平廄
To distinguish between Ping and Ze, you must first understand the four tones. The four tones are the four tones in ancient Chinese. The so-called tone refers to the pitch, rise and fall, and length of the voice.
The ancient Chinese tones are divided into four tones: flat, rising, going, and entering. "Ping" refers to the flat tone among the four tones, including the two tones of Yinping and Yangping; "廄" refers to the flat tone among the four tones, including the three tones of Shang, Lai and Ru. According to traditional saying, the flat tone is a flat tone, the rising tone is a rising tone, the falling tone is a falling tone, and the entering tone is a short tone. The Jade Key Song of the Ming Dynasty says:
"Pingsheng and leveling should not be lowered." Angry,
The upper voice is loud and fierce,
The voice is clear and sad,
The voice is short and urgent. ”
Simple. Generally speaking, the key to distinguishing between flat and oblique is "unequal means oblique."
Modern Chinese
In modern Chinese, the four tones are divided into Yinping, Yangping, rising tone and falling tone.
The ancient Ping tone is divided into Yin Ping and Yang Ping in modern Chinese, which are the so-called first tone and second tone.
Part of the ancient rising tone has become the falling tone in modern Chinese, and part of it is still the rising tone. Shangsheng is the third consonant tone of modern Chinese.
The tone of the ancient falling tone is still the falling tone in modern Chinese, which is the fourth tone.
The ancient Ru tone no longer exists in modern Chinese; it has become Yinping, Yangping, Shangsheng and Qu tone.
The four tones of modern Chinese are as follows:
Yin Ping Yang Ping Shang Qi Tone
The first tone the second tone the third tone the fourth tone
For example:
Mama scolds
(Yin Ping) (Yang Ping) (Up Tone) (Qu Tone)
To put it simply, in modern times Among the four tones in Chinese, the first and second tones are flat tones; the third and fourth tones are oblique tones.
The nine tones of Cantonese
Modern Cantonese still has four tones of "ping, shang, qu, ru", which are subdivided into nine tones, namely "yinping", "yinshang" ", "Yin Qu", "Yang Ping", "Yang Shang", "Yang Qu", "Yin Enter", "Middle Enter" and "Yang Enter".
The nine tones of Cantonese are as follows:
Yin
Yang
Yin in Yang
Level up, level down Go up and in and in
si1 si2 si3 si4 si5 si6 si7 si8 si9
Poetry and History Examination Shishi Color Tin Food
Among the nine Cantonese tones, the first, The four tones (Yingping, Yangping) are flat tones, and the other seven tones (up, coming, and entering) are all flat tones.
When you look up a dictionary in the future (such as a business dictionary), you only need to look at the phonetic number (usually in the upper right corner) to see which one is from 1 to 9, and you will know whether it is flat or square. .
Postscript:
The ancients recited poems and composed pairs according to the ancient pronunciation. When reading ancient couplets in modern pronunciation, it is easy to misunderstand that the ancients' flat and oblique rhythms do not conform to the rhythm. For example, "Inhale water from the river to cook new tea; sell all the green hills to use as a painting screen."
According to the four tones of Mandarin,
Absorb water from the river to cook new tea;
Ping Ping Ping Ping Ping Ping Ping
Selling out all the green mountains as a painting screen.
廄廄平平平廄平
According to the four ancient tones,
Inhale water from the river to cook new tea;
廄平平廄 廄平廄
Selling out all the green mountains to use as a painting screen.
廄廄平平廄廄平
From the above arrangement of 廄廄, using the ancient pronunciation is the joint rhythm, but using the modern pronunciation is different (at least the end of the sentence is up and down and down. The laws are not consistent). Therefore, in the future when discussing the couplets in Pingqi, we must first understand whether the creator based the couplets on ancient pronunciation, modern pronunciation, or local dialects; otherwise, it will make a joke.
Four tones and Pingqi
Four tones, here refers to the four tones in ancient Chinese. If we want to know the four tones, we must first know how the tones are composed. So let’s start with tone of voice.
Tone, this is a characteristic of Chinese (and some other languages). The pitch, rise and fall, and length of pronunciation constitute the tone of Chinese, and pitch, rise and fall are the main factors. Take Mandarin as an example, *** has four tones: the Yinping tone is a high-level tone (not rising or falling, it is called flat); the Yangping tone is a middle-rising tone (it is neither high nor low, called middle); the rising tone is a low-rising tone. The tone (sometimes a low flat tone); the falling tone is a high flat tone.
Ancient Chinese also had four tones, but they were not exactly the same as the tones in Mandarin today. The four ancient tones are:
⑴Ping tones. This tone differentiated into Yinping and Yangping in later generations.
⑵ Upper voice. In later generations, part of this tone became a falling tone.
⑶ Remove the sound. This tone will still be lost to future generations.
⑷Enter the voice. This tone is a short tone. In modern Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Jiangxi and other places, the sound of entering is still preserved. There are also many places in the north (such as Shanxi and Inner Mongolia) where Rusheng is preserved.
Hunan's entering tone is no longer short, but the tone type of entering tone is still preserved. In most spoken languages ??in the north and southwest, the entering tone has disappeared. In the north, some characters with the Ru tone are changed to Yinping, some are changed to Yangping, some are changed to the rising tone, and some are changed to the falling tone.
As far as Mandarin is concerned, the characters with the Ru tone have the most changed into the falling tone, followed by Yangping, which has the least change into the up tone. In the southwestern dialects (from Hunan to Yunnan), the characters for entering the tone are all changed to Yangping.
The shape of the four rising and falling tones in ancient times cannot be known in detail now. According to tradition, the flat tone should be a mid-level tone, the upper tone should be a rising tone, and the falling tone should be a falling tone.
The entrance tone should be a short key. "Kangxi Dictionary" contains a song in front of it, called "Four Tones Method": Don't raise your voice low and raise your voice when you are on the level road.
Shouting loudly and loudly is strong and powerful.
When you go, you can clearly express your sorrow for the distant road. ,
The entry sound is short and sharp.
This description is not scientific enough, but it also gives us an idea of ??the ancient four tones.
The relationship between the four tones and rhyme is very close. In rhyme books, words with different tones cannot be regarded as having the same rhyme. In poetry, words with different tones generally cannot rhyme.
It is very clear in rhyme books which words belong to which tones. In the Chinese dialects that still retain the entering tone today, it is still quite clear that a certain word belongs to a certain tone. We should pay special attention to the situation of double reading of a word. Sometimes, a word has two meanings (often with different parts of speech) and two pronunciations. For example, the word "为" is used as "because" or "for", and is pronounced with the missing tone. In ancient Chinese, this situation was much more common than in modern Chinese. Now let’s take some examples:
ride, flat tone, verb, horse riding; falling tone, noun, cavalry.
Si, flat tone, verb, longing; Qu tone, noun, thought, return of feelings.
Praise, flat tone, verb, praise; falling tone, noun, reputation.
Dirty, flat tone, adjective, dirty; falling tone, verb, dirty.
Number, rising tone, verb, calculation; falling tone, noun, number, fate; entering tone (pronounced as Shuo), adjective, frequent.
Teach, in the negative tone, noun, enlightenment, education; in flat tone, verb, make, let.
Ling, the falling tone, noun, command; the flat tone, verb, make, let.
Jin, the missing tone, noun, prohibition, palace ban; Ping tone, verb, can, withstand.
Kill, entering the tone, is a transitive verb, killing; going tone (pronounced like sun), is an intransitive verb, declining.
Some words were originally pronounced in the flat tone, but later changed to the falling tone, but the meaning and part of speech remained unchanged. The characters "wang", "han" and "kan" all belong to this category. The words "wang" and "sigh" are already pronounced with a declining tone in Tang poetry, and the word "look" is always pronounced with a declining tone. There are also more complicated situations: for example, when the word "Guo" is used as a verb, it is sometimes read with the flat tone, but when used as a noun and interpreted as a fault, it can only be read with the flat tone.
Distinguishing the four tones is the basis for distinguishing levels. Below we will discuss the issue of equality.
Ping Ze
If you know what the four tones are, Ping Ze will be easy to understand. Ping and Ze are a term for the rhythm of poetry: poets divide the four tones into two categories: Ping and Ze. Ping means the level tone, and Ze means the three tones that go up and down. 廄, according to the literal meaning, means uneven. Why are we divided into two categories? Because the flat tone has no rise and fall and is longer, while the other three tones have rise and fall (the incoming tone may also rise or fall slightly) and are shorter. In this way, they form two major types. If these two types of tones are intertwined in poetry, the tones can be diversified instead of monotonous. Although there are many things to pay attention to in what the ancients called "sonorous tone", harmony between tones and tones is an important factor.
How are levels and levels intertwined in poetry? We can summarize it in two sentences:
⑴ Ping and Qi are alternate in this sentence;
⑵ Ping and Qi are opposites in the couplet. This kind of flat rules is particularly obvious in rhymed poetry.
For example, the fifth and sixth lines of Chairman Mao's poem "The Long March": The golden sand and water are warm against the clouds and cliffs, and the iron cables across the Dadu Bridge are cold.
The meaning of these two poems is: Ping Ping | Ping Ping | Ping Ping | Ping Ping | Ping Ping | Ping Ping | Ping Ping | Ping Ping. For this sentence, every two words have a rhythm. In the Ping sentence, Pingping is followed by 任仄, 任仄 is followed by Pingping, and the last one is 仄 again. In a 廄sentence, 廄廄 is followed by ping, which is followed by 廄廄, and the last one is ping again. This is alternation. As far as couplets are concerned, "Jinsha" to "Dadu" is flat to flat, "Shuipai" to "Qiaoheng" is flat to flat, "Yunya" to "iron rope" is flat to flat, "Warm" versus "cold" is equal to equal. This is opposition.
As for the rules of the rhythm of poetry, we will discuss it in detail in the following chapters: The rhythm of poetry and the rhythm of words. Now let’s talk about how we distinguish between equal and equal. If your dialect has rhymes (for example, you are from Jiangsu and Zhejiang, Shanxi, Hunan, or South China), then the problem can be easily solved. In those dialects with entering tones, there are more than four tones. Not only the flat tone is divided into yin and yang, but also the rising, falling, and entering tones are often divided into yin and yang. Guangzhou Rusheng is divided into three categories. This is easy to do: just combine them, for example, combine Yin Ping and Yang Ping into Ping tone, and combine Yin Shang, Yang Shang, Yin Lai, Yang Lai, Yin Ru, and Yang Ru into Hei tone, and that's it. The problem is that you first need to figure out how many tones there are in your dialect. This requires the help of a friend who understands intonation. It would be even better if you have learned the corresponding rules between local tones and Mandarin tones in Chinese class and have figured out the tones in your dialect.
If you are from Hubei, Sichuan, Yunnan, Guizhou and northern Guangxi, then the characters for Rusheng are all attributed to Yangping in your dialect. In this way, you should pay special attention when encountering Yangping characters. Some of them were Rusheng characters in ancient times. As for which words belong to Rusheng and which words belong to Yangping, you have to look them up in a dictionary or rhyme book.
If you are from the north, then the method of distinguishing between flat and flat is slightly different from that in Hubei and other places. Since most of the ancient ru tone characters in Mandarin have been changed to the falling tone, the falling tone is also a oblique tone; some have been changed to the upper tone, and the upper tone is also an oblique tone. Therefore, the characters "Yu Ru Bian Lai" and "Yu Ru Bian Shang" do not prevent us from distinguishing Ping and Chou; only the characters "Yu Ru Bian Ping" (Yin Ping, Yang Ping) cause difficulties in distinguishing Ping and Chou. When we encounter a place where the rhythm of poetry stipulates the use of oblique tones, the poet uses a word that is pronounced as a flat tone today, which arouses our doubts. We can check it in a dictionary or rhyme book to resolve it.
Brief table of Ping and Zeqi
Wulvupingqi: The first and second characters of the first sentence are both in Ping tone
Wulvùqi: The first and second characters of the first sentence are both in Ping tone For the oblique tone
Qilu Pingqi: The second character of the first sentence must be in Ping tone
Qilu Pingqi: The second character of the first sentence must be in oblique tone
Wu Jueping starts the first sentence Rhyming
The first sentence of Wujueping does not rhyme
Ping Ping 廄廄平 (rhyme)
廄仄廄平平 (rhyme)
廄仄平平仄
平平任仄平 (rhyme)
平平平任仄
任仄仄平平 (rhyme)
仄 廄平平廄
平平廄廄平(rhyme)
The first sentence of Wujueqi rhymes
The first sentence of Wujueqi does not rhyme
廄仄仄平平 (rhyme)
平平任仄平 (rhyme)
平平平廄仄
仄仄廄平平 (rhyme)
廄廄平平廄
平平廄廄平 (rhyme)
平平平廄仄
廄仄廄平平 (rhyme)
< p>The first sentence of Qijueping rhymesThe first sentence of Qijueping does not rhyme
平平仄仄仄平平 (rhyme)
仄仄平平仄仄平 (rhyme)
廄仄平平仄仄
平平任任仄平平 (rhyme)
平平任仄平仄
仄 廄平平廄廄平(rhyme)
仄仄平平任仄
平平仄仄仄平平 (rhyme)
The first sentence of Qijueqi rhymes
p>The first sentence of Qijuezi does not rhyme
廄仄平平仄仄平 (rhyme)
平平任仄仄平平 (rhyme)
平平任仄平平仄
仄仄平仄仄平 (rhyme)
任仄平平任仄
平平任仄仄平平 (rhyme)
p>
Ping Ping Ping Ping Ping Ping
Ping Ping Ping Ping Ping Ping (rhyme)
The first sentence of Wulu Ping rhymes
The beginning of Wu Lv Ping The sentences do not rhyme
平平仄仄平 (rhyme)
仄仄仄平平 (rhyme)
任仄平平仄
平 平廄廄平(rhyme)
平平廄仄
廄仄仄平平 (rhyme)
廄仄平平廄
平平仄 廄平(rhyme)
平平廄仄
廄仄廄平平 (rhyme)
任仄平平仄
平平廄仄 Ping (rhyme)
Ping Ping Ping Zhi Zhi
Ping Ping Ping Ping Ping (Rhyme)
Ping Ping Ping Ping Zhi
Ping Ping Ze Ping Ping (Rhyme) (rhyme)
The first sentence of Wulu and Ze rhymes
The first sentence of Wulu and Ze does not rhyme
廄仄仄平平 (rhyme)
Ping Ping Ping Ping Ping Ping (rhyme)
Ping Ping Ping Ping Ping
Ping Ping Ping Ping Ping (Rhyme)
Ping Ping Ping Ping
Ping Ping Ping Ping Ping Ping (rhyme)
Ping Ping Ping Ping Ping
Ping Ping Ping Ping Ping (Rhyme)
Ping Ping Ping Ping
Ping 平廄廄平(rhyme)
平平廄仄
廄仄仄平平 (rhyme)
廄仄平平廄
平平仄 廄平(rhyme)
平平廄仄
廄仄廄平平(rhyme)
The first sentence of Qilu Ping rhymes with
Qilu The first sentence of Pingqi does not rhyme
Ping Ping Ping Ping Ping Ping Ping Ping (rhyme)
Ping Ping Ping Ping Ping Ping Ping Ping Ping (Rhyme)
Ping Ping Ping Ping Ping Ping Ping Ping Ping Ping Ping Ping Ping Ping Ping Ping Ping Ping Ping Ping Ping Ping Ping Ping (rhyme)
Ping Ping Ping Ping Ping Ping Ping < /p>
平平仄仄仄平平 (rhyme)
平平任仄平平仄
平平仄仄仄仄平 (rhyme)
仄 廄平平平廄仄
平平任仄仄平平 (rhyme)
平平任仄平平仄
任仄平仄廄平 (rhyme)
廄仄平平仄仄
平平任仄仄平平 (rhyme)
平平任仄平平仄
任仄平仄廄平 ( Rhyme)
仄仄平平仄仄
平平任任任仄平平 (rhyme)
The first sentence of Qilu and Qi rhymes
Qilu The first sentence of 仄 does not rhyme
仄仄平平仄仄平 (rhyme)
平平任仄仄平平 (rhyme)
平平任仄平平仄< /p>
仄仄平平仄仄平 (rhyme)
任仄平平任仄
平平任仄廄仄平平 (rhyme)
平 平廄仄平平仄
仄仄平仄仄平 (rhyme)
任仄平平任仄
平平任仄仄平平 (rhyme)
平平仄仄平平仄
任仄平平仄仄平 (rhyme)
任仄平平任仄
平平仄仄仄平平 ( Rhyme)
平平任仄平平仄
任仄平平任仄平 (rhyme)
Note that any word with a rhyme ending of -n or -ng, It won't be an input character.
If we look at Hubei, Sichuan, Yunnan, Guizhou and northern Guangxi, there are basically no rhymes such as ai, ei, ao and ou.
In short, the problem of entering the tone is the only obstacle to distinguishing between flat and straight. This obstacle can only be eliminated by looking in a dictionary or a rhyme book; however, the principle of Ping and Ze is easy to understand. Moreover, about half of the places in China still retain the sound of entering, and people in those places have no problem distinguishing between flat and oblique.