There are four common special sentence patterns in junior middle school classical Chinese: judgment sentence, ellipsis sentence, passive sentence and inversion sentence.
First of all, the verdict
Sentences that affirm or deny objective things and constitute the relationship between judgment and judgment are called judgment sentences. They usually consist of the following ways:
1. Judgment sentences expressed by function words with certain sentence patterns, such as borrowing "zhe" and "ye".
(l) Chen Shengsheng, a native of Yangcheng, also wrote Chen She's Family.
(2) the war, courage also "Cao Gui debate".
(3) Surrounding all the mountains of the Chu River, it is also called Zuiweng Pavilion.
(4) Xu Gong in the north of the city is also a beauty of Qi. Zou Ji satirized Wang Qi's incompetence.
With the help of words such as "Nai", "Yes", "Wei", "Ze", "Xi" and "Ben".
(1) Fu Su's Chen She Family
(2) Si's Humble Room Ming is Humble Room Ming.
(3) Xiang Yan is a general of Chu, Chen She family.
(4) This is also the grand view of Yueyang Tower.
(5) This is an example of Minister Zhen Liang's death.
(6) I am a cloth "model"
(7) This honest autumn is also a model.
3. Omitting "zhe" and "ye" and using only nouns or noun phrases as predicates is also a form of judging sentences in classical Chinese.
(1) Qilu Ku's Book of the Son of Heaven and Huang Sheng's Borrowing Books
(2) "Huang Sheng Borrowing Books", sweating and rich.
Second, ellipsis
Some sentences omit some components in a certain language environment. This kind of sentence is called ellipsis. Ellipsis in ancient Chinese is common in the following forms:
1. Subject omitted
(1) There are different snakes in the wild in Yongzhou. [Snake] Black and white, printed with "snake catcher's statement".
(2) [Peach Blossom Spring middleman] "Seeing the Fisherman" is a big surprise "Peach Blossom Spring"
2. Predicate ellipsis
(1) mustered up the momentum, then [drummed] and declined, and finally [drummed] and tired Cao Gui debate.
(2) Chen She established himself as a general and took Guangwu as his surname, Chen She family.
3. Object ellipsis
(l) Ambassador [Fu Su] Foreign generals "Chen She family"
(2) It is necessary for the fisherman to return to the home of Taohuayuan.
4. Preposition ellipsis
(l) The "Chen She family" in the belly of fish.
(2) Wu Lingren's Peach Blossom Spring is about fishing.
Third, passive sentences
In ancient Chinese, narrative sentences with passive subject-predicate relationship are called passive sentences. Generally, they have the following forms:
I use "for" and "for" to indicate passivity.
(1) Print "Trapp" obtained for Quncong.
(2) villages suffering from "early Zhou"
(3) Erchong tried his best to swallow "the fun of childhood"
2. Use "Wei+verb" to express passivity.
(1) Most of Wu Guangsu's lovers and foot soldiers are users "Chen She family".
(2) the rabbit can't be recovered, but just like Song's Waiting for the Rabbit.
3. Use "Yu" to express passivity.
(1) only humiliated by the slave "Ma Shuo"
(2) Thanks to "Le Gong Luo Cheng" by Wu Zong.
Fourth, inverted sentences
Inverted sentences in modern Chinese are to meet the needs of rhetorical expression. However, in ancient times, inverted sentences were normal syntax, so appropriate adjustments were sometimes made when translating classical Chinese. Inverted sentences in ancient Chinese usually have the following forms:
1. verb inversion
(1) What a pity! You don't appreciate Yugong Yishan.
(2) What is sad for the world is "the overseas Chinese of the public offer their pianos".
2. Preposition object
A. Use the auxiliary word "zhi" to advance the object
He Luzhi has "Humble Room Inscription"
B. interrogative pronouns are used as objects and placed before verbs or prepositions
Who will return to Yueyang Tower?
3. Attributive postposition
"Zhe" is often used as a marker in translation and placed before nouns.
(1) The records of the nuclear ship were written by those who stamped and narrowed the peach pit.
(2) A Ma Qianli, what you eat or do is all millet and stone "Ma Shuo"
(3) He led his children, grandchildren and grandchildren to form a "Yugong Yishan".
4. Postposition of prepositions and object phrases
It is equivalent to the adverbial in modern Chinese, and should be placed before the predicate when translating.
(1) Throw a bone on the wolf.
(2) Debate against Cao Gui.
(3) The "Chen She Family" who offered sacrifices to Wei Shou.
The above four special sentence patterns of classical Chinese are often encountered in junior high school classical Chinese learning. Mastering the usage of these special sentence patterns is of great help to improve our reading ability of classical Chinese.
Special sentence patterns in classical Chinese
passive sentence
The so-called passivity means that the relationship between subject and place is passive, that is, the subject is the passive and victim of the behavior expressed by the verb, not the active and implementer.
Passive with "for" table.
"A dead body and a dead hand make the world laugh." (... laughed at by the whole world)
Passive belt "quilt" table
"If you are loyal and slandered, can you complain?" (loyalty is vilified by others, can you not resent it? )
Passive use of "look" table
"... only see cheating" (... cheated for nothing)
Use "Yu" to indicate passivity.
"subject to people" (controlled by people)
"Can't tolerate distance." (can't be tolerated by neighbors)
In classical Chinese, the subject of a passive sentence is the passivity and patient of the behavior expressed by the predicate verb, not the initiative and agent. There are two main types of passive sentences in ancient Chinese: one is marked passive sentences, which are expressed by some passive verbs, and the other is unmarked passive sentences, also called ideational passive sentences.
Marked passive sentences generally have the following forms:
After the verb, the preposition "Yu" indicates passivity, and "Yu" plays an active role. For example, "So, Zheng Xiu was confused internally and Zhang Yi was bullied externally." (historical records. Biographies of Qu Yuan) The actions of "confusing" and "deceiving" here were issued after "Yu" with Zhang Yi.
Sometimes, the preposition "Yu" or verb is preceded by "Shou" to form the form of "Shou Yu", which means passivity. For example, "I can't afford the land of Jin and Wu, I am subject to people." (Purple Tongzhi Sword)
Use "see", "metaphor" and "see". Yu "to express passivity. For example, "Qin Cheng was afraid of not getting it, only seeing bullying" (biographies of Lian Po and Lin Xiangru in Historical Records), "I was afraid of seeing bullying the monarch and losing Zhao" (ditto) and "seeing the monarch violently" (Mencius, French).
"Sword" has a special usage, which is similar to the passive form of "sword", such as "Ji Junshi or sword rage" (answer Sima's suggestion). "See" here is not passive, it is a polite way to express how you are before giving a rich verb, just like "forgive me" in modern Chinese.
Will be merged by others. "("Zi Tongzhi Jian ")
Use "Bei" to express passivity. For example, "I remember being arrested and looking forward to Ding Mao in March." (Zhang Pu's Five-Man Tombs) Unmarked Passive Sentence. This situation refers to passive sentences without verbs. For example, "Jingzhou people attached symbols, forcing soldiers to listen to orders." ("Zi Tongzhi Jian") What is said here is "forcing soldiers."
passive sentence
Passive sentences are sentences that express passive meanings. In classical Chinese, some prepositions are often used to express passivity.
1. Use the prepositions "Yu" and "Suffering"
Then being an official today is outstanding. Once you make amends, or get away from it, you can't let it go far and near. (Zhang Pu's "Five Tomb Monuments")
The classics of the six arts have been handed down to people, regardless of time, learning from each other's strengths. (Teacher Han Yu's theory)
I can't afford to raise the whole land of Wu, raising hundreds of thousands of people and being subject to others. (Sima Guang Battle of Red Cliffs)
Step 2 use "for", "for"
For example:
With its decline, dozens of actors were trapped in prison, but they died in the country and laughed at the world. (Ouyang Xiu's Biography of Actors)
Wu Guangsu loves his lover, and his foot soldiers are mostly users. (Sima Qian's "Chen She Family")
If we don't leave soon today, we may get there first. (Sima Guang Battle of Red Cliffs)
With such a tendency, it was robbed by the power accumulated by the Qin people. (Su Xun's "On Six Countries")
If you don't do this, you will be caught. (The Hongmen Banquet by Sima Qian)
3. Use "see" and "see" in ...
When can I see it? Can I see it? (Cao Pi and Wu's Quality Book)
My parents laughed at this generous family. ("Zhuangzi Qiushui")
4. Use the preposition "Bei" to express passivity. For example:
I remember the arrest of Duke Zhou. (Zhang Pu's Five Tombstones)
All the participants were tied up. ("Shi Shuo Xin Yu Huannan County Good Hunting")
5. The verb itself is passive. This is an ideological passive sentence that needs to be judged according to the context. For example:
The creeping weeds are still unstoppable. Where's Kuang Jun's pet brother? ("Zuo Zhuan Zheng Boke Duan Yan Yu")
Fu Shuo was raised between buildings, and glue was raised in fish and salt ... ("Mencius was born in sorrow and died in happiness")
Judgement
Judging from the table of "zhe … ye"
"Chen Shengsheng is from Yangcheng." (Chen Sheng is from Yangcheng)
"Fang Ke is also the stationmaster of China Small Stack." (Fang Ke is the stationmaster of Chinese Small Stack website)
"Lian Po, Zhao Zhiliang will also." (Lian Po is a good soldier of Zhao)
At the end of the sentence, use "ye" to judge.
"Xu Gong in the north of the city is also a beauty of Qi." (Duke Xu in the north of the city is a beauty of Qi)
"You can be a genius." (You can be a genius)
Judging from the "zhe" table
"Only from China." (Only from China)
Judging from the "yes" table
"Managing money for the world is not for profit." (... can't say it's to make money)
Judging from the "Nye" table
"Yes, it's a wolf." (This is a wolf)
"Computers are high-tech equipment." Computers are high-tech appliances.
The most striking feature of classical Chinese judgment sentences is that they are basically not expressed by judgment sentences, and nouns or noun phrases are often directly used as predicates to judge the subject. Their sentence patterns are as follows:
"Zhe, Ye." This is the most common form of judgment sentence in classical Chinese. After the subject, "zhe" means Teton, which has a soothing effect. Use "ye" after the predicate to make a positive judgment or explanation of the subject. For example, "Chen She is from Yangcheng." (Historical Records)
Sometimes "zhe" and "ye" do not necessarily appear in the judgment sentence at the same time. If it is generally omitted, it is only judged by "leaf". For example, "Cao Cao is a thief in China, although he is a famous China native" ("Lessons Learned").
".Zhe,. Some judgments only use the word "zhe" after the subject to express Teton, which is not common. For example, "four people, Lu's, Changle Wang's father and Yu's father, are acting like pure men." (Wang Anshi's "You Bao Chan")
"Zheye" is used with the modal particle "Zheye" at the end of the sentence to strengthen the positive tone. At this time, "Zhe" didn't mention the meaning of rice, but acted as an agent. This kind of judgment sentence is also very common in classical Chinese, such as "Xu Gong in the north of the city, the beauty of Qi State" (Warring States Policy). Qice ")
An unmarked sentence. Some judgments in classical Chinese are unmarked, and nouns are judged directly. For example, "Liu Bei is the best player in the world." (Battle of Red Cliffs) In addition, in classical Chinese, adverbs such as "Nai, Bi, Yi Cheng, Jun, Ze" are often added before verb predicates to strengthen the judgment tone.
It should be noted that the word "yes" before the predicate in a judgment sentence is generally not a judgment sentence, but a demonstrative pronoun and the subject of the judgment sentence. However, the word "Shi" in some judgment sentences does not always indicate judgment. "Shi" was rarely used as a judgment word in ancient Chinese in the pre-Qin period, but more used as a judgment word after the Han Dynasty. There are also adverbs before positive judgment predicates and negative adverbs before negative judgment predicates.
A judgment sentence is a sentence that makes a positive or negative judgment on the nature, situation and relationship of things. The following forms are commonly used in classical Chinese to express judgments.
1. Use "zhe" or "zhe" table to judge. This is a typical form of judgment in classical Chinese. It is useful to use "zhe", in which "zhe" indicates pause and "ye" indicates judgment; There is a single use of "zhe" or "ye"; There is also a "this also" at the end of the sentence.
For example:
Chen Ye is from Yangcheng. (Sima Qian's "Chen She Family")
A teacher, so you also need to dispel doubts through preaching. (Han Yu, "Shi Shuo")
Four people, Lu's, Changle Wang's father, ... (Wang Anshi's Travel Notes of Baochan)
Ji Xiangxuan, the old South Pavilion. (Gui Youguang's Selected Records of Ji Xiang)
It takes courage to fight. ("Zuo Zhuan Cao Sentence Debate")
Lotus is also a gentleman among flowers. (Zhou Dunyi, "Love Lotus")
2. Use adverbs such as "Nai", "Ze", "Namely", "Quan" and "Er" to judge. This form is also more common. For example:
The founder is Fu Su's son. (Sima Qian's "Chen She Family")
This is the grand view of Yueyang Tower. (Fan Zhongyan's "Yueyang Tower")
Even those who happen to be in the grave today. (Zhang Pu's Five Tombstones)
Six countries, Qin Wei governors. (Su Xun's "On Six Countries")
3. Use the verbs "Wei" and "Yes" to judge. When judging the verb "yes", we should pay attention to the difference between it and the pronoun "yes". For example:
So, there are almost five people in the tomb today. (Zhang Pu's "Five Tomb Monuments")
Nowadays, man is a knife and I am a fish. Why should I resign? (Sima Qian's "Hongmen Banquet")
You ask what this world is, and I don't know if there are any Han Chinese, regardless of Wei and Jin Dynasties. (Tao Yuanming's Peach Blossom Garden)
Giant is a mortal, partial to the distant county, will be merged by others. (Sima Guang Battle of Red Cliffs)
Those who speak loudly in the stone are everywhere. (Pronouns, like this) (Su Shi's Shi Zhongshan Collection)
4. Use negative adverb "Fei" to express negative judgment. For example:
Six countries collapse, not bad soldiers, bad wars, bad Qin (Su Xun's "On Six Countries")
The city is not high, the pool is not deep, and the soldiers are not bloody ... ("Mencius, Tao helps more, Tao helps less".
5. Express judgment directly. You don't need to judge words or modal particles, you can judge directly through semantic expression. For example:
Liu Bei is a world hero. (Sima Guang Battle of Red Cliffs)
Liu Yuzhou's royal stomach. (same as above)
Adverbial Postposition \ Attributive Postposition
In modern Chinese, adverbials are placed before predicates, and if they are placed after predicates, they are complements. But in classical Chinese, the elements in complement are often understood by adverbials.
For example, the Hongmen Banquet: "The generals fought against Hebei and the ministers fought against Henan." "Playing Henan" means "playing Henan" and should be understood as "playing Henan". Textile promotion means "covering (crickets) with the palm of your hand".
In addition, there are some special phenomena, such as attributives after head words and quantifiers after nouns. Because it is not commonly used, it is not indicated.
Attributive post
In classical Chinese, some modifiers are often placed after the head word. For example:
So he led his offspring, He Dan, to test three husbands. (Liezi Gong Yu moves mountains)
How many people are unable to realize their ambitions during the castration, and how many in the world? (Zhang Pu's "Five Tombs")
The sound of stones is everywhere. (Su Shi's Shi Zhongshan Collection)
4. Postposition of prepositional structure. In modern Chinese, prepositional structure is often placed before verbs as adverbials, while in ancient Chinese, prepositional structure is often placed after complements. For example:
Green is taken from blue, and green is blue. ("Xunzi Persuasion")
Put two stones on the pool. (Su Shi's Shi Zhongshan)
A gentleman is knowledgeable, but taking part in daily activities can save himself. (Xunzi's "Encouraging Learning")
Before he was born in me, his knowledge of Tao was also fixed before me, so I can learn from him. (Teacher Han Yu's theory)
The alliance is an altar, offering sacrifices to the head of the commander in chief. (Sima Qian's "Chen She Family")
Verb inversion
In order to emphasize the predicate, the predicate is sometimes placed before the subject. This is only because of the need of language expression. For example, "Sorry, you don't like it!" "In addition, there are some special phenomena, such as attributive after the head word and quantifier after the noun. Because it is not commonly used, it is not obvious to click it.
Hey! If Yanzi's family is poor! ("Yan Zi Chun Qiu Yan Zi Ci Qian Jin")
Preposition object
Pronoun preposition object in negative sentences
This prepositional object must meet two conditions: first, the object must be a pronoun; Second, it must be a negative sentence, expressed by negative words such as "no", "no" and "mo". In this case, pronoun objects should be placed before verbs and after negative words.
For example, Shuo: "When I was three years old, I didn't want to take care of you." "I am willing to take care of you" should be understood as "I am not willing to take care of me." .
Pronoun preposition object in interrogative sentences
In classical Chinese, interrogative pronouns such as Who, He, Xi and An are often used before verbs.
For example, "The Hongmen Banquet": "Liang asked,' What is your majesty doing here?" "Fuck" should be understood as "fuck".
Preposition preposition object
In modern Chinese, prepositions are followed by objects to form an object-object structure, which is used to modify verb predicates. In classical Chinese, the preposition object is often placed before the preposition, forming the phenomenon of inverted sentences.
For example: "Yueyang Tower": "Guess! Who is Weiss? " "To whom" should be understood as "to whom".
Common prepositional object
In general, prepositional objects, everyone should pay attention to language sense.
Preposition object
In classical Chinese, the object of a verb or preposition is usually placed after the verb or preposition, but under certain conditions, the object will precede it. The conditions are as follows: first, in interrogative sentences, interrogative pronouns are objects and prepositional objects. In such a sentence, the object of a preposition is also a preposition. For example, "Is Pei Hongan there?" The key of this kind of sentences is interrogative pronouns as objects (such as who, he, Li, Hu, evil, An, Yan, etc.). It is worth noting that the object of the preposition "one" is more active, even if it is not an interrogative pronoun, it can be prepositioned. For example, "the rest is to remember, so." Preposition object, there are two points to pay attention to in this kind of sentence. One is negative sentences (there must be negative words such as "nothing", "nothing", "nothing", "nothing" and "nothing" in general sentences); Second, pronouns are used as objects. For example, the normal word order should be "Don't make promises when people are around" (Chen Shou's Biography of the Three Kingdoms and Zhuge Liang). Third, use "zhi" or "Shi" to bring the object before the verb and emphasize the object. At this time, "zhi" is only the symbol of prepositional object, which has no practical significance. For example, you can also add a range adverb "Wei" before the preposition object to form the format of "Wei is", such as "mercenary" and "obedient". Fourthly, in addition to the first case, there is another case, that is, when locative words and time words are used as objects, prepositional prepositional objects are sometimes prepositioned. For example, "Ye Wen sits south" (Historical Records. Xiang Yu Shu) means "Ye Wen sits south."
Preposition object
Preposition objects are very common. There are several situations. First, pronouns are used as objects in negative sentences, prepositional object.
In ancient times, people bullied others. Don't bully others (Su Shi's Shi Zhongshan Collection).
The weather is cold, the inkstone is hard, the fingers can't bend and stretch, and the Buddha is lazy. (Fu Lan) (Song Lian's Preface to Sending Dongyang 9)
First, the pronouns in interrogative sentences are the objects of verbs or prepositions, prepositional object. For example:
What is the king doing here? (Fuck) (Sima Qian's The Hongmen Banquet)
Pei Hongan is here? (In Ann) (ditto)
Why do children rely on it? (Stone Crane) (Peng Duanshu's "Learning")
Wes, who are we going home with? (With whom) (Fan Zhongyan's Yueyang Tower)
Why else would this book be here? (Why) (Sima Qian's The Hongmen Banquet)
One is to use "zhi" or "yes" to put prepositional object. For example:
If you don't know the sentence, you will be confused. (If you don't know the sentence, you won't be puzzled) (On Teacher Han Yu)