The Four Books - The "Four Books" in the "Four Books and Five Classics" are the general name of the four works: "Great Learning", "The Doctrine of the Mean", "The Analects" and "Mencius". It is said that they are derived from early Confucianism. The four representative figures are Zeng Shen, Zisi, Confucius, and Mencius, so they are called the "Four Books" (also known as "The Four Masters"), or simply the "Four Books".
The Five Classics - Confucianism The Six Classics, "The Book of Songs", "The Book of Documents", "The Book of Rites", "The Book of Music", "The Book of Changes", and "The Spring and Autumn Annals". The First Emperor of Qin "burned books to entrap Confucian scholars". It is said that the "Book of Music" was lost after the fire of Qin. On this basis, the Eastern Han Dynasty added "The Analects of Confucius", "The Classic of Filial Piety", and the Seven Classics; in the Tang Dynasty, the "Book of Rites of Zhou", "Book of Rites", "Spring and Autumn Gongyang Zhuan" and "Spring and Autumn Gu Liang Zhuan" were added. , "Erya", the last of the Twelve Classics; "Mencius" was added in the Song Dynasty, and later the "Commentaries on the Thirteen Classics" engraved by the Song Dynasty were handed down to the world. The "Thirteen Classics" is the basic work of Confucian culture. In terms of traditional concepts, "Yi", "Poetry", "Book", "Li", and "Chunqiu" are called "Jing", "Zuo Zhuan", "Gongyang Zhuan" and "Gu Liang Zhuan" belong to the "Chuan" of "Spring and Autumn Classic" , "Book of Rites", "Book of Filial Piety", "The Analects of Confucius" and "Mencius" are all "notes", and "Erya" is the exegesis work of the Confucian scholars of the Han Dynasty. The "Five Classics" in the "Four Books and Five Classics" refer to: "Zhouyi", "Shangshu", "Book of Songs", "Book of Rites", "Zuo Zhuan".
"Zhouyi" of "Four Books and Five Classics": also known as "Yi" and "Yijing", listed The first of the Confucian classics. "The Book of Changes" is a book of divination. Its outer layer is mysterious, but its inner philosophy is profound and profound. The author should be Zhenguan, and it was completed by many people. The content extensively records all aspects of Western Zhou society, including historical materials. Value, ideological value and literary value. In the past, people's understanding of the changing laws of nature and human beings has never transcended the thinking framework of Yin and Yang Bagua. It is said that the dragon and horse carrying the "River Map" appeared in the Yellow River, and the ancient sage Fuxi began to compose the Bagua; " "Historical Records" is also known as "Gai Wen Wang Ju, and performed the "Book of Changes"" (one said that Fu Xi heavy hexagrams, and some said that Shen Nong), and wrote Yao Ci (or called Zhou Gong); later in the Spring and Autumn Period, Confucius also wrote "Ten Wings" The theory is known in the world as "people update three saints, and world history has three ancients" ("Hanshu·Yiwenzhi"). "Zhouyi" includes two parts: "Jing" and "Zhuan". The text of "Jing" consists of sixty-four hexagrams and hexagrams. And the corresponding hexagram names, hexagram words, line names, line words, etc. There are seven ten chapters in "Zhuan" 1 to 1, including the first and second chapters of "Tu", the first and second chapters of "Xiang", the first and second chapters of "Wenyan" and "Xici" Chapters, "Shuo Gua", "Miscellaneous Gua" and "Xu Gua". The ancients collectively called these ten "Zhuan" "Ten Wings", which means that "Zhuan" is a wing attached to "Jing", that is, used to explain The content of "Jing".
"Shang Shu" of "Four Books and Five Classics": In ancient times, it was called "Book" and "Book of Books", and in the Han Dynasty, it was called "Shang Shu". "Shang" means "Shang" , "Ancient", this book is the earliest collection of historical documents in ancient times. It records from the legendary Yao and Shun era to the Eastern Zhou Dynasty (mid-Spring and Autumn Period), about 1,500 years ago. The basic content is the proclamations of ancient emperors and the conversations between monarchs and ministers. records, which shows that the author should be a historian. "Historical Records: Confucius Family" states that Confucius "prefaced the "Shu Zhuan", and compiled it from the time of Tang and Yu in the Tang Dynasty to Qin Mu." It is said that it was compiled by Confucius. "Shang Shu" "There are two versions, one is "Jinwen Shangshu" and the other is "Guwen Shangshu". The current version of "Comments on the Thirteen Classics" is a joint edition of Jinwen Shangshu and pseudo-Guwen Shangshu. It was praised in ancient times. People "read poetry and books", and "Book of Poetry" refers to "The Book of Songs" and "Book of Songs" respectively.
The Book of Songs in the "Four Books and Five Classics": In the pre-Qin Dynasty, it was called "The Book of Songs", or "The Book of Songs". "Hundred" is China's first collection of poetry. It collects 305 poems (original 311 poems) from the early Western Zhou Dynasty to the middle Spring and Autumn Period over 500 years. It is a comprehensive collection of poems from the early Western Zhou Dynasty to the middle Spring and Autumn Period. Collection. "The ancient "Poetry" has more than 3,000 chapters, which are related to Confucius, minus the emphasis..." ("Historical Records: Confucius Family"), it is said to be compiled by Confucius. "Poetry" is divided into "wind" and "elegance" , "Ode" has three parts, "Feng" refers to folk songs, "Ya" refers to the formal music of the Western Zhou Dynasty, and "Song" refers to the dance songs and lyrics of the ancestral temples of the upper class. This book extensively reflects the social life at that time In all aspects, it is known as the encyclopedia of life in ancient society and has a profound influence on later generations. Friends who like poetry must have read it.
"Book of Rites" of "Four Books and Five Classics": from the Warring States Period to the Qin and Han Dynasties A collection of articles by Confucian scholars explaining the classic "Book of Rites", "The Book of Rites is just an explanation of the Book of Rites" ("Zhu Ziyu Lei·Volume 87"), which is a collection of materials on Confucian thought. "Book of Rites" Although "Book of Rites" is only a book explaining "Book of Rites", due to its wide coverage, its influence goes beyond "Book of Rites" and "Book of Rites". There are two versions of "Book of Rites", one is compiled by Dade, and the other is compiled by Dade. There are 85 chapters, 40 of which are preserved today, and are called "Da Dai Li"; the other, which is the "Book of Rites" we have now, is the 49 chapters selected and compiled by Dai De and his nephew Dai Sheng, called "Xiao Da Li". "Book of Dai Li".
"Zuo Zhuan" of "Four Books and Five Classics": also known as "Zuo's Spring and Autumn Annals", "Spring and Autumn Classics", "Spring and Autumn Annals", "Zuo's Biography of Chunqiu", ancient chronicle historical works. "Historical Records" The author is Zuo Qiuming of the Spring and Autumn Period. Classical scholars of the Qing Dynasty believe that it was adapted by Liu Xin. Modern people also believe that it was compiled by someone in the early Warring States period based on historical materials from various countries (some say it was written by the historical officials of the Lu State). The scope of the collection includes royal archives, Lu history policy books, histories of princes and states, etc. The records are basically in the order of the Twelve Dukes of Lu in "Spring and Autumn", and the content includes appointments, alliances, conquests, weddings and funerals, usurpation and murder among the princes and states, etc. , has an important influence on later history and literature. "Zuo Zhuan" is not a Confucian classic, but since it was established as a scholar and later attached to "Spring and Autumn", it has gradually been regarded as a classic by Confucianists.