"Xian Qing Fu" is a very unique piece among Tao Yuanming's works in terms of style and ideological content. Not only is it contrary to Tao Yuanming's usual style, but the ideological content expressed is also different from other works in Tao Yuanming's collection. .
"Xianqing Fu" is relatively long, let's take a brief look at it. He said, "Husband is so graceful and graceful that he is unique in the world and shows off the crowd." "He" means so, and "unparalleled" means such a beautiful woman that does not exist in this era. "Rose" means beautiful jade and beauty. "Yi" means elegant, outstanding, and unique. "Lingzi" is a wonderful posture. He said that it is such a beautiful and unique posture. "Why is the graceful and elegant posture unique in the world and showing off the crowd?" "Show", "Show" refers to the flower blooming in the grass and trees. She is among a group of people. You have to see that she is outstanding and particularly beautiful. "Show the beauty of the city, and expect to be virtuous in the rumors." , she showed a beautiful color that will captivate the whole country. What she hopes is to "be virtuous and rumored". Not only is her beauty beautiful, she also hopes that her good moral character can be rumored and spread, and her good moral character can be passed down. "Wear Mingyu to show purity." She is wearing Mingyu. Ancient people all wore Mingyu. Jade represents a kind of beautiful character, so we often say that a person "keeps his body like jade", saying that a person sticks to his own character. Just like holding a piece of precious jade, you must not let it have any flaws. You must cherish and preserve your character like a piece of jade. "Peer Ming Jade to compare with purity", as clean as jade, "Qi Youlan to compete for fragrance", with the same fragrance as orchid, "light and tender in the common world, with elegance and ambition in high clouds", although she has that kind of sentimental Tenderness, but her tenderness is not worldly. She is not the kind of vulgar and humble emotion. "negative" means the one she holds in her heart. She holds a noble will in her heart, like the blue clouds in the sky.
"Sorrowful at dawn and easy evening", she laments the shortness of life. "Xi" is the morning light, and the morning light is faint. You can compare with her light and shadow in the morning, and it will be dusk in a blink of an eye. "Sad for the fleeting morning and evening, touching the long-term diligence of life." She lamented that life is so busy, it is "long-term diligence", life is short, life is busy, "the same thing lasts for a hundred years, how can we be happy and sad when we have few people?" ", "Yin" means heavy. It is said that each of us only has a life span of a hundred years, so why do we have so little laughter and so much sorrow in a hundred years? "Sitting upright with a red curtain", "褰" means pulling open the curtain. , he said that this woman opened her red curtain and sat upright inside, "sitting upright in front of the red curtain, enjoying herself with the clear harp." "Pan" means spreading, and the sound of her playing the harp flowed over, desolate. The sound of playing the harp spread out, "to enjoy myself". She regarded this as her joy, and she liked to play this music. "You can enjoy yourself by looking at the clear harp. It's good to show off your slender fingers, but also the colorful sleeves." Of course, the fingers are playing the harp, so just watch her fingers move, and your eyes will follow her fingers, leaving The gesture of her beautiful fingers. "It's good to give away the slender fingers, and to fight against the colorful sleeves." When she played, her hands were moving, and the sleeves were also moving. The ancients did not wear sleeves as tight as we do. The sleeves of the ancients were very fat, so "hustle" Just when you lift it up and move it, the white sleeves are "colorful", the sleeves are like flying, the long sleeves are flying colorfully. "In an instant, the beautiful eyes wander, and the words and smiles are indistinguishable", "instant" refers to such a movement of the eyes, and in a flash, it means such a movement of the eyes. As soon as her beautiful eyes move, "Liu Xiao", she will come over to look at you for a while. "Smiling with words" means does she want to talk or smile? You can't tell. She seems to have an expression, but there are no specific words or specific laughter, which means that the expression is somewhere in between.
"The melody is about halfway, the scenery is falling in the west pavilion", when she was playing the harp and it was almost halfway, "the scenery is falling in the west pavilion", the word "scape" is connected with the word "shadow", which means sunlight. She played this music, and when she was halfway through it, the sun had already set in the west, and "the scene fell on the west pavilion." Didn't he just say that life is short? "Sorrowful mornings and sunsets are touching, but life is long and diligent." No matter how beautiful your nature is, no matter what beautiful talents you want to express, the melody has not been played halfway, and the sun is shining It has fallen from the west window. "Xuan" is the window. The sun sinks from the west, so the light and shadow sink from the west. "Sad businessmen knock in the forest, white clouds cover the mountains." "Shang" is a sad sound. Ouyang Xiu's "Ode to the Sound of Autumn" said that in autumn, the sound of the dry leaves rustling is the "sound of business". So not only has the sun set in the west, but the season has also reached autumn, and the sad voice of business has sounded in the garden, and the trees are filled with the voice of business and the sound of dry leaves. "Look up at the road in the sky and bend down to sing the strings." This girl looks up at the sky. Isn't she "aspirational to the high clouds"? What she yearns for is the blue clouds in the high sky. "Looking up at the sky, bending down to sing the strings", she lowered her head and played the harp in a very rapid voice, because life is also short, and time is also short. "The deities are charming and the manners are detailed." Look at her spirit , look at her demeanor, it is so charming, her behavior is really peaceful. We say that some people seem to be always flustered and restless, while some people have a peaceful spirit no matter how busy or fast they move.' "Yan" means beauty, so peaceful and beautiful.
"The voiceless sounds are so touching that I feel that I am willing to talk to each other." So she played the desolate sound, and this sad sound moved me. "I hope to be able to "knee-to-knee" with her, that is, my knees are touching, and I can sit across from her and have a conversation with her, "I would like to have a conversation with her." "If you want to go and make an oath, you are afraid of being offended." So I thought not only to walk across from her and talk to her, but also to "make an oath" with her. I wanted to tell her that I really admire her. I wanted to know her forever, "I want to go there to make an oath, but I'm afraid it will be a mistake to be disrespectful." But I thought, if I walked over like this, it would be a violation of etiquette, and I couldn't. Women in ancient times, as Li Shangyin said in "Untitled", "Fourteen hides six relatives." When a girl reaches the age of fourteen, she is not allowed to go out to meet people, not to mention strangers, even estranged relatives. . So when I heard her music was so beautiful, I was willing to have a conversation with her, but what I worried about was "offensive", which means violating etiquette, and "毆" means sin, which means unreasonable. He said that I Worrying about this may be unethical and "fear of being disrespectful will be a mistake." He said that I couldn't go by myself, so I waited for the phoenix to say goodbye. So I waited. Is there a bird as beautiful as the phoenix that could send me a message? "Wait for the phoenix to say hello." But the phoenix was still there When she didn’t come, I was worried that others would get in touch with her before me. He said, “I was waiting for the phoenix to say goodbye, because I was afraid that others would get ahead of me. I was confused and confused.” So I was so confused and uneasy, how could I get to know her? "The soul changes nine times in a moment", so my spirit couldn't be stable. In just a moment, "nine" is too many words, "Qian" means shaking, indicating that my spirit is extremely unstable. So he said, I had no chance to meet her, and no one sent me a message. What followed was Tao Yuanming's most famous passage, which is Tao Yuanming's "Ten Wishes", the ten wishes he made. What are the ten wishes?
He said, "I would like to be on her clothes and be the collar of her clothes." He said that if it were on her clothes, I would like to be the collar of her clothes. "The collar can carry the fragrance of her beautiful hair." This collar can inherit the fragrance of her beautiful hair. "I would like to wear clothes as a collar, and inherit the lingering fragrance of the flower head; I am sad that the night is leaving, and I am resentful that the autumn night is still young." Each of his ten wishes is followed by a "sorrow". Sadness means failure. In fact, what he wants Of the ten wishes I wrote, ten of them came true. So he said that I would be willing to become her collar when I was still wearing my clothes, but I was afraid that at night, I would "sadly leave my Luo Jin at night". The Luo Jin was her Luo Yi, and she would take off her clothes at night, " "I am sad that the autumn night is leaving, and I am resentful that the autumn night is still young." But the autumn night is so cold, so desolate, and so long that I can no longer touch her. I can only wait until she wears this dress tomorrow morning. Only then can we "inherit the fragrance of China's first".
"I would like to use Shang as a belt to bind my slim body." Shang is the lower Shang, the clothes are the tops, and the Shang is her skirt. If it is her skirt, I am willing to wear it. It became a belt on her skirt, "to tie up her slim figure." This belt of mine was tied around her slim waist. However, he said, "You can take advantage of the strange smell of warmth and coolness, or get rid of the old and adopt the new." As the weather changed, it would get warmer and colder, so she would take off this skirt, right?
" "I wish it could be the luster in my hair and brush my temples on my slumped shoulders." If it were in her hair, I would be willing to become the oil on her hair. The luster is the luster, the oil. "Brush Xuan's temples", Xuan is black, this oil is brushed on her black temples, and then the hair hangs on her shoulders. "It is sad that a beautiful lady washes her hair many times, and she dries up from the white water." I was sad that this beauty often washed her hair. As soon as she washed her hair, she washed me away with hot water, and the white water washed away the oil.
"I would like to have Dai on my eyebrows, and let my eyes wander freely." If it were on her eyebrows, I would be willing to become the dark color of her eyebrows. "Dai" is the black color of her eyebrows. The color of her eyebrows "will spread as she looks". As her eyes look around, the dark color on my eyebrows will also spread everywhere. Therefore, "I hope my eyebrows will become dark, and I will spread my eyebrows wherever I look." "It's sad that if the makeup is still fresh, it may be ruined by the makeup." He said that I was very worried. Although the makeup and my dark color have not fallen off yet, "it may be ruined by the makeup." She said she wanted to put on a When it comes to more beautiful makeup, "hua makeup" means gorgeous makeup, and "removal", she just washes it off on me.
"I would like to make a mat in Wanguan and comfort my weak body in the three autumn months." If it is a mat spread on her bed, I am willing to become her mat. "To comfort my weak body in the three autumn months", I will Her weak and delicate body sleeps on my mat, but "the sorrowful Wen Yin Dai Yu, Fang Jingqiu after years." This mat is a bamboo mat. It is said that she still sleeps on this bamboo mat in the third autumn, but I just Sadly, it's winter, "Wen Yin" is a thick mattress with patterns, "Dai Yu", Yu means to use it, and she uses that thick mattress. I want to see her again, and it will take time to see her again, and only next summer will she need my mat.
"I would like to wear silk as a shoe, and the material is enough to move around." If it is silk thread, I would like to become her shoes. If my piece of silk becomes the embroidered shoes on her feet, I can "enough to move around", attached to her white feet, and follow her around, walking around.
But "Sad actions have to be stopped, and empty abandonment is abandoned in front of the bed." But I am sad. She stops when she goes. "There is a mode", a certain moderation, a certain change, sometimes walking and sometimes stopping, So at night, it was "empty and abandoned in front of the bed", so I took off my clothes in front of the bed.
"I would like to be a shadow in the daytime, and always follow the shape to the west and east." If it were during the day, I would be willing to become her shadow and accompany her body. When she walks to the west, my shadow will be Follow her to the west; she goes to the east, and my shadow follows her to the east. "It is sad that tall trees have many shades, and their emotions vary from time to time." But I am sad that sometimes there is a tree, and this tree has a very dense shade, and the shadow disappears, and I can't accompany her.
"I would like to be a candle at night and shine on the two couplets." "Ying" is between the two window pillars. He said that if it were night, I would be willing to become a candle. Light up her beautiful face. "Sad for the comforting light of the fusang, the scenery is dying but the brightness is hidden." "Fusang" is the place where the sun rises in the east. Then I will be sad. When the sun's rays come up tomorrow morning, my candle will be blown out sadly, and everything will be gone. there is none left.
"I would like to make a fan out of bamboo, with sadness in my hand." If it were bamboo, I would make it into a fan, hold it in her gentle wrist, and give her a cool breeze. wind. "Sorrowing the white dew in the morning, I care about my sleeves to cherish the miao." I was sad about the white dew in autumn. "I care about my sleeves to cherish the miao." She no longer needed the fan and threw me away. What is actually relevant here is the poem by Ban Jieyu of the Han Dynasty. Ban Jieyu said that if you have a piece of silk and cut it into a reunion fan, I will always follow you and send you beautiful wind. But when autumn comes, you I put the fans away and donated them. That's why he said, "In the morning of the sad white dew, I care about my sleeves to remember the Miao." "Mian Miao" means that it is far away from your sleeves.
"I would like to make a paulownia out of wood and a musical harp on my lap." If it were wood, I would be willing to become a section of sycamore wood. This sycamore wood can be made into a harp and played Play on your lap. "Sadness and joy come when sorrow comes, and finally they push me away and the sound stops." But sometimes people become sad after their joy is over, so you push me away, and you push the music harp on your lap away, "the music stops playing." ”, you just stop and don’t play anymore. This *** is ten wishes.
"Whatever you wish for will be violated, and it will only take pains to make a contract." He said that after examining and reflecting on it, I found that none of my wishes will last long. I am willing to be the collar on your clothes, but you will take me off; I am willing to be the belt on your clothes, but you will take me off; I am willing to be your shoes, but you sometimes throw away the shoes. . Therefore, there is nothing eternal in the world, so "you must go against what you want, and you must work hard to make a contract. Support your labor without complaining, and you will be in Nanlin." I have so many feelings in my heart. Why do I say feelings? Is it "labor"? If you miss someone in your heart and always think about one thing, and your heart never relaxes, then of course your heart is "labor". So I "worked hard for nothing. I supported my love without complaining." I missed you so hard in my heart, but I didn't have the chance to tell you, "Bu Rong Yu Yu Nan Lin", so I went out for a walk, "Rong Yu" It was a slow walk, so I went for a long walk in the woods in the south. "The steps are the same as those in the southern woods. The exposed mulans inhabited, and the remaining shade of the green pines." There are magnolia trees in the southern woods, and on the magnolia trees There was dew dripping on me, and I was walking under a tall green pine. Under the shade of the tree, "We walk in a dignified way, and we are both happy and fearful." He said that I was walking, and "the steps are beautiful. "With Yu Nanlin", I hope that "there will be a difference between the two of you", if just when I am walking around, I suddenly see you, you suddenly appear on my road, "Sudden" "There is a face to face when walking, and I am happy and afraid in the middle." So I am happy and afraid in my heart. I hope to see you, but I am afraid of meeting you, so "I am lonely and invisible in the middle." "I searched for you in vain." I finally didn't see you, and I felt lonely again. So now I am just the "thoughts" in my heart, the yearning in my heart, the yearning in my heart, searching for it in vain. He said, "Take the light train to restore the road." "The train" is the hem of the clothes, so I lifted up the skirt of my clothes and walked back to my original path. Therefore, "Take the light train to restore the road and look at the sunset." "And sigh", when I saw the setting sun in the west, I sighed, "step by step to lean on to forget about fun, look miserable and shy", "step by step" means wandering back and forth, I just "step by step and lean on" "To forget interest", this "interest" refers to "trend", he said I hope to meet that woman, but I have never met her, so I walk around here with this feeling of longing in my heart Go, "to forget the fun", I have forgotten where I want to go, I don't know where I want to go, my heart is full of this feeling that I just hoped to meet but didn't. So I just wandered back and forth here, forgetting where I was going. "The look is miserable but the face is reserved", that's why my face looks so miserable and pitiful.
He said that at this time, it is "Ye Xie Xie is about to take off the strips", isn't it autumn? The leaves "Xie Xie", the sound of the leaves rustling, leaves its branches, and the leaves fall down, "the air is miserable." "And it's cold", that weather becomes colder and colder after the sun goes down, "the sun's negative shadow disappears together", the sun disappears with its light and shadow, "the moon is beautiful in the clouds", the moon's light and shadow appear in the sky Above the white clouds, "If the boat loses its grip, it is like being on a cliff without climbing." He said that at this time, I was like I was rowing a boat, but now I don't have an oar, and I don't know what to do; It's like I'm climbing a cliff and find that I can't climb up any more. "At that time, the Pleiades Yingxuan, the north wind was miserable, bright and sleepy, and all the thoughts were wandering." "Bi Pleiades" were all stars. This star was shining in front of my bed. It was already late at night. "At the time of the Pleiades, I couldn't sleep." "Yingxuan, the north wind is miserable", the weather is very cold, "bright and sleepless, all thoughts are wandering", "bright" means that I can't sleep with my eyes wide open. "Get up and take your belt to serve the morning, and the heavy frost is shining on the plain steps." I got up and tidied my clothes and belts, waiting for the dawn of the next morning. At this time, my steps were covered with frost. "The chicken has folded its wings but has not yet crowed. The flute is flowing far away to express mourning." The chicken's wings are still folded but the chicken has not yet crowed. "The flute is flowing far away to express mourning. ", the flute in the distance conveyed such a sad and sad sound, "It starts out wonderful and dense with leisure and harmony, and ends up being bright and hidden." At the beginning, the sound was so subtle, so dense, so leisurely, so Peace, in the end, makes a loud sound, "Zang De", "Zang" is the depth of your center, "De", that broken, regretful sound, that's why the flute sound becomes so sad. "My wife is here, and I am sending her my arms to her through the clouds." I wondered if that girl was near me. I wanted to send my arms and feelings to her through the clouds in the sky. "It passes without saying anything, and the time is passing by." But the flowing clouds in the sky disappeared, and the moving clouds did not say a word, and the time was "dying", slowly and completely passed by, so he said that I was " "If you think hard and feel sorry for yourself, you will eventually block the mountains and stagnate the river." I miss you so diligently in vain, and I just keep thinking about it. I am so sad, but she and I finally "block the mountains and stagnate the river." It seemed like there was a mountain or a long river in the middle, and I could never get close to her. "Welcome the breeze to get rid of tiredness", so I faced the breeze in the morning. I hope the breeze will remove and blow away the troubles in my heart. "Put your weak will on the returning wave", I put this weak will in my heart on the flowing water flowing back. "Guibo" is the flowing water.
He finally said, "You are a gathering of people who sing "Mancao" and recite the remaining songs of "Zhao Nan". When he said it, I felt that "you" means resentment, and I resented this kind of "you". There should not be a gathering of "Mancao", so what is a gathering of "Mancao"? So you need to know the tradition of Chinese literature. There is a poem in "The Book of Songs" called "There Are Wild Grasses". Doesn't "The Book of Songs" have the style of the fifteen countries? "There are Wild Wild Grasses" belongs to "Zheng Feng". "The Analects of Confucius" says "Zheng Sheng Yin" ("Wei Linggong"), because "Zheng Feng" wrote many such songs and poems about men and women having sex, so "Zheng Feng" wrote "Wild Weeds" Reunion between men and women:
There are creeping grasses in the wild, and there is no dew. There is a beautiful person, clear and graceful. We meet each other by chance, just as I wish.
There are creeping grasses in the wild, and there is no dew. There is a beautiful person, as graceful as clear air. We meet each other by chance, and we meet each other by chance.
Just say that there are so many weeds in the wild, with a lot of dewdrops on them, and there is a very beautiful woman. She is so wonderful. She and I met by chance, and there was one between us. Great date. That's why Tao Yuanming said, "Especially "Mancao" for the meeting. "Especially" means to blame. It's wrong to blame "Mancao" for such a tryst, but to say that they just met casually and had fun. This is wrong. "Recite the remaining songs of "Zhao Nan"", so what we want to sing is the lyrics of "Zhao Nan" in the style of the Fifteen Kingdoms. "Zhou Nan" and "Zhao Nan" are relatively elegant and upright. What does "Zhao Nan" say? There is also a song in "Zhao Nan" called "Xing Dew", which says, "We are disgusted with the dew. Isn't it true that we have many dews on our journeys?" "We are disgusted with the dew". There is a lot of dew on the ground. I don't walk on this dew easily. It's called walking on dew. I don't want to walk on so much dew, and the dew gets my clothes wet. That is to say, I will not engage in any kind of filth by doing any behavior casually. This is what "Zhao Nan" says, "I hate to be exposed to dew. Isn't it better to stay up late and say that the dew is too much?" I can't get involved in this kind of behavior. of dew. So Tao Yuanming said, "Especially "Mancao" is the meeting, and recite the remaining songs of "Zhao Nan". Be honest and sincere." He said that now I have put down all my thoughts, and I am just expressing my inner feelings. A little loyalty, "resting in the distant place of Bahuang", "resting" means sustenance. I put my distant thoughts and thoughts in the distant place of Bahuang. Li Taibai has a poem that says, "A pot of wine among the flowers, drinking alone without any intimacy. Raising glasses to invite the bright moon, facing each other and forming three people. The moon does not know how to drink, and its shadow only follows me. For a while, I will accompany the moon's shadow, and I will have time to enjoy myself." Spring. I sing about the moon, and my dancing shadows are scattered. We make love together when we are awake, and we are separated when we are drunk." What did Li Bai say at the end? It is "We will travel together forever, and meet each other in Miao Yunhan" (one of the four poems "Drinking Alone under the Moon") ). So I took my feelings back, and I wanted to place them in the reverie of that lofty wilderness.
As we just said, Chinese critics of this poem, when talking about which poem is a good poem and which poem is a bad poem, pay more attention to the emotion of the content in the poem. We said why Du Fu’s poem is Okay? Because the feelings expressed by Du Fu are all ethical. The feelings expressed in Du Fu's poems are completely in line with the ethics of the country, the court, the family, and his wife and brothers. They are really broad and profound. His concern is with the people at large. Li Shangyin is like "I don't have the wings of a colorful phoenix in my body, but I have a little connection in my heart." My body can't be like that colorful phoenix, and I can't fly side by side with you, but I have a little connection with you in my heart. This feeling is also very well written. It's touching, but it's different from Du Fu's ethical feelings.