1840, the British government invaded China on the pretext of "protecting trading ports". In June, the British fleet arrived at the sea in Guangzhou, because the soldiers and civilians in Guangzhou were closely defended under the leadership of Lin Zexu, and the British army had no chance to take advantage of it. Turning to Xiamen was also repelled.
Later, the British army took advantage of the defensive emptiness in Zhejiang to capture Dinghai, and the coastal area went north to capture Dagu in Haikou, Tianjin. Frightened by foreign guns, the Qing government dismissed Lin Zexu and sent Qishan, the governor of Zhili, to replace Lin Zexu as an imperial envoy to Guangdong.
184 1 February, the British army took Qishan for combat readiness and captured Humen, Guangzhou. In May, it occupied Mud City and Sifangbao and shelled Guangzhou. In August, Britain expanded its war of aggression and captured Xiamen.
In the second year, the British army attacked downstream along the Yangtze River, captured Wusong in June, captured Zhenjiang in July and invaded Nanjing. The decadent Qing government bowed to the invaders and signed the "treaty of nanking" in August 1842.
Since then, imperialism has stepped up its military, political, economic and cultural aggression, control and plunder of China, which gradually disintegrated the feudal society that lasted for thousands of years in China and turned it into a semi-colonial and semi-feudal society.
2. The Second Opium War
1856, the British aggressor troops provoked China in Guangzhou. 1857 Britain and France formed a joint invading army to launch a war of aggression against China. The United States and Russia not only actively helped them, but also directly intervened to seize power in China.
From 1857 to 1860, the British and French allied forces successively captured Guangzhou, Tianjin, Beijing and other important cities, looted and burned the Yuanmingyuan in Beijing, forcing the Qing government to conclude the Tianjin Treaty and the Beijing Treaty.
These treaties mainly stipulate that Tianjin, Niuzhuang (later renamed Yingkou), Dengzhou (later renamed Yantai), Taiwan Province Province (Tainan), Danshui, Chaozhou (later renamed Shantou), Qiongzhou, Nanjing, Zhenjiang, Jiujiang and Hankou should be opened as commercial ports; It is recognized that foreigners have the privilege to preach and sail freely in Chinese mainland, and foreign merchant ships have the privilege to sail in inland waters of China.
Since then, foreign aggression has spread not only to the coastal provinces of China, but also to the inland. Taking advantage of this war, Russia successively adopted the Aihui Treaty, the Beijing Treaty and a series of subsequent unequal treaties, encroaching on China's territory of more than 6.5438+0.5 million square kilometers, becoming the country that plundered China's territory the most.
3. Sino-Japanese Sino-Japanese War of 1894-1895
1894, the East Learning Party uprising broke out in North Korea, and the North Korean government forces were successively defeated and forced to ask for help from the sovereign state of the Qing Dynasty. Japan also took the opportunity to send troops to North Korea and deliberately provoked war.
1894 (20th year of Guangxu) On July 25th, the naval battle of Toyoda broke out, and the Sino-Japanese War began. Because the Japanese had planned for a long time, the Qing Dynasty rushed to fight, and the war ended with the defeat of China and the annihilation of the Beiyang Navy. Under the military pressure of Japanese militarism, the Qing government in China signed the treaty of shimonoseki in April 1895.
The result of the Sino-Japanese War of 1894-1895 brought unprecedented national crisis to the Chinese nation and greatly deepened the degree of semi-colonization of China society. On the other hand, it has made Japan's national strength stronger and laid an important foundation for it to become a big country.
4. Eight-Nation Alliance's war of aggression against China.
1900, the vigorous development of the anti-imperialist patriotic movement of the Boxer Rebellion made the imperialist countries that were stepping up their efforts to carve up China panic. While threatening the Qing government to step up its troops to suppress the Boxer Rebellion, they planned to intervene directly.
On June 1900, Eight-Nation Alliance captured Dagubao; /kloc-in July of 0/4, Tianjin was captured and subjected to military colonial rule. Then this invading army of 20,000 people advanced to Beijing along both sides of the canal.
At this critical juncture, the corrupt Qing government not only failed to fully resist aggression, but appointed Yi? As the plenipotentiary minister, Li Hongzhang begged for peace from the invaders. /kloc-in August of 0/3, Eight-Nation Alliance attacked Tongzhou, and Japanese and Russian troops arrived at the gates of Beijing that night.
The Japanese attacked Chaoyangmen, the Russian attacked Dongbianmen, and the Qing army and the Boxer Rebellion stubbornly resisted. 14 years, the British army breached Guangqumen, and the invading armies of Russia, Japan and other countries entered the city one after another. Beijing finally fell into the hands of Eight-Nation Alliance.
On the same day, Empress Dowager Cixi called a command meeting five times in a row to discuss countermeasures, but there was nothing she could do. The next morning, she fled to Xi 'an with Emperor Guangxu and her trusted servant.
As soon as Eight-Nation Alliance entered Beijing, he burned, killed and looted crazily. All the houses where the Boxer set up the altar were burned down. The invading army also slaughtered the people of China everywhere and shot at everyone, causing "corpses everywhere, rotting and fumigating the sky."
The invading army openly let the troops rob for three days, but in fact, the shameful invaders never stopped robbing until the day they left. A large number of historical relics have been destroyed and looted.
Almost all of the Yongle Dadian collected by the Hanlin Academy was lost, and more than 46,000 rare books such as other subsets of classics and history were lost. After this looting, China's "savings since the Yuan and Ming Dynasties, from legal relics to national treasures, were swept away."
The Russian invaders were particularly cruel in this robbery. All the valuables that can be taken away from the palace are taken away, and all the things that can't be taken away are broken. It is estimated that the total value of the property plundered by Eight-Nation Alliance is no less than several billion taels of silver.
After the imperialist powers plundered Beijing crazily, they forced the Qing government to sign the "Xin Chou Treaty" on September 7, 190 1. 165438+ 10, commander-in-chief of the allied forces invading China and German field marshal Vadexi arrived in Beijing.
Since then, the number of invading troops has increased to more than 654.38 million, invading Shanhaiguan, Baoding, Zhengding and even Shanxi Province. Russia also mobilized six infantry brigades to invade the northeast of China in an attempt to annex the three northeastern provinces.
5. War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression
The Anti-Japanese War lasted for 14 years from the September 18th Incident of 193 1 to the end of 1945.
193 1 year. After the September 18th Incident, the Japanese invaders completely occupied the northeast of China and established the puppet Manchukuo. Since then, they have created troubles and provoked wars in North China and Shanghai, while the National Government adopted a compromise policy to prevent the conflict from expanding.
1On July 7, 937, the Japanese army provoked the Lugouqiao Incident near Beiping, and the Sino-Japanese war broke out in an all-round way. 194 1 year 65438+February 7th, after Japan launched the Pacific War, Chongqing National Government officially declared war on Japan on February 9th, 65438. On August 1945, Japan surrendered unconditionally to the allied forces.
China battlefield is one of the main battlefields in World War II. War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression, the people of China, was an important part of the Second World War.
War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression, the people of China, is the greatest patriotic war in the history of the Chinese nation, a just war of China people against Japanese imperialist aggression, an important part of the world anti-fascist war, and the first national liberation war of China against foreign aggression in modern times.
Baidu Encyclopedia-Modern History of China