Ban Gu (32-92), a native of Fufeng Anling (now northeast of Xianyang, Shaanxi), was a famous historian and writer in the Eastern Han Dynasty. Ban Gu was born in a Confucian family, and his father Ban Biao and uncle Ban Si were famous scholars at that time.
Under the influence of his father and ancestors, Ban Gu was able to return to literature at the age of nine, recite poetry and fu, and entered imperial academy at the age of sixteen, reading widely and being proficient in Confucian classics and history.
In the 30th year of Jianwu (54 years), Ban Biao died, and Ban Gu moved back to his hometown from Luoyang, the capital city. On the basis of Ban Biao's biography of Historical Records, he began to write Hanshu with his younger brother Ban Chao. Later, Ban Chao joined the army, and Ban Gu continued to write, which lasted for more than 20 years and was basically completed when he met junior high school.
In the first year of Han Yongyuan (89), General Dou Xian led the army to the northern expedition to Xiongnu, and Ban Gu went out with the army as a corps commander to participate in military affairs. After the defeat, Shan Yu wrote the famous Feng Shanming. After Dou Xian usurped power and was killed, Ban Gu was implicated and died in prison at the age of 6 1 year.
Ban Gu wrote a lot in his life. As a historian, Hanshu is another important historical book in ancient China after Shiji, one of the first four histories.
As a lyricist, Ban Gu is one of the "four masters of Han Fu", and Er Du Fu pioneered the Kyoto Fu and was included in the first article of Selected Works. At the same time, Ban Gu was also a theorist of Confucian classics, and his White Tiger Yi Tong was a masterpiece of Confucian classics at that time, which made Chen Wei's divinity theorized and codified.
2. Cao Zhi
Cao Zhi (192-232 65438+ February 27th) was born in Qiao County (now Bozhou City, Anhui Province), in Dongwuyang (now Shenxian County, called Juancheng City), the third son of Cao Cao and Wu Xuanbian, who was Chen Wang before his death.
Cao Zhi was a famous writer in the Three Kingdoms period. As one of the representatives and epitomizers of Jian 'an literature, he was promoted to the position of a model article in the Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties. His representative works include Luo Shen Fu, White Horse, Seven Wounded Poems, etc.
Because of his literary attainments, later generations are called "Three Caos" with Cao Cao and Cao Pi. His poems are famous for their vigorous brushwork and gorgeous words, and there are 30 volumes left, which have been lost. Today, The Collection of Cao Zijian was compiled by Song people.
Cao Zhi's prose also has the characteristics of "appealing to both refined and popular tastes and elegant style", and its genre is rich and diverse, which makes him make outstanding achievements in this respect. Xie Lingyun, a writer in the Southern Song Dynasty, commented that "there is only one stone in the world, and Cao Zijian monopolizes eight fights".
3. Wang Bo
Wang Bo (about 650-676), Zi 'an, Han nationality, was a writer in the Tang Dynasty. Longmen (now Hejin, Shanxi Province), a native of Gujiangzhou, was born in a Confucian family, and was called "Wang Luo" and "four outstanding men in the early Tang Dynasty" with Yang Jiong and Lu.
Wang Bo was smart and studious since he was a child. According to Old Tang Book, he was able to write articles at the age of six, and he was known as a "child prodigy". At the age of nine, I read Yan Shigu's Notes on Hanshu and wrote ten volumes of Finger Defects to correct my mistakes.
At the age of sixteen, he was appointed Saburo at the request of Su You Branch. He was kicked out of Pei Wang Fu for "cockfighting". After that, Wang Bo spent three years traveling in Bashu mountains and rivers and wrote a lot of poems. After returning to Chang 'an, he asked Zhou Guo to join the army.
When he joined the army, he was demoted twice for killing government slaves privately. In August of the 3rd year of Shang Dynasty (676), Tang Gaozong returned from visiting his father and drowned across the sea.
He is good at five laws and five unique skills, and his representative works include "Farewell to Vice Governor Du to Shu". The main literary achievement is parallel prose, which is the best in quantity and quality. His masterpiece is Preface to Wang Teng Pavilion.
4. Li Bai
Li Bai (70 1-762), whose real name is Taibai, also known as "purple laity" and "fallen fairy", was a great romantic poet in the Tang Dynasty, and was praised as "poetic fairy" by later generations, and was also called "Du Li" with Du Fu. In order to distinguish himself from two other poets, Li Shangyin and Du Mu, that is, "Little Du Li", Du Fu and Li Bai merged again.
According to the Book of the New Tang Dynasty, Li Bai is the ninth grandson of Gui Li, the king of Liang, and he is a descendant of all kings. He is cheerful and generous, loves to drink and write poems, and likes to make friends.
Li Bai was deeply influenced by Huang Lao's idea of sorting out villages. Li Taibai's poems have been handed down from generation to generation, and most of his poems were written when he was drunk. His representative works include Looking at Lushan Waterfall, it is hard to go, Difficult Road to Shu, Entering Wine, Liang, The First Building of Baidicheng, etc.
There are biographies of Li Bai's Ci and Fu in the Song Dynasty (such as Wen Ying's Xiang Ji). As far as its pioneering significance and artistic achievements are concerned, Li Bai's Ci Fu enjoys a high status.
5. Liu Zongyuan
Liu Zongyuan (AD 773-AD 8 19165438+1October 28th), a native of Hedong (now Yongji area in Yuncheng, Shanxi Province), was one of the eight masters in the Tang and Song Dynasties, and was known as "Liu Hedong" and "Mr. Hedong" in the Tang Dynasty.
Liu Zongyuan and Han Yu are called Liu Han, Liu Yuxi is called Liu Liu, and Wang Wei, Meng Haoran and Wei Wuying are called Wang Meng.
Liu Zongyuan left more than 600 poems in his life, and his achievements in writing were greater than poems. There are nearly a hundred parallel essays, and the essays are rational, sharp and ironic. There are many places where scenery is described in travel notes, such as Collection of Mr. Hedong, with representative works such as Xiju, Jiang Xue and Fisherman.
6. Su Shi
Su Shi (1037 65438+ October 8th, Yi Shuo10361219-101August 24th).
In the second year of Jiayou (1057), Su Shi was a scholar. Song Shenzong worked in Fengxiang, Hangzhou, Mizhou, Xuzhou and Huzhou. In the third year of Yuanfeng (1080), he was demoted to be the permanent assistant ambassador of Huangzhou because of Wutai poetry case.
After Song Zhezong acceded to the throne, he served as a bachelor of Hanlin, a bachelor of reading and a minister of rites, and was well known in Hangzhou, Yingzhou, Yangzhou and Dingzhou. In his later years, he was exiled to Huizhou and Danzhou because of the ruling of the New Party. Song Huizong was granted amnesty and returned to the north, where he died. Song Gaozong posthumously awarded a surname, posthumous title "article".
Su Shi was a literary leader in the mid-Northern Song Dynasty, and made great achievements in poetry, ci, writing, calligraphy and painting. Vertical and horizontal text; Poetry has a wide range of themes, fresh and healthy, uses exaggerated metaphors and has a unique style. Also known as "Su Huang" with Huang Tingjian.
Ci is an uninhibited school, and Xin Qiji is the representative of the uninhibited school, also known as "Su Xin"; Prose writing is rich and unrestrained, and he is also called "Ou Su" with Ouyang Xiu, and is one of the "Eight Masters in Tang and Song Dynasties". Su Shi's good book, one of Song Sijia; He is good at literati painting, especially ink bamboo, strange stones and dead wood.
His works include Seven Chapters of Dongpo, Dongpo Yi Zhuan, Dongpo Yuefu, Xiaoxiang Bamboo Stone Atlas, Ancient Wood and Strange Stone Atlas, etc.
7. Ouyang Xiu
Ouyang Xiu (65438+August 20071-1September 22, 072), whose real name is Yongshu, was born in Yongfeng, Jizhou (now Yongfeng County, Ji 'an City, Jiangxi Province), and was a politician and writer in the Northern Song Dynasty.
Because Jizhou originally belonged to Luling County, it called itself "Ouyang Xiu of Luling". Posthumous title Wenzhong, a bachelor of Hanlin, a deputy envoy of the Council and a political adviser, is called Ouyang Wenzhong. Tired of giving a surname and a duke of Chu.
Together with Han Yu, Liu Zongyuan, Su Shi, Su Xun, Su Zhe, Wang Anshi and Ceng Gong, they are called "Eight Masters in Tang and Song Dynasties", and together with Han Yu, Liu Zongyuan and Su Shi, they are called "Four Masters through the ages".
Ouyang Xiu was the first literary leader to create a generation of literary style in the literary history of the Song Dynasty. He led the poetry innovation movement in the Northern Song Dynasty, and inherited and developed Han Yu's ancient prose theory. His high achievements in prose creation and his correct theory of ancient prose complement each other, thus creating a generation of writing style.
Ouyang Xiu not only changed the style of writing, but also innovated the style of poetry. He has also made great achievements in historiography. He once majored in the Book of the New Tang Dynasty and wrote the History of the New Five Dynasties alone. There is a collection of works handed down from ancient times by Ouyang Wenzhong.
8. liuyong
Liu Yong (about 984- about 1053), formerly known as Sanbian, whose word is Jingzhuang, later renamed Liu Yong, whose word is Yi Qing, also known as Liu Qi, was born in Chong 'an, Fujian, a famous poet in the Northern Song Dynasty and a representative of graceful and restrained school.
Liu Yong was born in an official's family. He studied poetry when he was young and had the ambition to make a name for himself. In the fifth year of Xianping (1002), Liu Yong left his hometown and moved to Hangzhou and Suzhou, indulging in the romantic life of listening to songs and laughing.
In the first year of Dazhong Xiangfu (1008), Liu Yong went to Beijing to take the imperial examination, and failed repeatedly, so he devoted himself to writing lyrics. In the first year of Jing You (1034), Liu Yong was already in his twilight years. He served as the promotion officer of Zhou Mu Yong ying, the magistrate of Yuhang County, the judge of Xiaofeng Salinity, and the official of Sizhou, so he was called Liu wasteland.
Liu Yong was the first poet who made a comprehensive innovation in Song Ci, and also created the most tunes in Song Ci. Liu Yong worked hard to create slow ci, transplanted his fu method into ci, and at the same time made full use of vulgar language, which had a far-reaching influence on the development of Song ci with its unique artistic personality such as appropriate image, incisive description and plain line drawing.
9. Guan Hanqing
Guan Hanqing (formerly1234-about 1300), whose real name is unknown, whose real name is Zhai (also known as Zhai Zuo), was born in Xiezhou (now Yuncheng, Shanxi), but also in Dadu (now Beijing) and (now anguo city, Hebei).
The founder of Yuan Zaju, the first of the "Four Masters of Yuan Qu", is also called "Four Masters of Yuan Qu" with Bai Pu, Ma Zhiyuan and Zheng Guangzu. ?
Zaju achieved the greatest success, with 67 pieces, including 18 pieces (whether individual works were written by him is inconclusive), and Yuan is the most famous. Guan Hanqing also wrote many historical dramas, such as Single Knife Meeting, Single Whip for Focus, Dream of West Shu and so on. Today, there are more than 40 poems and 10 sets of Sanqu.
Guan Hanqing's image of "I am a copper pea that can't be steamed, boiled, boiled, fried or fried" ("A flower is not old") is also widely known as "Qu Sheng".
10, Yuan Haowen
Yuan Haowen (1 190 August10-1257 June12), word,No. Yishan. Taiyuan Xiurong (now Xinzhou, Shanxi) was born. Famous writers and historians from the late Jin Dynasty to Mongolia.
Yuan Haowen is intelligent since childhood and has the reputation of "child prodigy". Xuanzong of Jin Dynasty was Xuanzong for five years (122 1 year), and Yuan Hao asked Jinshi He. In the first year of Zheng Da (1224), after ranking first with macro characters, it was authorized to be edited by the National History Institute.
After the downfall of the Jin Dynasty, Yuan Haowen was imprisoned for several years. Returning to my hometown in my later years, I lived in seclusion at home and concentrated on writing. In the seventh year of Yuan Xianzong (1257), Yuan Haowen died at the age of 68.
Yuan Haowen is the main representative of northern literature in the confrontation period between Song and Jin Dynasties, the literary leader and the bridge between Jin and Yuan Dynasties. He was honored as "hero of northern literature" and "literary Sect". He is good at writing poems, essays, words and songs. Among them, poetry has the highest achievement, especially its "mourning poetry";
His ci is the best in the Jin Dynasty and can be compared with the famous artists in the Song Dynasty. Although his Sanqu was not handed down from generation to generation, it had a great influence at that time and had the merits of advocacy. There are the complete works of Mr. Yuan Yishan and Zhongzhou Collection.
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