Li Qingzhao was born in Licheng (now Jinan City, Shandong Province) in the Song Dynasty. She was born in the seventh year of Yuanfeng (AD 1084) and died in the twenty-first year of Shaoxing (AD 1 15 1). Experienced the prosperity and danger in the late Northern Song Dynasty and the turmoil in the early Southern Song Dynasty.
Li Qingzhao was a rare talented woman in ancient China. She is good at books, paintings and epigraphy, especially poetry. Her ci works are unique and spread through the ages, and are known as "a great poet". Her personality is as awe-inspiring as her works. She has both women's Shu Xian and men's fortitude; There are both ordinary people's cynicism and lofty patriotism. She is not only talented and knowledgeable, but also has lofty ideals and heroic ambitions. She has made many achievements in the field of literature. Among her contemporaries, her poetry, prose and ci theory are outstanding. However, she worked the hardest, achieved the highest success and had the greatest influence on the creation of ci. Her ci reached the acme of art and formed her own unique artistic style-"Yi 'an Style". She does not pursue exquisite ornamentation, but extracts expressive "eight tones of common language", expresses her keen feelings about things around her by line drawing, depicts delicate psychological activities, expresses rich and varied emotional experiences and creates vivid artistic images. In her poems, sincere feelings and perfect forms are integrated. She developed the graceful school of "endless words and endless meanings, endless feelings and endless meanings" to the peak, thus winning the position of "originator" of graceful poets. At the same time, the bold style of her poems made her unique in the Song Dynasty, which had a great influence on Xin Qiji, Lu You and later poets. Her outstanding artistic achievements won high praise from later scholars. Later generations thought that her ci "not only looked down on women, but wanted to overwhelm men's eyebrows", and was called "the greatest poetess in the Song Dynasty and also the greatest poetess in the history of China literature".
A person's growth needs both his own factors and the external environment. The reason why Li Qingzhao became an outstanding poetess is of course very important, but the cultivation of family is as indispensable as the need of seeds for soil, sunshine and rain.
History provides Li Qingzhao with a scholarly family with a strong cultural atmosphere and a prominent family background of an official family. According to her later recollection: "My father was born in Qilu and was superior." When Xia Ji had a long talk, I still remember people sweating in the rain. "That her grandparents were born in Shandong and live in Jinan today. It also shows that although her grandfather and father are not very high in rank, they are knowledgeable, prestigious and have many students.
Li Qingzhao's father, Li, was a famous scholar and essayist in the Northern Song Dynasty. Li is a scholar, and officials are members of the Ministry of Rites. In the first year of Chongning, Cai Jing seized power and attacked party member. At this time, he was "proposing that some people in JD.COM prison join the party". ("Song History? Li Chuan) Chongning was pardoned for five years, and his henchmen came into use again, and finally he was sent to the temple supervisor. (History of Huang and Song Dynasties as a Mirror (Volume 124). Li is a lonely and noble. Before he was admitted to the Jinshi, the history books recorded that "there was a way to choose scholars with poetry and fu." He didn't take this as a stepping stone, but "studied Confucian classics alone" and wrote the Book of Rites in hundreds of thousands of words ("Song History? Li Biography). When he was a professor in Yunzhou, the county magistrate pitied his poverty and wanted him to hold other official positions in order to increase his salary, but he politely refused. When he was a judge of the Guangxin Army, he once scolded a Taoist priest who preached superstition and bewitched the people for dozens of times, and then deported him. It can be seen that he is an official who can do something good for the people.
Li is a scholar who is proficient in Confucian classics and history. His writings on classics and history are all contained in the History of Song Dynasty? Book of Rites 16, Historical Biography 5. In addition, there is a volume of "Jin Cheng Ji" and "Luoyang Famous Garden Ji". "Roll, and so on. Luoyang has a 19 famous garden, which is meticulous, concise, poetic and has a strong artistic appeal. But it is not a simple description of scenery, but also contains the theme of ups and downs and irony. In particular, at the end of the book, it is pointed out that "officials, officials and scholars can only enter the DPRK, put down their own private interests and forget the rule of the world." There is also Li He's criticism of the extravagance of emperors and generals. At that time, Huizong Zhao Ji modeled the Phoenix Mountain in Hangzhou and built Long Live Mountain in Tokyo, with a peak of 90 feet and a circumference of 65,438+00. In the Northern Song Dynasty, most famous officials and ministers in Luoyang, Xijing, Bianliang, Tokyo and other places also set up large gardens for people to enjoy. Li also sounded the alarm for them: "The rise and fall of Luoyang is waiting for chaos in the world! "His warning was ignored by the rulers, but his warning was confirmed by history. Sure enough, not long after the Jin people invaded the Central Plains, Luoyang Famous Garden was set on fire.
Li is also a writer. His poetry and prose are good, especially his prose. Yuan? In the first year, "the article is known to Su Shi" ("Song History? After Huang Tingjian, Qin Guan, Chao, and Liao Zhengyi, Dong Rong, Li Gefei's Biography is called the "Last Four Bachelor". Li's poetic accomplishment is also very high. He is quick in thinking, fluent in writing and bold. Unfortunately, his works have not been handed down, but his literary thoughts are recorded. He put forward the word "sincerity" as the standard of literary criticism. The so-called "sincere feeling" means that poetry should have true feelings and take them out from the heart. In his own words, it is "every word is like lung and liver." "He appreciates the works of the ancients, which is based on this standard. Among the poems of the Jin Dynasty, he appreciated Liu Ling's Wine and Morality and Tao Yuanming's The Return of the Native. Because these two writers are famous for being wild and uninhibited, they dare to express their true thoughts directly in their works. Li's writing style and attitude towards life have something in common with them
Li Qingzhao also has a well-educated mother. She is the granddaughter of Chen Gong, the top scholar of Wang. I am also good at writing and writing. In feudal times, she not only established the norm of three obedience and four virtues for Li Qingzhao, but also had a far-reaching influence on her daughter's poetry creation.
Li Qingzhao grew up in a family with a strong literary atmosphere. When she was young, she not only read some classics, poems and songs; There are also notes, novels and anecdotes that are browsed. Women who had the conditions to study in feudal times could only read books such as Women's Commandments and Biography of Fierce Women. However, the thoughts of Li He and his wife are relatively well-informed, and there is no pedantic view that women are virtuous without talent. Therefore, under the leadership of her parents, Li Qingzhao stepped into a wide range of knowledge and drew nutrition from rich historical and literary materials. Judging from her works and literary thoughts, she did inherit her parents, especially her father. Her lyrics can reveal inner mysteries, her poems can involve current affairs and politics, and her prose is so accurate and full of emotion. In all kinds of styles, regardless of scenery, lyricism, object and narrative, there is a father's charm. Therefore, Li Qingzhao's tutor is still superior. Li Qingzhao, who grew up in such a family, has developed healthily and normally from mind to body. Her profound historical knowledge, outstanding literary talent, bold and strong personality, to a great extent, benefited from the influence of her parents.
Li Qingzhao's growth is also inseparable from her natural environment. Li Qingzhao spent most of her childhood in Licheng, a picturesque and humanistic hometown. When she was about five or six years old, because her father Li entered Beijing as an official, she also moved to the capital (now Kaifeng City, Henan Province) with her parents. She grew up in Tokyo. At that time, the ruling class in the Northern Song Dynasty enjoyed themselves, and Tokyo was still very prosperous on the surface. Li Qingzhao, as an aristocratic family of the scholar-bureaucrat class, could not go out of the house like a man because of the imprisonment of feudal ethics. Contact the whole society. But after all, she was born in the city, not as withdrawn as the women of rural landlords. She can not only go boating and play in the depths of the lotus, but also follow her family to the streets of Tokyo to watch fancy lanterns and bustling street scenes, which have cultivated her temperament. Enriched her spiritual life. Li Qingzhao's love for nature and her ability to describe nature show that she was educated in her hometown of Shandong. However, her indifference in love description shows the influence of urban social atmosphere and literary atmosphere on her.