Although it is plain classical Chinese, it is still difficult for junior high school students to understand. So as a teacher, how to guide students to break through this difficulty? I think we should start from the following aspects: First, help students understand and remember key substantive words.
The memory and accumulation of key notional words is the basis of learning classical Chinese. Because, only by correctly remembering the usage of common notional words can we understand the general idea of classical Chinese.
Secondly, understand the usage of important function words. Important function words are also very important in the study of classical Chinese, and they are also the elements to correctly understand classical Chinese, which can not be ignored.
Third, pay attention to key sentence patterns. Some important sentence patterns also affect the understanding of classical Chinese.
It is very important to understand special sentence patterns and remember fixed collocation. Finally, cultivate students' ability to analyze and appreciate classical Chinese.
Guide students' interest in learning classical Chinese. Interest in classical Chinese is very important. In the teaching process, we should guide students' interest in learning in time, teach them the methods of analyzing classical Chinese and make continuous progress.
2. The difficulty of classical Chinese teaching in junior high school is the difficulty of Chinese teaching! The requirement for junior high school is to correctly understand simple classical Chinese with the help of reference books. Although it is simple classical Chinese, it is still difficult for junior high school students to understand. So as a teacher, how to guide students to break through this difficulty? I think we should start from the following aspects: First, help students understand and memorize key substantive words. The memory and accumulation of key notional words is the basis of learning classical Chinese, because only by correctly remembering the usage of commonly used notional words can we understand the general idea of classical Chinese. Second, understand the usage of important function words. Important function words are also very important in learning classical Chinese, which can not be ignored. Pay attention to key sentence patterns. Some important sentence patterns also affect the understanding of classical Chinese. It is very important to understand special sentence patterns and remember fixed collocation. Finally, cultivate students' ability to analyze and appreciate classical Chinese, and guide students' interest in learning classical Chinese. Interest in classical Chinese is very important. In the process of teaching, we should guide students' interest in learning in time and teach them the methods of analyzing classical Chinese, so as to make continuous progress.
3. Key sentences in classical Chinese Key sentences in classical Chinese: (1) Special sentences in classical Chinese: 1. The remarkable feature of classical Chinese judgment sentences is that a noun or noun phrase directly acts as a predicate to judge the subject. The judgment sentence in modern Chinese generally uses the judgment word "yes", while the "yes" in ancient Chinese is mainly used as a demonstrative pronoun. Before the Han and Wei dynasties, it was generally not used to form a judgment sentence. The basic form of classical Chinese judgment sentences is as follows: (1) Use "... also". For example, "Lian Po was the general of Zhao Zhiliang". (2) It is composed of "... also". For example, "I lived in old Tu Shan and my nephew left ... Qizhi's words were also used. (5) Use the words "Wei", "Nai", "Ze" and "namely" to judge. For example, "Fu Su is an upright son. "(6) Use" not "before the predicate to express negative judgment. For example, "this is not empty talk. "(7) Use" yes "to express judgment. It is called passive sentence. Its common forms are: (1) with "Yu" as the symbol, such as "civil strife, Zhang Yi bullying outside." ② Use "seeing" as a symbol, for example, "Qin is not in his place, but only sees his bullying." (3) with "see. Yu "as a symbol. Fear is the first thing to do. (6) Use "quilt" to express passivity. For example, "the romantic wind is always blown away by the rain." (7) There is a direct passive relationship between the subject and the predicate. For example, "showing filial piety is not acceptable." 3. Inverted sentence (1) verb inversion: For example, "It's too much, you don't appreciate it!" (2) Preposition object: (1) In negative sentences, pronouns are prepositional objects. For example, "it is impossible for people to make promises." () In interrogative sentences, interrogative pronouns are objects and prepositional objects. For example, "What are you trying to say?" () Use "Zhi", "Shi", "Zhi Wei" and "Wei Shi" to advance the object. For example, "I don't know the sentence, but I'm confused." (3) Attributive postposition: (1) Ten attributes, such as "One Ma Qianli" (2) Ten attributes, such as "Asking for help can make you report to Qin. Put it after verb predicate. For example, The Battle in the Long Spoon () uses the object-object structure of "Dao" as an adverbial, which is placed after the verb predicate. For example, "Give it to the palm" 4. Omit the subject in the ellipsis sentence (1), such as "Take me to the army, and the public will enter. "(2) omit the predicate. 1, son of Yu, brother Ming Jinye. 2, the minister's favorite, Master Dao. 3. Father of Liang, general of Chu State, Xiang Yan. 4. With Zhao Wang. 5, so that he does not insult the princes. 6, believe and see doubt, loyal and slandered. 7. being merged by others. 8, grazing with slander. 14, where is Pei Hongan? 15, the stone is loud. 16, many people were drowned by horses. 17, a young busybody in the village domesticated a bug. 18, a pair of jade barrels. 19, teachers don't have to be superior. 20, the meeting will be held in Dangyang, Ban Long. 29. When it is impulsive for the stream in the valley. 30. Liu Bei is fierce in the world. (2) The so-called fixed sentence pattern in classical Chinese is an idiom in classical Chinese expression. It is used in a relatively stable language environment to express usually fixed meanings. Let's summarize the common fixed sentence patterns in classical Chinese. 1 ... is a common rhetorical sentence pattern in ancient Chinese. ("The Analects? Learning)-isn't it a pleasure to study and review on time? (2) The world is crowded, but it is treason. Is genocide inappropriate? ("Historical Records? "The Biography of Huaiyin Hou"-The world has been decided, and even plans to rebel. Isn't it right to be wiped out by barbarians? 2.Why … for (using … for, mocking … for) "He" is an interrogative pronoun, "Why" means "how to use" and "Wei" is an modal particle. Why … for can be translated as What should (take, use) … do (do)? ("Ji Jiang Attack")-Zhuan Xu is a vassal of Lu, why should he attack? (2) Hanwang also realized that because of his repeated scolding, he said: "A gentleman decides to be a vassal, which is the ear of a true king. Why is it fake? ("Historical Records? "Biography of Huaiyin Hou"-Hanwang Liu Bang also woke up, so he scolded: "The gentleman who is a vassal is the true king. What do you want to be a fake king for? "3. Male ..." He "is an interrogative pronoun, which can be translated as" why "or" how "and used as an adverbial before the verb; "Wei" is a rhetorical modal particle, which can be translated as "Ni" at the end of the sentence. For example, (1) Now man is a knife and I am a fish. Why should I resign? People nowadays are like kitchen knives and chopping boards, and we are (like) fish and meat. How can we leave? (2) The ears of cattle and animals nowadays, not to mention asking? Ma Xi Zhong's Biography of the Wolf in Zhongshan-This cow is just an animal, so why ask? (3) What should I do if the sky dies? ("Historical Records? Biography of Xiang Yu)-God let me perish, why should I cross the river? 4. Male ... You ... This is the usual form of rhetorical question, and the word "zhi" is an auxiliary word, indicating that the object is ahead. "You" is a verb and "He ……" is its object. It can be translated as "what" or "what". Pay special attention to "he" is not an object, but an object. ("Mozi? Lost ")-what crime did Guo Song commit? (2) If you throw meat at a tiger, what merits do you have? It's like throwing meat at a hungry tiger. What's the effect? In ancient Chinese, this is a common idiom used to express rhetorical questions.
4. Common sense of key Chinese in ancient junior middle school (1) 1. The first poetess was Cai Yan (Wen Xi) 2. The first poetess was Li Qingzhao 3. The first dictionary is: Erya 4. The first encyclopedia is: Yongle Dadian 5. The first book of poetry is: Book of Songs 6. The first anthology is:. The first collection of classical Chinese novels: Shi Shuo Xin Yu 10. The first collection of classical Chinese novels: Search Ji Shen 1 1. The first recorded work: The Analects of Confucius The first biographical history: Historical Records 12. The first chronicle book is: Chunqiu 13. 8+05. The second chapter is Sima Qian, Sima of the Western Han Dynasty. Sima Xiangru 16. Two Beauties of Yuefu: Mulan word Peacock flies southeast, and "Fu Qin Yin" is the three unique poems of Yuefu 17. The Double Treasure of History: Historical Records as a Mirror 18. Two beats: the first moment of surprise, the second moment of surprise (Ling Mengchu) 19. Da Du Li: Li Bai Du Fu Xiao Du Li: Li Shangyin Du Mu 20. The Gemini of China's Modern Literature: Lu Xun and Guo Moruo. Three biographies: Zuo Zhuan Zhuan 24. Three Kings: Yu Xia, Shang Tang and Duke Zhou. Sanshan: Penglai abbot Yingzhou 26. Three religions: Confucianism, Buddhism and Taoism 27. Three fairs: Zeus, Sima Situ, Sikong, Western Han Dynasty, Prime Minister Tai Wei, Imperial censor Qingming, Taishi Taifu Taibao 28. Three Cao Cao: the twenty-ninth Cao Cao and Cao Pi. Third Hospital of Public Security: Yuan Zhongdao, Yuan Hongdao and Yuan Zongdao 30. Jiangnan Sangu Building: Yueyang Tower, Wuchang Yellow Crane Tower, Hunan 3 1. Three friends in cold years: Song 32. Sanfu: Zuo Fengyi, You Fufeng, Jing 33. Three elements in scientific research: after having obtained the township entrance examination, taking the senior high school entrance examination, palace examination and Zi. Top scholar) 34. The court exam is three ding Jia: the top 35. Three quintessences of China: Peking Opera, Traditional Chinese Medicine and Traditional Chinese Painting. Three words: Yu Shiming's words of warning and awakening (Feng Menglong) 37. Three Confucian Classics: Zhou's Book of Rites 38. Sanzang: Xin 'an official, Shi Haoguan, Tongguan official 39. Three Farewells: Newly married, don't be old, don't be homeless. Flower Regeneration of Guo Xiang Tang Di 4 1. Mao Dun's trilogy "Erosion": Disillusionment and wavering pursuit of the countryside trilogy: Spring silkworm harvest disappears in autumn and winter 42. Ba Jin's Trilogy of Love: Thunderstorm and Torrent Trilogy: Home, Spring and Autumn 43. First national history: Mandarin 44. The first album recording the words and deeds of counselors and guests:. Text: Yan Zi Chunqiu 46. The first great patriotic poet: Qu Yuan. The first narrative poem: Peacock Flying Southeast (357 sentences, 1785 words) 48. The first monograph on literary criticism: > (Cao Pi) 49. The first pastoral poet: Eastern Jin Dynasty, Tao Yuanming 50. The first monograph on literary theory and criticism: Liu Xie's > 5 1. The first monograph on poetry theory and criticism: Zhong Rong. 52. The first popular science work, a comprehensive academic work in the form of notes: 53. The first diary travel notes: Xu Hongzu's In the Ming Dynasty; 54. The first poetess, also known as "one pronoun Sect": Li Qingzhao's Common Sense of Chinese (II) 1. China's first satirical novel: The Scholars II. China's first translation of evolution: Huxley translated by Yan Fu >: He is a man who knows nothing and becomes a translator.
3. China's first collection of short stories in classical Chinese created by individuals: Strange Tales from a Lonely Studio. 4. The first short story in the history of China's new literature is Diary of a Madman. The first writer who opened up the "Fairy Tale Garden" was Ye Shengtao. 6. China's first romantic fairy tale: Journey to the West. 7. The first reportage work is: (Xia Yan) Bonded Labor. 8. The first person in New China won the title of "People's Artist". His works are: Longxugou 9. The two outstanding schools in the pre-Qin period were Confucianism and Mohism 10. The two representatives of Confucianism are: Kong Qiu and Mencius, who are regarded as the most holy and the less holy respectively.
1 1. During the Kaiyuan and Tianbao years of the Tang Dynasty, there appeared two schools of frontier fortress ci, represented by Gao Shi and Cen Can, and frontier fortress ci represented by Wang Wei and Meng Zi. The former is bold and bold, while the latter is simple and simple. Song ci is usually divided into two schools: bold and graceful. The former is represented by Su Shi and Xin Qiji, while the latter is represented by Liu Yong, Zhou Bangyan and Li Qingzhao.
13. Two banners held high by the May 4th New Culture Movement: opposing old ethics, advocating new morality and opposing old literature. Advocating new literature 14. Two copies 15. There are two great epics in world literature: Iliad Odyssey 16. The three treasures of Buddhism are: Buddha (who knows a lot), Dharma (what Buddha said) and Monk (who inherits or preaches teachings) 17. Four virtues and three obedience: unmarried obedience to the father. The third Geng day in summer is the first day of the first stay, the fourth Geng day is the first day of the intermediate stay, and the first Geng day after the autumn festival is the first day of the last stay.
Ten days after the first stay, ten days after the last stay, or twenty days after the intermediate stay. 19. Three cardinal guides and five permanent members: Three cardinal guides: the father is the son, the group is the minister and the husband is the wife. The five permanent members: benevolence, righteousness, courtesy and wisdom. 20. Three aunts and six grandmothers: nuns, goddesses and six grandmothers: matchmakers, grandmothers, goddesses and midwives, 2 1. Three Emperors and Five Emperors: Huang San and Fuxi. 96: the name of Confucianism, Taoism, Yin and Yang, Mohism and miscellaneous farmers. 23. Three Mountains and Five Mountains: Sanxian Mountain in the East China Sea: Yingzhou, Penglai and Abbot; Wuyue: Dongyue Taishan Nanyue Hengshan Xiyue Huashan Beiyue Hengshan Zhongyue Songshan 24. Three natures: cattle, sheep and pigs are sacrificed (too prison) (less prison without cattle) 25. Three unification: the principle of drama creation formulated by European classical generalized drama theorists is the consistency of place, time and plot.
26. Samoan Buddhism: Stop worrying and focus on one situation. (One of the methods of practice) 27. Buddhist Sanzang: It is always said that the fundamental doctrine is scripture and the precepts are dharma. Interpret the doctrine as a theory (Sanzang Master is famous for Sanzang's knowledge) 28. Three provinces and six departments: three provinces: Zhongshu Province (decision-making), Xiamen Province (deliberation), Shangshu Province (execution), and six departments: Li Hu Li Gongzheng 29. Su San: Jiangsu and Zhejiang armed forces: upper, middle, lower, left, right, sea, land and air forces. Three Wu: Wu Jun, Xing Wu, Huiji (Danyang). Northwest China) 32. Three Chu: Ling Gang-South Chu Wu-East Chu Pengcheng-West Chu 33. Three primary colors: red, green and blue. Three Graves and Five Codes: Three Graves: Fuxi Shennong Huang.
5. The key words in the translation of classical Chinese should be interpreted in every word, mainly literal translation, supplemented by free translation. We should try our best to keep the language style of the original text. For the steps of classical Chinese translation, we should first read the full text, grasp the main idea of the article, and be aware of it. Never rush to translate as soon as you come up. When we encounter difficult words in translation, we can put them down for the time being and weigh them after the translation is completed. In order to prevent mistranslation, omission and Song translation, the basic methods of classical Chinese translation are literal translation and free translation. The so-called literal translation refers to the word-for-word translation of the original text with modern Chinese words, so that the content words and function words are as relative as possible. Its disadvantage is that sometimes the meaning of the translated sentence is difficult to understand and the language is not fluent enough. The so-called free translation means translating according to the meaning of the sentence, conforming to the original intention as much as possible, and taking care of the original intention as much as possible. Free translation has certain flexibility, which can add or subtract words, change the position of words and change sentence patterns. The advantage of free translation is that the meaning is coherent, and the translation conforms to the expression habits of modern languages. It is fluent, fluent and easy to understand. Its disadvantage is that sometimes the original text can't be realized literally. These two translation methods should be literal translation, supplemented by free translation. Second, the specific methods of classical Chinese translation: leaving, deleting, supplementing, changing, adjusting and changing. "Leaving" means retaining. Words with the same meaning in ancient and modern times, as well as ancient names of people, places and things, can be translated. (2) make up the omitted elements in the ellipsis sentence; (3) Make up the omitted sentences. Note: Fill in the omitted components or sentences with brackets. "Change" means replacement. Replace ancient words with modern words. For example, replace "I" with "I" and "er, such as" with "you". "Adjustment" means adjustment. Invert ancient Chinese. In order to conform to the expression habits of modern Chinese, "change" means flexibility. On the basis of being faithful to the original text, related words can be enlivened, such as "calm waves" and "calm on the lake". In the past two years, the investigation of classical Chinese translation in college entrance examination has changed from choosing right or wrong to translation, which has increased the difficulty of answering questions, and all of them are questions, as if there is no trace to find and no way to start. Actually, there is no way to start. Play a wonderful Classical Chinese Translation Quartet: 1. Attention should be paid to supplementing omitted sentence elements in translation. Ellipsis exists in classical Chinese, such as omitting the subject, omitting the predicate verb, omitting the preposition and omitting the object. When doing translation questions, you must pay attention to supplement the sentence elements omitted from the original text first, otherwise the translation will be ambiguous and unreasonable. 2. Translation should pay attention to adjusting word order. There are four types of classical Chinese: subject-predicate postposition, attributive postposition, prepositional structure postposition and prepositional object postposition. Only by adjusting the word order in translation can translation be easy, otherwise it will be easy to upset and give people the feeling that "two monks are at a loss". 3. Pay attention to flexible use in translation. Some notional words in classical Chinese can temporarily change their parts of speech and usage in a certain language environment, which is flexible use. There are mainly verbs, adjectives and so on. Adjectives and nouns are used in a conative way, nouns are verbs, nouns are adverbials, etc. In translation, we should grasp the temporary meaning of words. 4. When translating, we should grasp the key words, contact the context and make key breakthroughs. In classical Chinese reading, some sentences often affect the understanding of the whole sentence because of individual words. This word is the key word. We should understand and comprehend it in the context. To sum up, it is not difficult to translate classical Chinese correctly as long as you work hard and master it flexibly. Mastering the Key Points and Skills of Classical Chinese Translation In 2005, "sentence patterns and usages different from modern Chinese" were included in the college entrance examination. The examination of this knowledge point is probably reflected in the translation questions. Therefore, how to translate classical Chinese well has become the focus of candidates' attention. First, look at parts of speech-grasp the preparation countermeasures from the flexible use of parts of speech: flexible use of parts of speech is the content of the college entrance examination in 2005. It is a unique grammatical phenomenon in classical Chinese, mainly including the flexible use of nouns, verbs and adjectives. When translating, we should be good at determining the part of speech and meaning of flexible words by analyzing the grammatical structure of sentences. Second, observe the sentence pattern-grasp the preparation countermeasures from the characteristics of the classical Chinese sentence pattern: the classical Chinese sentence pattern has been included in the proposition scope of the college entrance examination in 2005, which requires us to master the different characteristics of the classical Chinese sentence pattern, especially the judgment sentence, passive sentence, ellipsis sentence and prepositional object sentence. Generally speaking, these sentence patterns have linguistic markers, so we can judge which sentence features they belong to by identifying these linguistic markers. Third, understand the meaning-grasp the preparation countermeasures from the meaning of key notional words: the so-called key notional words refer to those words that play a key role in a sentence, and their definitions are usually different from those of modern Chinese or have multiple meanings. In a sentence, verbs are the most important notional words, followed by adjectives and nouns. In addition, we should also pay attention to loanwords and ancient and modern meanings in sentences.