Features:
(1) Pay attention to the use of allusions, such as Xiao Gang's "Fu Yue Fu Da Chui Shou": "When you hang your hand, you will be clumsy, and the swallow will be charming. Se's posture is led by the wind, and the light belt shakes with the situation. It's like Changsha, and it doesn't go back. " The "jiao in the palm" here refers to the palm dance. For details, please refer to the sentences of "Dancing Miscellaneous Dances" and "Luo Yi" in Six Holes and Six Sticks. For the sentence "Lei Yi", see Hanshu? Biography of King Jing XIII. This little poem has six sentences and as many as three allusions, which shows that the wind is very strong. (2) Pay attention to temperament "In Qi Yongming, Xie X, these scribes began to use four tones in their articles, thinking it was a new change. More beautiful than before. [15] In the next year, Shen Yue formally established the theory of "four tones and eight diseases" from the literary point of view, using the research results of predecessors' temperament, and according to the enlightenment of Buddhist scripture conversion and Sanskrit pinyin at that time, forming a poem of eternal Ming style, which is quite harmonious. For example, Xiao Gang's "Folding Willow" says: "Birds are crowded at night, the wind is light and flowers fall late." Has become a legal sentence. (3) Pursuing rhetoric: "The carvings are gorgeous and dazzling, especially the five colors are red and purple, and the eight tones are Zheng Wei." Xiao Gang's poems such as "Celebrities in Eastern Hunan" say: "Beauty is incomparable, and it is as beautiful as a flower. Although he lives in the north of Licheng, he lives in Songjiadong, teaches the princess the first song and learns to dance in Hancheng Palace. You can swim more on the water, but you can live in Phoenix. Step high and doubt, build high and fear the wind. Take off your shirt lightly, and you'll get mixed up in the pearl. Silk was hung around the curtains, and the room was darkened by the sunset. The makeup window is separated by willow color, and the well water shines pink. If you don't pity Pujiang Pei, it will be empty. " It can be seen that its rhetoric is gorgeous, its melody is smooth, and it is round and jumping. However, "the seven wonders are delicate, between the lines, the seven wonders are the most brilliant, and the more you work, the more hidden your temperament." The beauty pursued here is a beauty that does not pay attention to the inside, but only becomes a mere formality. Even the description of the beauty in the content is only a sigh of her appearance and posture, which has never been written in the heart of the beauty, which is quite different from Jian 'an's works of praising women. People read Cao Zhi's "Beauty": "Beauty is a monster's leisure, picking mulberry roads." Mulberry branches are soft and mulberry leaves fall. The rolled-up sleeves are clearly visible in her hands, and a gold bracelet is worn on her white wrist. Jin Jue wears a hairpin on his head and has a slim waist. The pearls are shining, and corals and pearls are interspersed. Silk rollers dance in the spring breeze, and thin skirts spin in the wind. Her look back left a charming light, and the smell of her whistle was like the smell of orchids. Drive with a break when you walk, and forget to eat when you rest. Someone asked where the girl was, and her family lived at the south gate of the city. The brothel is close to the road, and the high doors are closed around it. Who doesn't want to make faces, what is the media camp, and the jade is uncut and abrasive. A girl must love a noble person, but a virtuous man is hard to find. Everyone was shocked and knew what he was thinking. He lived in the bedroom in his prime and sighed at midnight. "Poets can profoundly depict their deep sighs because they didn't meet a good couple, so as to express their grief and indignation because they didn't meet their talents. This depth is invisible in Qi Liang's poems. The beauties created in Jian 'an period were born with beauty, elegant manners and superhuman temperament, and were unique in the world. They could write their superb inner personality through their beautiful appearance. They can "learn from different paths" instead of "swimming more on water". They can "think highly of morality" instead of just learning to sing and dance. Jian 'an literature advocates women's natural beauty and noble inner temperament, while Qi Liang's poems pay attention to gorgeous clothes, which has a lot to do with social fashion and aesthetics in the latter two eras. During Jian 'an period, people advocated freedom and detachment, despised etiquette and law, and respected nature. Cao Cao likes the indulgence very much. "Mao is an easy person without prestige, good music, advocating Excellence, and the night is long." Later, Cao Pi and Cao Pi wrote a lot, so it is not surprising that there are such poems. However, social unrest has aroused people's potential sense of social responsibility and subjective consciousness, and the world is full of vitality and poetry is full of vitality. However, after being hit, this ideal of pursuing individual value gradually became an empty personality ideal. In the Qi and Liang Dynasties, this pursuit was gradually broken by reality, and the world was relatively soft. At that time, the nobles were extravagant, and it was very common to store prostitutes and set up women's music, which was also the source of the melody depicted in the palace poems. "At the peak of Liang Dynasty, it was very expensive to travel with children, but many students didn't learn anything. As for the proverb:' write if you don't fall down in the car, and be a secretary when you are on your body.' Without exception, they all smoke clothes and shave. They paint their faces with powder, drive cars with long eaves, and have high teeth ... >>
Question 2: Introduction to Palace Poems Palace Poems refer to poems produced in the court with the description of palace life as the basic content, and their style is usually superficial and frivolous. In other words, palace poetry is a kind of palace literature with specific content and style. Palace-style poems originated from people's appellation of Xuな style, which was named after its popularity in the Prince's East Palace. The artistic characteristics of this kind of poems are: paying attention to rhetoric, duality and melody. Palace poems, such as Jian Wendi Xiao Gang, are palace-centered or erotic poems, which is a historical term. Strictly speaking, palace poems should also refer to the Eastern Palace when Emperor Wen of Liang Jian was a prince, and erotic poems centered on several palaces such as Chen Houzhu, Yang Di and Emperor Taizong. The so-called Palace Poetry in the Southern Dynasties refers to a popular school of poetry in Chen Houzhu at the end of Liang Dynasty. The main writers are the royal family of Xiao Liang and their literary attendants. Most of them describe the beauty of women, with skillful form and rigorous temperament, forming a unique landscape of Chen Liang's poetry. At the same time, this kind of poem was also called palace poem because it was popular among bachelors in Xiao Gang's belly at that time. Another explanation: it refers to a style that emphasizes tone with writing the feelings of court life as the main content, and the words are gorgeous and light. It originated in the Qi and Liang Dynasties, and reached its peak in Xiao Gang and its surrounding literati. The name "Gongti" first appeared in Liang Shu? "Jian Wendi Ji" commented on Xiaogang: "It was a minor injury, so it was called Gongti at that time". However, this poetic style began with Liang Wudi, Wu Yun, He Xun and Liu Xiaozhuo. The main authors of palace poems are Xiao Gang, Xiao Yi and some scholars gathered around them, such as Xu Gan, Yu Jianwu and Xu Ling. Chen and his attendants can also fall into this category. The criticism of palace poems has always been that many palace poems pay attention to women's life and posture. In fact, the content of palace poems is not limited to women's lives, but there are also some lyric works that praise things. Even when writing about women's lives, only a few of them have low styles. Generally speaking, the artistic conception of palace poems is frivolous and the poetic style is soft and light. As for Xiao Gang and Xiao Yi, known as palace poets, they also wrote many beautiful and readable works. As for Yu Jianwu and Xu Ling, there are also some excellent poems.
Question 3: What is a palace poem? What are its main artistic features? Guide to the East Palace with Emperor Liang Jianwen and Xiao Gang as Crown Princes, and poems centered on Chen Houzhu, Yang Di and Emperor Taizong. "Palace Style" refers to both the poetic style describing palace life and the poetic style formed in the palace, which began in Xiao Gang, Jian Wendi.
Palace-style poetry refers to the poetry that originated in the court and takes the description of court life as its basic content. Its style is usually superficial and frivolous. In other words, palace poetry is a kind of palace literature with specific content and style. Palace-style poems originated from people's appellation of Xuな style, which was named after its popularity in the Prince's East Palace. The artistic characteristics of this kind of poems are: paying attention to rhetoric, duality and melody.
Question 4: The influence of palace poems. Palace poems have sprouted since Liang Wudi, Wu Yun, He Xun and Liu Xiaozhuo. The main authors of palace poetry are Xiao Gang, Xiao Gang and some scholars gathered around them, such as Xu, Xiao Gang, Xiao Gang, Xiao Gang, Xiao Gang, Xiao Gang, Xiao Gang, Xiao Gang, Xiao Gang, Xiao Gang, Xiao Gang, Xiao Gang, Xiao Gang, Xiao Gang, Xiao Gang, Xiao Gang, Xiao Gang, Xiao Gang, Xiao Gang and their entourage, who are also representatives of this school of poetry. Palace poems, as the name implies, are poems from the court. Palace literature and art generally refers to the sound of elegance and integrity, but most of the "palace poems" come from folk Yuefu in the Southern Dynasties. The so-called "words stop at frivolity, and you can't recite Sang Zhong". So, why is the royal family in Xiao Liang so interested in folk literature and art? It turns out that most of the founding fathers of the Southern Dynasties were generals who started with military achievements, with low academic qualifications and vulgar taste. The turmoil of the times and the ups and downs of identity make their feelings about life more impermanent than ordinary people, so the idea of eating, drinking and having fun in time is extremely strong, and their greed for extravagant women is often expressed in a direct form. The appearance of palace poems is related to the folk culture of the Southern Dynasties. During the Southern Dynasties, commerce was very prosperous, and a large number of Qin Lou officials and prostitutes appeared in the cities, which constituted the unique commercial atmosphere of the Southern Dynasties culture. The low-quality court of the Southern Dynasties hit it off and was full of praise. However, the comments on the palace poems in the Southern Dynasties always belittle more and praise less, which makes this school of poetry infamous. Wei Zhi, Prime Minister of the Tang Dynasty, wrote in Sui Dynasty? According to the literary biography, the palace poems are "shallow and complicated in meaning, and the text is hidden and adopted." Words are still light and dangerous, full of grief. It is especially important to listen to the voice of the national subjugation! "Taking the poems in the Southern Dynasties as the voice of national subjugation, it can be seen that they hated them. Li Bai, a great poet in the Tang Dynasty, also disdained to say, "Since Jian 'an came, beauty is not precious. "In a word, the palace poems of the Southern Dynasties went into eighteen layers of hell. In particular, some modern literary prices scoff at the Southern Dynasties' palace-style poems, accusing them of "erotic literature" or "dross in poetry". China's literary history even regards the Southern Dynasties' palace-style poems as unsightly works. However, many scholars believe that the palace poems in the Southern Dynasties were an aesthetic pursuit of the literati at that time. In history, there are still many scholars who affirmed the palace poems in the Southern Dynasties, such as Liang Shu? "Biography of Yu Jianwu" said, "When Qi Yongming was in middle school, the scribes, thanking me, began to use four tones in their articles, thinking that they were new and even rhymed, beautiful and luxurious, and summer was better than before. Chen Ziang, one of the four outstanding poets in the early Tang Dynasty, also said that Qi Liang's poems were "colorful and complicated" in his Preface to Zuo Shi and Eastbound. Although these two articles have the meaning of criticizing Qi Liang's palace poems, they actually illustrate the efforts and contributions made by the authors of palace poems on the road of poetry rhythm. Palace-style poetry emphasizes and pursues formal beauty, which provides valuable artistic experience for poetry creation in Tang Dynasty. Generally speaking, the appreciation and expression of women's external beauty in the palace poems of the Southern Dynasties hinted at the new changes in their aesthetic consciousness, which had a great influence on later generations. However, in a famous article entitled "On the Description of Women in Palace Poems in the Southern Dynasties", the aesthetic pursuit of palace poems in the Southern Dynasties and its influence on later generations were more clearly and thoroughly expounded: First, the development of poetry themes. Poetry should express serious topics, which is the * * * knowledge of scholars in previous dynasties, and is also one of the reasons why palace poems have been criticized repeatedly. Palace poems have opened up a new way for future generations, and poems can be used to express some daily things, even the pure formal beauty of women's bodies. Du Fu wrote about his wife, "The fragrance is foggy and wet, and the jade shoulders are cold." How many people call him "dissolute"? There are a large number of boudoir love words in Song people's graceful poems, and the poems of Song people tend to be secular and active, which cannot be said to be without the influence of palace poems. Secondly, it increases the expressive content of poetry. Poetry can be used to describe characters. The appearance of palace poetry makes people realize that poetry can not only express feelings, but also portray characters and describe their images. Li Yi's Bieliang B is another expansion of the artistic function of poetry in shaping characters. Thirdly, the change of aesthetic consciousness leads to the emphasis on women's external beauty. A large number of female images have been created in Song, Yuan, Qu and Ming and Qing novels. They are not criticized, but talked about. People only see the "flow" without realizing its source. Instead of realizing it, they criticized it to pieces and wanted to destroy it quickly. Ma put it well in On Palace Style and Buddhism, "Palace Style is by no means equal to Yan Style, and Yan Style is not unique to Palace Style. Palace poems still describe women's posture and expression as a kind of beauty in a more solemn manner. Compared with some later lyrics, its description is much more solemn and involves much less pornography. "In short, as far as the development of China's aesthetic consciousness and the progress of poetic art are concerned, the external beauty of palace poems in the Southern Dynasties to women ... >>
Question 5: The origin of palace-style poetry: Palace-style poetry was born in the Datong period of the Six Dynasties and the Liang Dynasty, and its name originated from Xiao Gang: "(Jian Wendi) is a literary scholar, who tirelessly accepts it ... gentle and good at writing poems. His preface is, at the age of seven, he is fond of poetry, long and tireless, and the emperor's prose hurts lightly, and the time number is' palace style'. " However, the formation of palace poems did not begin with Xiao Gang. Liu pointed out in the History of China's Medieval Literature that "although the names of palace poems began in Liang Dynasty, colorful ci poems began in Jin Dynasty, and Yuefu in Jin and Song Dynasties, such as Song of Peach Leaves and Song of Jasper, all stayed in Jiangzuo with a melancholy voice, which made the style flourish. The literature of the Jin Dynasty is dominated by metaphysical poems and quasi-Yuefu. In Qi and Liang Dynasties, metaphysical poems were replaced by landscape poems, and quasi-Yuefu was replaced by literati new Yuefu. The praise of life is transformed into the pursuit of landscape and secular life, which will inevitably lead to the emergence of palace poems. Its concrete performance lies in the imitation of folk songs and the pursuit of formal beauty. The formation and development of palace poetry has its own reasons. As far as literature is concerned, it is a new product of the Six Dynasties literature from elegance to vulgarity. From metaphysical words to landscapes to poems about objects, the literature of "gradual softening and gradual adoption" has gradually acquired temperament and melody, and its form has become smoother and more beautiful. Coupled with the development of music and dance in the Six Dynasties, folk songs spread to the upper class, causing scholars to imitate them one after another, and the court style gradually rose. However, these poems only pay attention to the description of women's clothing, which is related to the influence of Buddhism on their authors. Palace-style poetry developed into a new poetry genre in the Qi and Liang Dynasties. Its content is mostly in praise of women, with distinctive style and pale feelings. It has always been criticized as a manifestation of the life of the ruling class. However, this poetic style began with Liang Wudi, Wu Yun, He Xun and Liu Xiaozhuo. The main authors of palace poems are Xiao Gang and Xiao Yi, and some scholars gathered around them, such as Xu Zhun, Park Wei and his attendants, can also be classified into this category. Xiao Gang and others vulgarize Buddhism, regard palace poems as classics, and describe critical melodies to teach the world to see through the world of mortals. The progress in the translation of Buddhist scriptures has also influenced the palace poetry from the rhythm of form, making it more gorgeous and even decadent, but it was unexpected by its initiator.