In Italy, there were "three outstanding literary figures" in the early Renaissance. Dante wrote many academic works and poems in his life, among which the famous ones are "New Life" and "Divine Comedy". Petrarch is the originator of humanism and is known as the "father of humanism". He was the first to call for the revival of classical culture and put forward the idea that "humanism" opposed "theology". Petrarch mainly wrote many beautiful poems, among which the representative work is Lyric Sonnets. Boccaccio is the founder of Italian national literature, and decameron, a collection of short stories, is his masterpiece.
In France, the Renaissance obviously formed two factions, one is optimates represented by Seven Star Poetry Society, and the other is Democrats represented by rabelais. The Seven Star Poetry Society, represented by Longsha and Du Beilai, has made outstanding contributions to language and poetry theory. They first put forward the idea of unifying national languages, which promoted the development of French national languages and national literature. But they rejected folk poetry and only served a few nobles. Rabelais is an outstanding humanist writer after Boccaccio and a representative of the French Renaissance Democrats. The Biography of the Giant, which he created in 20 years, is a realistic work interwoven with reality and fantasy, and occupies an important position in the history of European literature and education.
In Britain, the representatives are Thomas Moore and Shakespeare. Thomas Moore is a famous humanist thinker and the founder of utopian socialism. 15 16 Utopia, which he wrote in Latin, is the first work of utopian socialism. Shakespeare is a gifted playwright and poet. He, together with Homer, Dante and Goethe, is called the four great European writers. His works, such as Hamlet and King Lear, have complete structure, vivid plots, rich and refined language and outstanding personality, which represent the highest achievement of European Renaissance literature and have a far-reaching impact on the development of European realistic literature.
In Spain, the most outstanding representatives are Cervantes and Vega. Cervantes is a realistic writer, dramatist and poet. He wrote a large number of poems, plays and novels, of which Don Quixote, a long satirical novel, was the most famous, which had a great influence on the development of European literature. Vega is a dramatist, novelist and poet, the founder of Spanish national drama, and is known as the "father of Spanish drama". He is one of the few prolific writers in the world. He wrote more than 2,000 plays in his life, and more than 600 have been handed down to this day. There are religious drama, historical drama, divine drama, robe and sword drama, pastoral drama and other forms, which deeply reflect the social reality of Spain and are deeply loved by the masses. The most outstanding representative work is Yangquan Village. Italian painters in the Renaissance mainly include Giotto di Bondone, Ma Saqiao, paul Uccello, Domingo Quillando, sandro botticelli, Leonardo da Vinci, Raphael Sanzio, Titian Vicelli and Michelangelo.
Giotto di bondone (about1267-1337 65438+10/8) was an Italian painter and architect, known as the pioneer of the Italian Renaissance and the "father of European painting". His representative works include judas kiss, The Last Judgment and Mourning for Christ.
Ma Saqiao (Ma Saqiao, 140 1, 12, 2 1- 1428, Qiu) was originally named tommaso kassai, and his full name was tommaso di Theo Giovanni di Mon kassai (. He was the first great painter in the Italian Renaissance in the15th century. His murals are the earliest milestone of humanism. He was the first painter to use perspective, and he introduced vanishing point into his paintings for the first time. The characters in his paintings show a natural posture that has never been seen in history. His representative works include three paintings: The Altar of Cassia, The Virgin, Santa Anna and the Infant, Donation, Adam Exiled from the Garden of Eden and Holy Trinity.
Paolo Uccello (1397-14751210), formerly known as Paolo di Dono, is an Italian painter who is famous for his pioneering artistic perspective. His masterpiece has three sets of oil paintings depicting the Battle of San Romano.
Domenico ghirlandaio (8),1449-1494 65438+1October 1 1) were Italian Renaissance painters, and Michelangelo was his apprentice.
Sandro botticelli ([9], 1445 March1-10 May 17), formerly known as Alessandro Filippi, was a Florentine painter in the early European Renaissance. His masterpieces include Three Doctors Come to Korea, Spring, Ode to Our Lady, Venus and Mars, The Birth of Venus, The Messenger of Our Lady, Slander, The Mysterious Birth of Christ, pallas and Ken Taulos.
Rafael Sanzio (1April 6, 483-1April 6, 520) is an Italian painter. His masterpieces include The Academy of Athens, The Virgin Mary, The Victory of Galatia, St George vs Dragon, The Virgin and the Son, Notre Dame de Connors, Notre Dame de Alba, The Virgin of the Chair, The Sistine Madonna, The Unsolved Cross of Christ, Fables and Portraits of Gentlemen.
Tiziano Veseli (about1477-1August 27th, 576) was a great Italian painter in the late Renaissance and a representative of the Venetian school. Titian's Works: Venus of Urbino
Michelangelo (1475 March 6th-1564 February 18), full name Michelangelo di Lodovico Buonarroti Simone, 1438. His representative works include the zenith painting of Genesis in the Sistine Chapel in the Vatican, the mural The Last Judgment, the oil painting Burying, The Madonna, The Saga Familia and St. John. The classical music works of the Renaissance were mainly produced from 1400 to 1600. The end of this period is more definite than the beginning, unlike other art categories. From 65438 to the beginning of the 5th century, there was no obvious change in musical performance, and it can be said that the musical characteristics of the Renaissance were gradually changing.
To be sure, the music works in the early Renaissance mainly relied on the third interval as the chord. Polyphonic music, which began in the12nd century, became more detailed throughout the14th century, independent of sound expression. /kloc-The music in the early 5th century tends to be simple and the sound is smooth.
By the end of 15, polyphonic religious music began to become complicated again, which was related to the extremely developed paintings at that time in a sense. Then in the early16th century, music began to simplify again.
In the late16th century, music, especially minor, tended to be more complex and chromatic. At this time in Florence, musicians began to turn to the classical school, trying to restore the dreamy music form of ancient Greece through poetry. There has been a revolutionary leap in navigation technology, and explorers from Portugal, Spain and Italy have started a series of long-distance navigation activities. The geographical discoveries of Columbus and Magellan provide strong evidence for the theory of the earth circle.
The rediscovery of printing in Europe and the spread of papermaking, compass and gunpowder (the four great inventions of China) from the East promoted the rapid spread of scientific ideas. After the Renaissance,17th century, psychology, which was originally forgotten, continued to develop. 19th century (1879), Feng Te, the "father of modern psychology", founded psychology. Since then, psychology has developed into an independent discipline.