( 1)
Ci, also known as qu ci, poetry, long and short sentences, etc. Ci entered a glorious period in the Song Dynasty, but its roots were in the Tang and Five Dynasties.
Ci was first conceived among the people. From the Sui and Tang Dynasties to the prosperous Tang Dynasty, Ci was mainly popular among the people, and occasionally it was contacted by elites. Scholars began to write ci, mainly in the middle Tang Dynasty. Wei, Wang Jian, Bai Juyi and Liu Yuxi are all excellent composers. Bai Juyi's "Recalling Jiangnan" "Jiangnan is good, and the scenery is old." Sunrise is better than fire, and spring is as blue as blue, so I can't forget Jiangnan. "It is a well-known masterpiece, but at this time, Ci has not been divorced from the poetic style, and the literati specializing in Ci creation has not yet appeared.
Wen was the first person to write ci. Wen Feiqing wrote more about women's beauty and dress mentality, and his rhetoric was gorgeous, which made Ci embark on a rich road. For example, his "Jiangnan Dream" "Don't hate, hate at the end of the world. I don't know what I'm thinking. Water and wind are empty. Yun Lan is swaying. " Scenery is used to set off the sadness of dissatisfied wife, and the artistic conception of scene blending makes the whole word deep and euphemistic, profound and beautiful. Wen Feiqing often quotes exquisite images in his poems, such as "glass pillow in crystal curtain, warm fragrance arouses dreams, mandarin duck brocade" and "do you really believe in birds and gold?" Sean Temple went to Wushan Wall ",which is consistent with China's poetic tradition. In the warm words, "lazy painting Emei, evening makeup and washing." "According to the front and back mirrors of the flowers, the flowers are face to face." It is often associated with Du Xunhe's "Bitterness in the erotic palace", "Knowing beauty and I am unfortunate, sighing in front of the mirror. How should I dress myself to please a picky emperor? "Du Xunhe expressed her feelings that her career was not smooth and her talents could not be displayed by the fact that her female beauty was not appreciated. Therefore, we often wonder whether Wen also borrowed the image of a self-loving woman to express his noble qualities. Although the author's intention is not inevitable, he pays attention to the technique of objective representation, but this coincides with Xing Xing's tradition of comparing Chu Sao, which greatly enriches the symbolic meaning of her words.
Wei Zhuang is as famous as Wen, but Wei Zhuang is different from Wen Feiqing. Wen Feiqing's ci is objective, and he is never directly narrated by the supervisor. Wei Zhuang's words are the opposite. For example, his lotus cup says, "I remember the flowers that year, late at night, when I first met my mother." There is time, place and situation, and writing so subjectively brings other changes to the words. The original words were sung at the banquet, and they were erotic songs without personality. Just find some nice words to fill in and let the beautiful geisha sing. It doesn't matter whether you have feelings or not, or whether you have sustenance or not. But when the word reached Wei Zhuang, it became a lyric poem with distinctive personality and strong subjectivity. For example, his Bodhisattva Man is like this. Wen and Wei Zhuang are two important poets who created the style of Huajian Ci. In terms of the image of words, it is warm and dense, but sparse; In terms of intention, it is warm and obscure, but it is obvious. The formation of Huajian Ci also marks the establishment of graceful Ci.
Warm words have no feelings, but will only give you associations from beautiful words; Wei Zhuang's ci is emotional, but it is often limited to specific events. Feng Yansi, the prime minister of Southern Tang Dynasty, was a poet who really wrote the most delicate feelings in people's hearts with delicate feelings. He wrote in "Magpie Tread" that "there are thousands of plum blossoms, and you are affectionate, learning from the snow and turning with the wind." An ancient poem said, "It is better to die holding incense in the branches than being blown into the north wind." Plum blossom is a noble flower. When it withers, it is "sentimental", which is exactly the character expression of Yan Feng. Yan Feng has a poem "Die Lian Hua", which describes the leisure caused by seeing new green every spring. At the end, "the independence bridge is full of sleeves, and Lin Ping crescent people return." You can also see the simple and elegant artistic conception, which means "a leaf boat, a bamboo coat, an old man fishing in the cold river-snow". These are typical literati words.
Li Yu and Yan Feng are both high-level poets, but as far as the status of Ci is concerned, Li Yu is above Yan Feng. Because Li Yu experienced the pain of national subjugation, Li Yu's later poems are characterized by expressing his feelings about life and hatred of national subjugation. Li Yu's Waves on the Sand: "The rain outside the curtain is gurgling, and the spring scenery is fading. Luozhou can't tolerate five more cold. I don't know if I am a guest in my dream, but I am greedy and happy. Independence does not depend on the fence, and it is infinite. It's easier to see when it's not. Running water in spring is heaven and earth. " By writing about the end of spring, I told the dreamlike past. He wrote in "Young Beauty": "How much sorrow can you have, just like a river flowing eastward." In this regard, Wang Guowei praised Li Yu, as if he had the meaning that "Sakyamuni Christ bears human sins".
What I have said above shows the evolution of the form of words from colorful songs in booze and dance to literary genre of lyrical and freehand brushwork by literati. If we simply summarize the characteristics of the ci style of these four poets, they are: the words of Wen are rich and colorful, giving people association; Wei Zhuang's ci is aesthetic, sad and subjective; Feng Yansi's ci is persistent and emotional; Li Yu's words are broad and broad, and he has a feeling of life. The study of pronouns in Tang and Five Dynasties should mainly start with the words of these four people.
(2)
Ci is a new poetic style that rose in the Tang and Five Dynasties and was sung with music. The earliest folk ci in Tang Dynasty was a tune found in Dunhuang. Literati Ci began in the middle Tang Dynasty. Li Bai's Bodhisattva Man, Memorizing Jiangnan, Zhang's Fishing Song, Wei's Douxu, Bai Juyi and Liu Yuxi's Memorizing Jiangnan are all earlier works. Early literati ci has a wide range of themes and short forms, and is generally characterized by freshness, clarity and liveliness. In the late Tang Dynasty, there were more and more literati and the art became more and more mature, and Chinese had the greatest influence. The theme of prose tends to be sentimental, the content is delicate, and the words are too elegant, such as Bodhisattva Man? The mountains overlap, "looking at Jiangnan from afar"? Wash up "and so on. In the Five Dynasties, Zhao Chongzuo edited Hua, which was headed by Wen and mainly composed of poets from Western Shu. Rich in content and sentimental, the form pursues algae decoration. Only the language of Wei Zhuang's Ci is beautiful, with a little content, such as Four Townships? Spring outing, Bodhisattva? Everyone says Jiangnan is good and so on. In addition, Niu Xiji's and Li Meng's ci also give people a fresh and cheerful feeling. Five pronouns are mainly concentrated in Jinling, the capital of the southern Tang Dynasty. Important writers are Feng Yansi, Li Jing and Li Yu. During the Tang and Five Dynasties, Feng Yansi left more than 65,438,000 words, most of which were pronouns. He wrote more about leisure and spring worries, and his language was fresh and fluent. He inherited and developed the style of graceful words, which had a great influence on Yan Shu, Ouyang Xiu and others in the Song Dynasty. There are four poems left by Li Jing, all of which have a strong sentimental sentiment. Li Yu was originally a monarch in the Southern Tang Dynasty. He wrote about the luxurious life of the court in his early years. After the Song Dynasty, most of the words he wrote were the enmity between home and country, with deep feelings, such as Yu Meiren? "When is the moon in spring flowers? Langtaosha? Rain outside the curtain, etc. Winning by painting, clear language and beautiful artistic conception, expressing one's thoughts and wishes with vivid images, expressing concrete life feelings, changing the style of ci among flowers, accumulating new experience in ci creation, opening up a new realm and playing an important role in the history of ci development. In addition to Huajian Collection, there are Zunqian Collection, Selected Poems of Hua 'an in Southern Song Dynasty, Poems of Past Dynasties by Shen in Qing Dynasty and Pronouns by Lin.
Wen was the first poet in the late Tang Dynasty and was known as the originator of Huajian School. The protagonist's activities in Wenci are generally confined to boudoir, and most of his works are colorful, delicate, dense and faint, representing poets, bodhisattvas and chivalrous people. Overlapping hills.
? Wen Ci established a fence of "Yan Ci" with the feelings of women before flowers and under the moon, and its soft fragrance style of carving red and cutting green also set a graceful tone.
In the late Tang dynasty, the situation was turbulent, but the western Shu was peaceful, and the monarch and ministers were drunk and indulged in dogs and horses. Hua Ji Jian is the earliest collection of literati ci compiled by Zhao Chongzuo in the post-Shu period, which embodies the standardization of ci style and lays the foundation for the development of ci style in the future.
Wei Zhuang is a poet of Western Shu who is as famous as Wen. Wei Ci and Huajian Ci have the same characteristics, such as charm, softness and elegance, but they are different from Wen in style. The difference between Wei Ci and Wen Ci lies in its clear brushwork and straightforward lyricism. Secondly, the images of literary words come and go, and one or two sentences can contain multiple meanings, while the words of Wei Ci are leisurely around one thing. For example, Wei Zhuang's masterpiece "Bodhisattva Man"? Everyone says that Jiangnan is good, which is not the same as the dense carving style of prose. Wei Ci presents a simple and natural style.
? Based on the appearance of Huajianji, these five pronouns can be divided into two periods, the former is concentrated in Sichuan Province and the latter in Southern Tang Dynasty. Poems in Southern Tang Dynasty have increased the true feelings of expressing life experience and attached importance to lyricism.
Feng Yansi, a poet in the Southern Tang Dynasty, paid attention to expressing the emotions and feelings of characters, which caused many inspirations and associations. Some of his poems only express a kind of artistic conception, such as "A Magpie Treading on the Moon", which expresses inner worries and hardships. The author frames the mood caused by the whole environment and ideological character, which provides readers with a broad imagination space. Compared with Huajian Ci, Feng Ci has a much broader connotation, which not only opened the style of Southern Tang Ci, but also influenced poets such as Yan Shu and Ouyang Xiu in Song Dynasty.
The word Li Yu made Wang Guowei say "change a musician's word into a scholar-bureaucrat's word". The ci style is divided into two periods with the national subjugation as the boundary. In the early days, the style of ci poetry was beautiful and soft, and it was dominated by indulgence and pleasure, and it did not break away from the habit of "flower". In the later period, because of the great changes in life, the poets sang a farewell song with tears of blood, making the king of the country "the king of poetry through the ages."
The main achievement of Li Yu's ci lies in its truthfulness and naturalness. It is characterized by being natural and lofty, not pursuing deliberate carving, which is quite different from the brushwork of Wen Ci, that is, it is more chic than the fresh and natural Wei Ci. For example, "Sand Waves" wrote in despair: "It's easier to see when you're away. It' s heaven and earth to go out in the spring. " The tragic summary of national subjugation and the devotion of true feelings can reveal a sincere and pure temperament between the lines, and there is no humble and trivial interest, so it is quite impressive in art. At the same time, his later ci works are desolate and tragic, with far-reaching artistic conception, which serves as a link between the past and the future in the history of ci, laying the foundation for Su and Xin's so-called "unrestrained school".
On the whole, Ci, initiated by the originator of Huajian School and strengthened by Li Yu, a poet in the Southern Tang Dynasty, further established the literary style with poetry as the main tone and tenderness as the main tone, and gradually formed the tradition of "Ci is colorful" with femininity as the aesthetic norm.
? The five pronouns are in the late Tang Dynasty, with a wider realm and deep affection. Especially in Li Yu, the change of words is more obvious. Hu Shi also said: "Lyrics and songs originated in Le Yan and often become frivolous. When Li Yu wrote his life story in sad words, deep sadness enhanced the meaning of the words. "
[reading]
1, selected poems of Ye Jiaying, a famous writer in Tang and Five Dynasties.
2. Mu Zhai wrote Gong Ling Ci: A History of Ci in Tang, Five Dynasties and Early Song Dynasty.
3. Zheng Zhenduo wrote A Brief History of Song Literature in Tang and Five Dynasties.
4. Collation of Zhao Chongzuo's Collection of Flowers (I)
5. Selected Poems of Tang and Song Dynasties from the Institute of Literature of China Academy of Social Sciences.
6. Selected poems of Long Yusheng, a famous poet in Tang and Song Dynasties (full version)
7. Wang Guowei wrote "Words on Earth"