the other kind deliberately avoided it. Traditionally, people refer to the former as "Seven-character Song Style" and the latter as "Seven-character Ancient Poems".
On the basis of inheriting the magnificent poetic style of Qi and Liang Dynasties in the Southern Dynasties, some poets in the early Tang Dynasty tried to introduce the sentence patterns and antithesis of seven-character rhythmic poems into their singing style, resulting in such famous works as Lu's Ancient Meaning Chang 'an, Luo's Poems on the Palace and Zhang's Moonlit Night on the Spring River, which are magnificent in length and momentum, and their scattered sentences are mixed with metrical and antithesis, reflecting the vast society. In the prosperous Tang Dynasty, Gao Shi and others wrote a large number of frontier poems on this theme, such as Gao Shi's Travel, Cen's Bai Xuege Farewell to Wu Gui (eight times) and Ben Ma He Song Farewell to Feng, the general of the Western Expedition (nine times). These poems give full play to the characteristics of "early Tang style", with rich and magnificent content, unrestrained feelings, magnificent images, diverse techniques and unique language. In the middle Tang Dynasty, Bai Juyi and others incorporated narrative elements into this style and wrote such famous works as Song of Eternal Sorrow and Pipa Story. Seven-character quatrains have made new progress. Until the early Qing Dynasty, Wu (No.Meicun) wrote Yuan Yuan Qu, He Yong Palace Ci, Xiao Shi Qing Men Qu, and Listening to the Female Taoist Bian Yujing Playing the Piano in this poetic style. He praised history with poems, paid more attention to skills in form, used colorful words, and formed a colorful and changeable artistic style, which was beautiful and touching, and even sung in seven words. By the end of the Qing Dynasty and the beginning of the Republic of China, Wang Guowei and others had written poems such as The Summer Palace Ci in this style.
On the other hand, poets such as Du Fu and Han Yu consciously avoid the syntax and sentence patterns of metrical poems in the seven-character Yuefu style, so as to reflect the quaint and simple style, and use more loose sentences and three-level endings (such as "San Mao", "Changlinding", "Shen Chi" and "sigh"). In terms of content and style, this kind of poetry is often based on realistic themes and deep and depressed feelings, which is different from the rich romantic color of the previous kind of songs. However, it pays attention to the grandeur of content, the boldness and agitation of momentum and emotion, and the changeable structural transition, which conforms to the overall characteristics of the seven-character style. For example, Du Fu's Autumn Wind Breaking the Cottage (eight times), Li Yi's Going to the Temple of Heaven to See the Sea at Night, Han Yu's Mountain Rock, Lu Tong's Poem of Eclipse, Mid-Autumn Festival Giving Zhang and Hengshan Temple Stopping, I'm going to write this poem at the gatehouse, and I'm going to urge you to send new tea, etc., all have such characteristics, which are customarily called.
There are many discussions about the difference between seven-character quatrains and seven-character ancient poems. In Liu Xizai's poems, the characteristics of these two types are divided into: "There are seven ancient poems, which can be said to be nearly two ancient poems. Close to the body, parallel, harmonious, beautiful and smooth; The ancient style is simple, awkward, thin and energetic. One is handsome and the other is muscular. This is the difference between Qi Liang and Han Wei, which is why the early Tang Dynasty and the prosperous Tang Dynasty are different. " (Continued on page 2436 of Qing Shi Hua) The "ancient" here refers to the seven-character ancient style similar to the "autumn wind breaking the thatched cottage song", which inherits the simple and substantial characteristics of ancient poems in Han and Wei Dynasties; "Jin" refers to the seven-character swan song style developed from the "early Tang style" and inherits the ingenious and beautiful characteristics of the Qi and Liang Dynasties. It can be said that this is the fruit of two different flavors on the big tree of seven-character Yuefu poems in the Han, Wei and Six Dynasties.
The above is probably the basic overview of China's ancient poetry, which, together with the modern poetry with strict meter in the Tang Dynasty, has become the basic form of China's ancient poetry.
There are many classic poems in Runwu.
A famous poet and sentence
Li Bai (70 1 ~ 762) is Taibai, a famous violet layman.
One day, I will ride the wind and waves, raise the Yun Fan and cross the sea. It's hard to go.
But since the water is still flowing, although we cut it with our swords and raise our glasses to drown our sorrows. Xie Tiao Building in Xuanzhou sends off the school book Shu Yun.
Since God has given talents, let them be used! As for the money, although it is scattered, it will get together again. Invite for a drink
Have you seen how the water of the Yellow River flows from the sky to the sea and never returns? Did you see that in the bright mirror of the high hall, lovely hair, though silky black in the morning, turned into snow "into wine" at night?
Oh, let a man with spirit take risks where he wants to go, and never point his golden cup at the moon empty! . Invite for a drink
The green hills on both sides are neck and neck, and a boat meets leisurely from the horizon. Wangtianmen mountain
My friend's sail shadow faded away and disappeared at the end of the blue sky, only seeing the first line of the Yangtze River and heading for the distant horizon. Farewell to Meng Haoran on the way to Yangzhou from Yellow Crane Tower.
On the high cliff, it seems to be thousands of feet high, which makes people think that the Milky Way has fallen from heaven to earth. Look at Lushan Waterfall
Floating clouds are like wanderers, like wandering, and the sunset slowly goes down the mountain, which seems to be nostalgic. See a friend off
Even if the Peach Blossom Pond is deep, it is not as deep as Wang Lun's sending away my love. A gift for Wang Lun.
White hair three thousands of feet, sorrow like a beard. Song Pu of Autumn
Raise my cup, I invite the bright moon, which brings me its shadow and makes us three people. Drink the moon alone.
The cries of apes on both sides of the strait are still unconsciously crowing in their ears, and the canoe has passed the heavy green hills. Baidi City was released in advance.
The foot of my bed is shining so brightly. Is there frost already? Thoughts?in?the?Still?of?the?Night
Bai Juyi (772 ~ 846), Han nationality, was named Lotte, posthumous title "Wen", and was a Buddhist in Xiangshan.
The long grass is so lush that the withered grass will thicken the color of the grass every autumn and winter. Wildfire can't burn it out, but the spring breeze can revive it. Weeds and wild flowers are all over the ancient road, and the end of the grass in the sun is your journey. I once again sent my bosom friend, and the thick grass represented my deep affection. Fu De Gu Caoyuan Farewell
The scenery in Jiangnan is very beautiful, and the picturesque scenery has long been familiar. At sunrise, the river is redder than fire, and in spring, the river is as green as blue. Can you forget Jiangnan? Jiangnan memory
Du Fu (A.D. 7 12-770) was a poet of the Tang Dynasty, Han nationality, whose real name was Shaoling Yelao.
Reading breaks thousands of volumes, and writing is like a god. Give Wei Zuocheng Twenty-two Rhymes
The wine and meat in Zhumen stink, and the road has frozen bones. "From Beijing to Fengxian, chanting 500 words"
Sad state, can not help but burst into tears, amazing birds, leaving sorrow and hate. What spring looks like.
The war lasted for more than half a year, and letters from home were rare, with a hundred thousand gold. What spring looks like.
Never thought, in this Jiangnan scenic area; It is the season of falling flowers, and I can meet you, an old acquaintance. Meet Li Guinian at the lower reaches of the river.
Four quatrains of "Two orioles singing green willows and egrets flying into the sky" (No.3)
Jiangshan bathed in spring, how beautiful, flowers send flowers. Two quatrains (Part I)
Song Xin don't hate thousands of feet, evil bamboo when chop. On the way to Chengdu Caotang, I will first send five poems to Gong Zheng (the fourth poem).
The butterflies in the flowers are dancing, and the soft yinger in freedom is just singing happily. Seven quatrains on finding flowers in one step by the river (6)
It was drizzling, and the fish jumped out of the water happily; The breeze is blowing gently, and the swallows slant across the sky. "Two Poems with Warm Hearts on the Waterfront (Part One)"
Sneak into the night with the wind, moisten things silently. Delighting in Rain on a Spring Night.
Try to climb to the top of the mountain: it dwarfs all the peaks under our feet. Wang Yue
Tonight, watch it alone from the window of her room. For our boys and girls, poor little baby, too young to know where the capital is. Her cloudy hair is sweet with mist, and her jade-white shoulders are cold in the moonlight. When can we lie on the screen again and look at the bright light and stop crying? ?
Su Shi (1037 ~ 1 1), known as the "Dongpo lay man", died at the age of 66.
If there are more dead beauties in the West Lake, C+ is so appropriate.
I can't recognize the true face of Lushan Mountain because I am there.
Two or three peach blossoms outside the bamboo forest and ducks in the water first noticed the warm spring.
The river of no return, a romantic figure with a long history.
When did the moon begin to appear? I take my glass from a distance. I hope people will live for a long time and have a good scenery thousands of miles away.
Wang Zhihuan (688-742) was named Ji Ling.
By going up one flight of stairs, look further.
The Yellow River is getting farther and farther away, because it flows in the middle of the Yellow River, and Yumenguan is located on a lonely mountain. Why use the elegy of willow to complain about the delay of spring, old Yumenguan, a spring breeze is not blowing!
Meng Haoran (689 ~ 740), Han nationality. His real name is Hao, and the word is awesome.
The vastness of the wilderness is deeper than trees, and the moon is very close to the moon.
How many flowers fall after a stormy night.
Wang Changling (690-756), Han nationality.
It is still the moon and border pass in Qin and Han dynasties, and the enemy has fought a protracted war. If Wei Qing, who attacked Longcheng, and Li Guang, the flying general, were alive today, the Huns would not be allowed to go south to spend their horses in Yinshan.
Yellow sand wears golden armor in hundreds of battles, but the loulan is not returned.
Friends, if my friends in Luoyang invite me; Just say I'm still Bing Xin Okho, and stick to my faith!
You and I went all the way to the green hills in the rain, at the top of the moon in both places?
Wang Wei (70 1-76 1), the word Momo.
Sincerely advise friends to drink a glass of wine, and it is difficult to meet their relatives when they go out to the sun.
No one can be seen in the silent valley, only the voice is heard.
It's too light for anyone to hear, except my partner, Mingyue.
People who want to miss them collect more, and Mix red beans have attracted people's attention.
I am a lonely stranger in a strange land, and I miss my family more often during the holidays.
Cen Can (about 7 15-770) was a poet in the Tang Dynasty.
The north wind swept across the earth and messed up Pennisetum, and the weather in August will be covered with heavy snow. Suddenly, like a night wind blowing, like a pear tree in bloom.
Liu Zongyuan (773-819) is thick.
There are no birds flying over those mountains, and there are no traces of people in those paths. A boat on the river, a fisherman wearing his webworm moth; Fishing alone is not afraid of snow and ice. Jiang Xue.
Liu Yuxi's Dream (772-842)
The mountain is not high, and the fairy is famous. The water is not deep, and the dragon is the spirit.
Since ancient times, I feel sad and lonely every autumn. I think autumn is more than spring. There is no one in the clear sky in Wan Li, and a crane, Ling Yunfei, has aroused my meditation on the blue sky.
Looking at Dongting from a distance, there is a green snail in the silver plate.
Rain in the east, sunrise in the east, said it was not sunny, but it was still sunny.
Since you are from the sky, and now you seem to fly directly to the Milky Way, please take me to the sky, gather in the Milky Way, and go to the home of Cowherd and Weaver Girl together.
Jia Dao (779 ~ 843) was a poet in the Tang Dynasty.
It's boring and has a history of one hundred years. People with lofty ideals are always pregnant, and good horses are full of days.
Everyone is not idle, who is a bosom friend? There are two lines of tears in my eyes, and I have already hanged three jade confessions.
Du Mu (803-852 AD), a native of Mu Zhi, was named Fan Chuan lay man.
If the east wind is not convenient for Zhou Yu, I'm afraid the outcome will be Cao Cao's victory and Er Qiao's detention in Tongquetai.
In the autumn night, candlelight reflected the screen, and Fan slapped the fireflies with his hand.
Jiangnan, the sound of green and red flowers, the waterside village in the foothills. More than 480 ancient temples were left in the Southern Dynasties, and countless pagodas were shrouded in wind and rain.
Mourning day, drizzle like tears; Pedestrians on the road want to die. Excuse me, where is the restaurant? The shepherd boy pointed to Xinghua Village.
Stop and sit in the maple forest late, and the frost leaves are red in February flowers.
Li Shangyin (about 8 12 or 8 13- about 858), Han nationality, from Yishan, Yuxi, also known as Fan Nansheng.
Sunset, infinitely beautiful, only near dusk.
Silkworms in spring will weave until they die, and candles will drain the wick every night.
There is no butterfly flying, but I feel the harmonious heartbeat of the sacred unicorn.
Ouyang Xiu (1007 ~ 1072), whose real name was Yongshu, was a drunkard, and in his later years he was named Liu Yiju, in posthumous title.
Yang Wanli (A.D. 1 127- 1206), named Ting Xiu, was also called Cheng Zhai Yeke.
The delicate lotus flower bud shows a sharp corner from the water, and a naughty little dragonfly stands on its head.
Lotus leaves will not turn green the next day, and lotus flowers are particularly bright red in the sun.
Young (? ) a famous writer.
Dewdrops wet the sand wall, and the dusk is silent.
Luyou (1125165438+1October1210 65438+1October 26)
I know that when I die, everything on earth has nothing to do with me. But the only thing that hurts me is that I failed to see the reunification of the motherland. Therefore, when the great Song Jun team recaptures the Central Plains, you will hold a home banquet ceremony. Don't forget to tell me the good news!
Tang Wanzi is immortal, and the year of birth and death is unknown.
The world is thin, human feelings are evil, and it is easy to fall when the rain is sent late. The breeze is dry, the tears are broken, I want to care, and I lean on the diagonal alone. Difficult! Difficult! Difficult!
People become different, today is not yesterday, and sick souls are often thousands of miles away. The bugle sounded cold, the night was dim, people were afraid to ask questions, and tears pretended to be happy. Hide. Hide. Hide.
Xin Qiji (1 140- 1207) was a poet in the Southern Song Dynasty at the age of 67. The original word Tanfu was changed to You 'an and Jia Xuan.
Li Qingzhao (1084 ~ about 1 155) was an outstanding poetess in the Southern Song Dynasty.