I. Ancient Korean Peninsula
1, overview
Tunguska people originally lived in the Heilongjiang River valley, and later some people moved south to the south of the Korean Peninsula, where they assimilated the original aborigines with numerical advantages and became new aborigines on the Korean Peninsula. The present Korean nation is a mixture of a few Koguryo aborigines in the north (filth and Liang Yi) and Korean aborigines in the south.
The land of Han four counties includes most of the peninsula, and only a local tribe named Han in the southeast corner is still independent. During the Eastern Han Dynasty, the Han nationality gradually developed into three small countries-Mahan, Chen Han and Han Ge, known as the Three Han Dynasties in history. Han means "big". There were no Chinese characters in Sanhan at that time. Later, Chinese characters were introduced into Korea, and "Han" was written as "Han".
After Mahan developed into Baekje, Chen Han developed into Silla; Han Ge developed into a six-gay alliance led by Jin Guan Gaya (now there is another musical instrument called Gayaqin in Korean), and later merged into Silla.
Baekje royal family originated in Fuxi, Dongyi, and originally lived in the northeast of Hebei to Liaohe, which was the birthplace of Shang Dynasty.
6. Wei and Jin Dynasties
The Han dynasty did not really have the strength to manage remote ethnic minorities steadily. In the first 82 years, Fan Zhen County was stopped in the Han Dynasty, and Lintun County was stopped in the first 75 years. At the same time, Xuantu County moved from the old land in the south of Tumen River to the north of Yalu River and the east of Liaodong County. Located in the upper reaches of Hunhe River, near Xinbin, Liaoning Province, it only leads to the three counties (including Koguryo County in the southwest of Yongling Town, Xinbin County, and the indigenous people are Koguryo). Lelang County was the territorial county in the Western Han Dynasty, and it was reduced to 18 in the Eastern Han Dynasty.
According to Gongsun Kang, at the end of the Han Dynasty, some counties in Liaodong and Gele Langzhou were classified as Fangjun County, and the number of leading counties decreased. In 238, Wei Sima Yi destroyed Gongsun Yuan, and Wei controlled the north-central part of the Korean Peninsula. During such a long period of time (BC 108 ~ AD 3 13) from the founding of Le Lang to the annexation of Koguryo, a great deal of Korean culture was imported into North China. Of course, at the same time, ancient Korean culture was introduced into Liaodong, western Liaoning, Youzhou and other counties.
Second, the Korean peninsula in the period of tripartite confrontation.
In 3 13, Koguryo took advantage of the chaos and decline of the Western Jin Dynasty and annexed Le Lang, becoming the most powerful country on the Korean Peninsula. Three years later, the Western Jin Dynasty perished. In 337, Murong Guang established Yan Qian, the capital of Yixian County in Liaoning. In 352 AD, he destroyed the Wei Ran regime of the Han nationality, and in 370 AD, he was destroyed by the former Qin Dynasty. In 384, Mu Rongchui established Houyan in Dingzhou. In 398, Murong Bao was defeated by the Northern Wei Dynasty and fled to his hometown of Yixian. In 407, General Gao Yun of Houyan Goguryeo executed Murong Xi and established Beiyan. Later, Feng Ba of the Han nationality became Emperor Beiyan, ruling the whole Liaoning Province. With such a small regime, Koguryo was afraid of him and probably admired Chinese culture. Koguryo surrendered to Beiyan. In 439, the Northern Wei Dynasty of Xianbei nationality wiped out the Northern Yan of Han nationality and unified the northern part of China. Emperor Beiyan, at the flood peak, fled to Goguryeo, continued to dominate the king of Goguryeo and was killed by Goguryeo.
In the first half of the sixth century, Goguryeo, with Pyongyang as the center, took advantage of the civil strife in the Northern Wei Dynasty to occupy the territory of China (now Liaoning Province and northern Hebei Province); In addition, Fuyu's ancestral home and the ancestral home of the Korean royal family are here, so now Koreans advocate that "Liaoning Province and Hebei Province are both Korean territory".
Goguryeo rose in Northeast Asia, and nomadic tribes such as Uighur were used by it. Even the powerful Turkic khanate formed an alliance with Goguryeo, and local warlords (northern Qi nobles) in China and Hebei colluded with Goguryeo against the central government. To the south, Koguryo attacked Silla and Baekje more and more frequently, and Silla and Baekje were forced to ask China for help. Compared with Turkey, whose national development is still embryonic and extremely unstable, Goguryeo poses a greater threat.
Sui and Tang Dynasties conquered Koguryo, expanded it wantonly, refused to listen to persuasion, and then expanded to western Liaoning. Goguryeo was finally crushed by the combined forces of Tang and Silla in 668. In the Tang Dynasty, Anton Duhu was established in Pyongyang, and only Silla and Tang Dynasty forces remained on the Korean peninsula.
After Koguryo's death, the Koguryo clan disintegrated. Tang * * * received 697,000 households, which is the total number of households in its territory, including many non-Koguryo families. It is estimated that the total number of Koguryo families will not exceed 6.5438+0.5 million by then. There are four destinations: moving to the Central Plains, merging into Silla, dispersing floods and dispersing Turkey.
The number of households who moved to the Central Plains, in 645, 70,000 people moved to Liao, Gai and Yan countries and entered the Central Plains after Emperor Taizong pulled out the city of 10. In 669, Tang Gaozong moved 38,300 households with nearly 200,000 people to the south of Jianghuai and "the empty space between Shannan and Jingxi".
There are three ways to return to Silla: First, return to Silla. In 668, Goguryeo fought for power, and Tang should send troops to conquer. Your minister Yuan Pure Land led more than 3500 people to vote. In 669, Tong Moucen led his troops against the Tang Dynasty, made Anshun king, and Tang sent soldiers to beg for it. After Shun killed Tong Moucen, more than 4,000 households voted for Silla. Second, when the Tang and Silla allied forces attacked Koguryo, they were captured by Silla. In 668, King Silla transferred troops and brought "7,000 Koguryo people into Beijing". Third, after the country's demise, Koguryo people living in the Datong River valley were placed under Silla management. Koguryo people belonging to Silla established Korea in 9 18 under the leadership of Wang Jian 250 years later, and then seized the political power of Silla, then eliminated Bai Ji, and the three ethnic groups merged to become Koreans.
Koguryo people who defected to Mohong and Turks mainly stayed in the part under the jurisdiction of Anton Khufu.
In 672, the Tang Dynasty awarded Gao Zang, the former king of Koguryo and the governor of Liaodong, as the King of Korea and set him back to Liaodong. After the return of Tibet, he secretly contacted Hong to "rebel". Tang discovered that Gao Zang was recalled and exiled to Qionglai County, Sichuan Province, and some Koguryo people moved to Henan and Longyou (now Longshan, Gansu, west of Liupanshan and east of the Yellow River). The unmoved are scattered into Turks and cymbals. Around 698, most people who defected to Mohong gathered under the banner of Da Luorong and became members of Bohai State, and later merged with Mohong and others to become Bohai people.
Koguryo, a soldier named Gao Shikui, took part in Tang Jun after being captured by the Tang Dynasty. His son Gao Xianzhi made many military feats in the Tang Dynasty, conquered Tashkent in the middle of the 8th century and spread papermaking to Arab countries.
Baekje, another species of Fuyu, rules the southwest of the Korean peninsula. It is connected to Langjun, Henle in the north, Koguryo in the back and Silla in the east. Baekje was originally one of 54 tribes in Malaysia and Korea, and it came from Fuyu royal family. In BC 1 century, Baekje tribe combined with other Mahan tribes to form a country, and its capital was King Anyi (now near Seoul). After moving the capital to Hanshan City (Gyeonggi Province) on the south bank of the Han River. /kloc-from 0/96 to 220, after Gongsun Kang took the county, Baekje King married Gongsun Kang's daughter, and with the help of Gongsun Kang Liaodong separatist regime, he gradually became stronger. During the reign of King Gul, a relatively complete national system was initially established. In 3 13, after Koguryo occupied Lelang County, the three countries on the peninsula confronted each other.
In 39 1 year, the Linjin River Basin was captured by Koguryo. In 475, Hanshan City in Wang Du was occupied by Koguryo and forced to move its capital to Jinxiong (now Duke of Zhou). In 538, Baekje moved to Sibei (now Fuyu), a vast plain with convenient transportation, and changed its name to NanFuyu, and began to become strong again. Baekje recaptured the lower reaches of Hanjiang River in 55 1, but it was captured by Silla in 553. In order to recover lost ground, Baekje and Koguryo frequently attacked Silla, captured more than 40 cities and sent troops to defend. And seek for the Tang Xiangcheng, the road to tribute. Silla was in a critical situation and begged the Tang Dynasty to send troops to intervene. Su, a left-back in the Tang Dynasty, led the navy to help. The fleet set out from Chengshan (Rongcheng, Shandong Province) and landed at Jinxiong Estuary (Jinjiang) of Baekje. With the cooperation of Silla in the Tang Dynasty, Baekje was defeated. In 660, Lingpi, the capital city, fell and the country perished. In the Tang Dynasty, Jinxiong, Mahan and Dongming were divided into five counties, and the Tusi Guanqu was set as governor, secretariat and county magistrate. Su quickly led the army back to China, and ordered You Weilang to appoint Wang as the viceroy, leaving General Zhang Renyuan as the town commander. As soon as Sue left, the Baekje monk and Fu Xin, the son of Baekje King, welcomed back Prince Fu Yufeng, who was in Japan at that time, and returned to China to succeed him. His western and northern parts were turned over. Surround the China army stationed in the city. In 66 1 year, general China also landed at the estuary with the reinforcements of Liu, the general of the secretariat. The Baekje Army joined forces and suffered a crushing defeat. The siege was lifted and Baekje surrendered to Zhouliucheng (Hanshan, South Korea). Liu Jian led a small number of troops and could not attack. He could only help Zhang Renyuan to stick to the approval and stalemate for two years. In 663, the Japanese army entered Baekje, and China sent General Sun to cross the sea to send more troops. Another general, Liu, led the navy from Hehe to Baijiang (Jinjiang, South Korea) to attack Zhouliucheng and meet Sun. Unexpectedly, at Baijiangkou, I met the Japanese naval fleet and then fought a decisive battle. The Japanese fleet was wiped out. This is the first war between China and Japan. Fu Yufeng abandoned Zhou Liucheng and fled to Koguryo in the north. Baekje Kingdom died in 68 1. After Renyuan and Gui Ren returned to China, Baekje territory was occupied by Silla.
Baekje used Chinese characters and established a Confucian education system in the 4th century. Japan was first introduced into China culture by Baekje: Wang Ren, a Baekje scholar, once taught The Analects of Confucius to the Crown Prince of Japan. In 384, Buddhism was introduced into Baekje from the Southern Dynasties.
Silla was built by Chen Han Lu Si's three Han Dynasty in the 4th century. Siluba was originally a Miao descendant of Han Ge. Around A.D., with Jincheng as the center, six tribes were United to form a tribal alliance, with Park, Jin as the leaders. From the middle of the 4th century, the surname Park and surname no longer served as leaders, and the throne was inherited by Jin, and the kingship was gradually strengthened. Silla was often invaded by the Japanese at the end of the 4th century. In 402, Koguryo expelled the Japanese army and put Silla under his own protection. In 505, Silla implemented the state, county and county system. In 520, the official rank was different, and the court dress was still white. From 532 to 562, Silla unified the Kaye tribe of Han nationality in Kaye (now Jinhai area) and Kaye (now Gaoling area) successively, and completely occupied the Luodong River basin. During the period of Emperor Taizong, Silla formed an alliance with Baekje in order to compete with Koguryo. In 55 1 year, it occupied the upper reaches of the Han River and the lower reaches of the Baekje River in 553, so it took advantage of the situation to go north along the east coast and extended its influence to the Liyuan area of South Hamgyong Road today. The expansion of Silla led Goguryeo and Baekje to attack constantly. Silla was in a critical situation and begged the Tang Dynasty to send troops to intervene. Goguryeo lost land in the north, so the invasion of Silla in the south had to stop, but the invasion of Baekje Kingdom did not stop. In 66O, Baekje, Koryo and Mohong led troops to invade its northern border, captured more than 30 cities, and Silla came to China again for emergency treatment. With the cooperation of Silla, Baekje and Koguryo were destroyed in the Tang Dynasty in 668. At present, 3/4 of the Korean Peninsula is in China, and Silla Kingdom is confined to14 of the land in the southeast corner of the peninsula. However, China's rule lasted only nine years. The kingdom of Silla was deeply dissatisfied with China's annexation of so much land without giving it any, and began to secretly challenge the behemoth China, launching rebellion everywhere, prompting Pyongyang to be isolated. In 676, the China army stationed in Tun couldn't support it, so it had to retreat and move the capital of Anton, Pyongyang, to Liaodong (Liaoyang, Liaoning). Silla Kingdom did not continue to confront China, but wisely adopted the policy of serving the great powers, and was very respectful to China. This policy has achieved perfect results. Since then, there has been no war between China and North Korea, but a brotherly friendship.
After the demise of Baekje and Koguryo, the Silla Silla Kingdom unified the central and southern parts of the Korean Peninsula, separated from China by water. North of Datong River to Liaodong is under the jurisdiction of the Tang Dynasty. Naturally, Silla gradually became a land of Korea and Baekje. At this point, the original Sanhan tribe was completely unified in Silla and expanded slightly in the northern border.
In 300, Japan's Yamato State was founded. Baekje made friends with China and formed an alliance with Japan in the Southern Dynasties. Koguryo is closely related to the northern regime of China. In 369, Japan invaded Han Ge (now Busan, South Korea) and established Na Ren, which was ruled by the "Japanese government". Baekje also became a tributary of Japan. In 384, Buddhism was introduced into Baekje by monks in the Eastern Jin Dynasty. 39 1 year, Japan crossed the sea and broke Baekje and Silla. In 396, King Koguryo conquered Baekje, and Baekje surrendered. But in 399, Baekje colluded with the Japanese to attack Silla, and the Japanese army spread all over Silla for a while. In 400 AD, Koguryo sent troops to support Silla and chased it to Naren and Garo. In 404, the Japanese invaded the belt and was defeated by Koguryo. In 420, in order to contain the powerful Goguryeo, Emperor Shundi of the Southern Song Dynasty conferred Baekje King and Japanese King, but Silla had no connection with the Southern Song Dynasty.
In 479, the Japanese army sent troops to Silla, and Xiayi soldiers surrendered without a fight. In 5 12, Baekje asked the Japanese to cede four counties, and the Japanese were forced to agree. In 562, the Na Ren regime was destroyed by Silla.
In 600, in order to restore the rule there, Japan made an expedition to Silla. Although it won, it failed to achieve its goal. In 6 18, Koguryo sent envoys to Japan for contact.
In 660, Baekje was captured by Silla and Tang Dynasty, the capital fell and the king was captured. Baekje Haunted House turned to the Japanese for help, and the Japanese took the opportunity to send troops to North Korea. In 663, Silla and the Tang Dynasty defeated the Japanese army in Baijiang Village (now Jinjiang, North Korea) and wiped out Baekje.
Third, the unified ancient Korean Peninsula.
In 67 1 year, Silla began to rebel against China's rule, captured Anton Khufu, and restored all the territory of Baekje. Nevertheless, China's army did not give up its claim to the original territories of Baekje and Koguryo, and it was not until 735 AD that it recognized the territory south of Datong River as Silla. As a result, Silla became a single country with most of the territory of the Korean Peninsula and most of the people of the former three countries.
There is Incheon Bay on the west coast of Silla, which is convenient for direct flights to China. From the end of the 4th century, Silla made friends with China's former Qin, Southern Qi, Liang, Northern Qi, Chen, Sui and Tang Dynasties, and absorbed China culture. Silla uses Chinese characters, but it is not popular. Xue Cong interprets the Nine Classics in dialect (Korean), sorts out the chaotic official words (Korean is marked with Chinese characters) and makes them systematic. In 682, Silla established Chinese studies and read books such as The Analects of Confucius and The Book of Rites.
In the late Silla, the royal family fought for the throne, and wars were frequent, and the people were miserable and rebelled. In 896, the Red Pants attacked western Wang Du. In this situation, Zhen Xuan, the bow clan and officer of Silla royal family, also joined the rebel army and seized the leadership. In 900, Zhen Xuan established Baekje in Wanshan Prefecture (now Quanzhou), and in 90 1 year, Gong Zu established Koguryo in Song Yue (now Kaicheng), also known as Taifeng State, forming a situation of tripartite confrontation.
The last rebel leader, Wang Jian, the son of a noble family, became the chief minister of the Bow family. In 9 18, Wang Jian overthrew the post-Koguryo with the misconduct and abuse of power of the bow clan. In 935 AD, Wang Jian accepted Baekje's voluntary surrender, and the following year, Wang Jian accepted the abdication of King Silla Jing Shun. Wang Jian established Wang's Korea and named his dynasty "Korea".
After the founding of the People's Republic of Korea, it took advantage of the decline of the Bohai Sea, the Mohong nationality, to expand northward and extend its border to the south bank of the lower reaches of the Yalu River. Since the founding of People's Republic of China (PRC), Korea has been conferred titles by the Tang Dynasty, the Later Jin Dynasty, the Later Zhou Dynasty, the Song Dynasty, the Liao Dynasty, the Jin Dynasty and the Yuan Dynasty. In 956, Wing, the envoy of the Later Zhou Dynasty, was detained in North Korea, where he made great contributions as the examiner and recruited talents with poetry and fu.
In 926, the Khitan conquered the Bohai Sea, and the Fuyu and filthy people in the Bohai Sea who were not assimilated by Mohong people fled to the north of Korea. North Korea fought three large-scale wars with Qidan for the hometown of Bohai country south of Yalu River. In 993, Xiao Hengde, who was sent by Liao to stay in Tokyo, invaded North Korea and captured pengshan county the following year. North Korea made peace and ceded hundreds of miles east of the Yalu River, the female direct country. 10 10, Koryo left Beijing for Zhao Kang to kill Mu Zong, and it was his brother Wang Xun who was good at reciting. Emperor Sheng of Liao led the army to apologize, was captured, abandoned Xijing and fled, and returned to the division after Liao opened Beijing. In A.D. 10 13, Liao sent self-loyalty to six cities in North Korea, such as Suo Xinghua and Tong Sanshi, but it was rejected. Since then, the Liao dynasty has used troops for years, but it has failed to make North Korea surrender. 10 18, Emperor Xiaopai of Dongping County was sent by Emperor Shengzong of Liao to attack, and was defeated by North Korean general Jiang Hanzan. 1020, Korean emperor Wang Xun invited him to make peace. Since then, there has been no major war with North Korea until Liao's death. At the age of 65, Han sent envoys to Liao to repair tribute. Ten years after the Emperor of Heaven, Liao died.
The ancestors of Jurchen lived in Korea and maintained their own way of life, language and tribal organization. Han Pu, the ancestor of Hong Yan School, was originally beautiful. Although her daughter is a Korean, she has not been in touch for a long time. /kloc-At the beginning of the 20th century, before the Liao Dynasty and the Jin Dynasty, Korea tried to expand to the Yalu River, and fought a friction war with Nuzhen, which is adjacent to the northeast of China, for several years, but it was finally defeated and failed. Jurchen formed a unified tribal alliance in Liao Daozong, and all ministries were bound by the laws formulated by Hongyan Department. The influence extended to the vast areas from Gu Lin in the southeast (now the Motianling in North Korea) to the five northeastern countries. And Jin destroyed Liao, and Korea used Jin to serve Liao as a vassal's old gift. 1 1 16, in order to celebrate the victory of the 8 Jin Army, korean king sent envoys to Baozhou (now Sinuiju, North Korea), which was occupied by the Liao Dynasty (in fact, it was reoccupied at the end of the Liao Dynasty).
The Korean dynasty valued literature over martial arts, and the contradiction between ministers of civil and military affairs was deep, and martial arts were suppressed. By the time of Zong Yi, the struggle had intensified. 1 170 years, the military attache uprising led by Zheng Zhongfu finally took place, exiled Zong Yi and killed civilians. For a long time, many talented literati were driven out of the political arena. They organized a number of small groups of literati, singing, drinking and reciting poems, venting their dissatisfaction and carrying out passive resistance, among which "Seven Sages of the Sea" had the greatest influence. Their works are mainly poems, among which Li Renlao and Wu are the most famous. The Jin dynasty had a good relationship, often sending envoys to congratulate each other and rarely interfering in internal affairs. Later, Emperor Xuanzong of Jin moved the capital to the frontier, and the road to Liaodong was blocked, so he naturally stopped asking questions.
In A.D. 1 126, tens of thousands of books in the Wang family library and the National Studies Institute were all reduced to ashes because the father-in-law of Injong King set fire to the imperial court building. North Korea lost this collection of books and could not get the books of the Song Dynasty. Printing books with wood blocks is both expensive and time-consuming, so the idea of printing with metal lettering came into being, and copper plates were cast with the same technology as copper coins.
The new technology of making iron with coke in Song Dynasty was used by Mongols to make weapons. The Mongols conquered Jin with this new weapon and drove stubborn Liao refugees to North Korea. After that, Koryo was invaded by Mongols. 1258, North Korea's Haowang surrendered to Mongolia, allowing Mongolia to put 72 people in charge of Dalu Huachi in Beijing, Fujian and County. In the second year, Lu Hua was killed because of rebellion, and Wang Jing and the people of various counties fled to the island to take refuge. From the second year of self-determination to the eighth year of Xianzong, Yuan ordered the conquest of Korea four times, and pulled out its 14 city. After Kublai Khan ascended the throne, the tension changed. The emperor's daughter suddenly fell in Lu and was sent to marry korean king Chen, and North Korea completely restored the face of old Xinjiang. The Yuan Dynasty set up the Eastbound Province (as a temporary military organization) in Korea for many times, and set up the "Ludahuachi" to supervise state affairs, with korean king as the prime minister, but still retained the original political power and institutional structure. Korea still has some independence. Unlike other provinces, Mongolia treats Koreans more favorably than Han people. Actually, Han didn't listen to Sun either. He once held three private positions and set up a special adviser, who lived for a long time. Later, it was changed to the future, pursuing the first emperor.
A powerful minister of North Korea made a good use of his younger brother Lee by making a mess. Ma Xiji, who experienced the Privy Council before the Yuan Dynasty, suggested dividing and ruling Korea, so the Yuan Dynasty did not go all out to quell the chaos. Because of Lin Yan's rebellion, Koryo commander Cui Tan and others annexed more than 50 cities in Xijing. The Yuan Dynasty accepted Xijing nationality, changed Dongning House and demarcated Compassion Ridge. Lin Yan's disorderly party was quickly put down, but Kublai Khan was sent back to China to be reset.
1274, the Yuan Dynasty forced 25,000 people from Korea to attack Japan, but failed.
Yuan Shundi once married a Korean woman, Kishi, as the queen. In the Yuan Dynasty, Koreans studied in China and became officials. Qi Baishi's younger brother Sha and his fellow countryman Park Buhua both became powerful ministers of the Yuan Dynasty. Those who are in power in South Korea are politically corrupt and incompetent. Their attitude is more pro-Yuan, and they are willing to lose their integrity. The Korean and Song rebels of Anbaili faction captured Liaoyang, entered Korea, and North Korea surrendered. However, the military discipline of these troops is corrupt, which has caused hatred in South Korea. North Korea killed most of them with a honey trap, and only more than 10,000 people escaped and fled back to China, where they were caught by the Mongols waiting for them.
At the end of Yuan Dynasty and the beginning of Ming Dynasty, North Korea's military equipment was abandoned and its kingship declined. Dear King Zhuan Wang must have been killed by the powerful minister Li Renren. Zhuan Wang had no children, so he took his favorite son, Xin Xin, as his adopted son. Jin Yi, a tribute envoy, killed Cai Bin, an envoy of the Ming Dynasty. The relationship between North Korea and China in the Ming Dynasty has reached a very dangerous level. 1388, Xie Xin suddenly remembered to ask China for the south of Tieling on the north bank of Yalu River. At the end of the 4th century, it was a piece of land occupied by Koguryo Kingdom, which was occupied by Bohai Sea, Liao, Jin and Yuan for many times. He thought that the China rebellion was undecided, but it was a fish in troubled waters, so he mobilized the national army and parted ways. When the army found that they were attacking China, it was greatly frightened. Zuo Jun made Li Chenggui oppose Xinxiang and Cui Ying armies, attacked Liaodong in China, and failed to retreat with food. Li Chenggui's son was killed, and Li Chenggui returned to the capital from Weihua Island at the mouth of the Yalu River, staged a coup, abolished Xin Xiang, exiled Cui Ying, controlled the military and political power of North Korea, and became king on his own. 1392 wrote a letter to China apologizing, requesting canonization and requesting many countries. Zhu Yuanzhang, the founding emperor of the Ming Dynasty, named his country Korea and allowed it to be the king of Korea, and the Korean dynasty perished.
The Li Dynasty regarded the Ming Dynasty as the eternal father country and heavenly kingdom until Korea became "independent" after the Sino-Japanese War.
Lee's capital in North Korea is Jing Kai (now Kaesong), and he moved to Seoul in 1394. Seoul, founded in 18 BC, is called the comfort city. 1 1 century, the king of Korea built the Summer Palace, later called Nanjing (Hanyang House), and built the city. Since then, business has gradually flourished. After 1392, it was called Seoul House.
On the one hand, Li Chenggui strengthens the prevention of Japanese pirates, on the other hand, it seeks to develop relations with Japanese officials. The Japanese government met North Korea's demands and ordered a ban on stealing boats. 140 1 year, the Japanese sent envoys to North Korea, but the Japanese did not get a radical cure. So North Korea decided to solve the problem of Japanese pirates by force. 14 19, North Korea launched the Haidong Expedition, which attacked Malaysia in Japan on a large scale and wiped out the Japanese pirates. Japan's ruling and opposition parties are shaking, but the DPRK-Japan relationship remains friendly. 1433, Japan received the special envoy of the DPRK. 148 1 year, Japan asked North Korea for the Tripitaka.
Sejong, the fourth king of the Korean dynasty, reigned at 14 18- 1450. He founded the Korean alphabet, which consists of 1 1 vowels and 28 consonants. It is geometrically beautiful, concise, scientific and accurate, but the official written language is still Chinese, just as Latin is in Europe. In foreign relations, Sejong took tough measures against the Nuzhen tribe, and the territory of the northeast frontier region was recovered.
1592, Toyotomi Hideyoshi sent troops to invade Korea, which was known as "Renchen Japanese Rebellion" in history. The Japanese army is advancing. 1592, the Japanese occupied Konishi Yukinaga, the capital of North Korea. However, the Japanese navy has not achieved any results. At the request of North Korea, the Ming Dynasty sent aid to North Korea. 1596, the Japanese army was defeated. 1597, Toyotomi Hideyoshi invaded Korea again, which was called "Ding You Ri Ri Rebellion" in history. The Chinese and Korean armies fought side by side, and the Japanese army had no fighting spirit. After the death of Toyotomi Hideyoshi in 1598, the Japanese quickly failed and withdrew from Korea. Later, South Korea and Japan followed China's example and adopted a closed-door policy.
Fourth, the semi-colonial Korean peninsula.
187 1 year, the United States occupied Jianghua Island in North Korea and took the lead in opening the door to North Korea. The Jianghua Treaty was signed in 1876. After the United States, the forces of Britain, France and other countries have penetrated into the Korean peninsula, among which Britain was once the most powerful, while Russia and Japan were the biggest disasters in Korean history.
1860, after Russia acquired the land east of Wusuli River from China, it became a neighbor of North Korea, and its power gradually infiltrated into North Korea, which aggravated the contradiction with the world hegemon Britain. In Japan, 1868 appeared "soliciting Korea theory". Japan's plan has the support of the United States. Since the United States did not have any colonies in Asia before 1899, Japan was urgently needed as a pioneer. Britain also believes that weakening China is good for Britain.
1882, Japan launched the Nonnoon incident, forced North Korea to sign the unequal Treaty of Gimpo (Incheon), and began its history of aggression against North Korea. 1894, a peasant uprising broke out in Jeolla-do, south Korea. North Korea invited Qing to send troops to suppress it, and Japan took the opportunity to send troops to North Korea. But soon the uprising subsided. At this time, the Qing army was in Asan, and the Japanese army was stationed in Incheon and Korea. The Qing Dynasty suggested withdrawing troops at the same time, but Japan refused to withdraw troops. The Qing dynasty had to withdraw its troops first. Japanese troops rushed into the Chinese embassy in North Korea and lowered the national flag.
1In late July, 894, the Japanese navy attacked the Qing Dynasty transport ship and the Sino-Japanese War broke out in the Yellow Sea. The Japanese army then attacked the Qing army in North Korea. The Qing army fled back to China without fighting, and the war spread to China. The Japanese quickly occupied Liaodong and slaughtered more than 20,000 China people in Lushun. At the same time, because the Beiyang Navy was hiding in Ahava to avoid the war, it was attacked by the Japanese army and was completely annihilated. 1in April, 895, treaty of shimonoseki between China and Japan was signed, and China recognized North Korea's "independence" and ceded land to pay reparations.
Russia believes that Japan's expansion in South Korea has affected its own interests. 1895, Russia colluded with the Korean Civil Aviation Group to instigate a coup and expel pro-Japanese elements. Not to be outdone, Japan instigated the Japanese police and ronin to kill Min Fei and set up a pro-Japanese cabinet, prompting korean king to fall to Russia. 1896, the king fled to the Russian embassy, which led to the collapse of the pro-Japanese cabinet. Japan decided to form an alliance with Britain against Russia. 1897, after independence, North Korea established the "Korean Empire" and changed its name to South Korea. 1904, the Russo-Japanese War broke out. When the Russo-Japanese War broke out, Japan forced South Korea to sign the "Japan-South Korea Protocol", stipulating that South Korea must provide various conveniences for the Japanese war. In June, the Japanese emperor approved an action plan for South Korea, which became a blueprint for annexing South Korea in the future. In August, the Japan-South Korea Protection Agreement placed South Korea's finance and diplomacy under Japan's supervision.
The following year, Russia was defeated. 1September, 905, Russia recognized South Korea as Japan's "protectorate". 1905165438+10, the second Japan-Korea protection agreement established Japan's right to protect South Korea, and 1906 established the Governor's Office, making Ito Bowen the first South Korean unification.