In The Book of Songs, there are poems describing landscapes and rural areas. Later, Tao Yuanming devoted himself to pastoral poetry, which was the first monument of pastoral poetry. In the Southern Dynasties, poets such as Xie Lingyun and Xie Tiao wrote a lot of landscape poems. Since then, landscapes and pastoral areas have become the subject matter that poets often express. In the prosperous Tang Dynasty,
At that time, pastoral poetry entered a prosperous period, and a group of poets mainly wrote pastoral poetry appeared. People call it the "pastoral school", with Meng Haoran and Wang Wei as the main representatives, as well as Chu Guangxi, Chang Jian, Zuyong and Pei Di. Poets in the prosperous Tang Dynasty inherited the previous generation.
The achievements of pastoral poets have made new progress. The scenery in his works not only has the beauty of chemical industry, but also conveys pastoral interest and mountain spirit with fresh language. It is natural that the poet's feelings blend into the landscape.
The prevalence of pastoral poetry has its social and ideological basis. During the years of Kaiyuan and Tianbao in the Tang Dynasty, the economy was unprecedentedly prosperous, the society was stable, and the north and the south were unified, which provided material conditions for people to enjoy mountains and rivers, enabled people to visit everywhere, and constantly improved their appreciation of natural beauty. In addition, seclusion was also very popular in the Tang Dynasty. In the Tang Dynasty, literati regarded seclusion as a political road parallel to seeking officials. Hermit's life can't be separated from landscape and countryside. Coupled with the contradictions and struggles within the ruling class, some literati are in officialdom and want to go to landscape pastoral areas to clean up filth, calm disputes and seek peace. These constitute.
It laid the foundation for the popularity of pastoral poetry.
The appreciation of pastoral poetry can be grasped from the following two aspects:
First of all, appreciate the artistic conception of poetic scene blending
Artistic conception is the core of poetry, and grasping artistic conception is a profound understanding and feeling of poetic images. The most commonly used artistic technique in China's classical poems is to express feelings through images or descriptions of scenery, or to express feelings through scenery, or to melt feelings into scenery. Once a poet captures people's emotions, natural scenery will inevitably bring the poet's emotional color and serve to express his specific emotions, thus making poetry have artistic conception. To appreciate the artistic conception of poetry, we must be able to grasp what kind of scenery is described in the poem. What kind of life pictures and picture combinations show the situational atmosphere, or quiet, fresh and elegant, or bright and gorgeous, or magnificent, so as to grasp the poetic feelings, or love the natural landscape, or indifferent to the noble feelings, or hate the dirty officialdom, yearn for a secluded life, or return to nature after the quiet and leisurely life interest.
Appreciation example 1:
Country night
Pretend to be relaxed
Frost grass ash insect scissors, people in the south of the village are absolutely lost in the north.
Looking at Noda before going out alone, buckwheat blooms like snow in the moonlight.
The phrase "the frost grass is green and the insects are in a hurry, and there are no people in the south of the village" is handy, and the atmosphere is elegant and sad, giving people a sense of loneliness and oppression, reflecting the poet's loneliness from the side, but not directly lyrical. Lonely poets seem to want to relieve boredom by "seeing Noda before going out alone". "When will the bright moon shine, wheat flowers are like snow", and the scenery is faint.
The scenery, tone and atmosphere before and after the whole poem are different, forming a sharp contrast. The poet skillfully reflects the subtle changes of the poet's mood with the help of the changes in the color of the scenery. The conversion is flexible, seamless, unpretentious and natural.
Appreciation example 2:
A letter to Pei Di from my cabin in Wangchuan.
Wang Wei
The mountains are cold and blue, and the autumn water flows day by day.
At the door of my thatched cottage, leaning on my cane, I listened to the cicadas singing in the evening breeze.
Sunset lingers at the ferry, and the smoke from supper rises from the house.
Oh, when will I make a wish to the great hermit again and sing a wild poem under five willows? .
This is a perfect combination of poetry, painting and music. The first couplet and the neck couplet depict the late autumn twilight of the rural landscape near Wangchuan. A harmonious and quiet rural landscape consists of cold mountains, autumn waters, sunset and solitary smoke.
However, this kind of scenery is not a purely isolated objective existence, but in the eyes of the painter. In painting, every scene and thing is subjectively filtered out by the poet, with emotional color. Couplets and couplets depict the images of two hermits, the poet and Pei Di. Outside Chai Men, they are facing the wind, listening to the cicadas in the trees at dusk, watching the sunset on the ferry and enjoying the solitary smoke in the market. Scenery figures, written alternately, set each other off and become interesting, forming an artistic realm of integration of things and me and blending scenes, expressing the poet's joy of seclusion and true friendship with friends.
Second, the analysis of poetry to describe the scenery skills
Generally, pastoral poems express their feelings by describing the scenery, so we should be good at analyzing the methods of describing the scenery, so as to accurately grasp the characteristics of the scenery and grasp the feelings of the poem. There are many ways to describe scenery in landscape pastoral poems. We should pay attention to the author's angles of observing and describing scenery, such as height, low, far and near, and grasp and analyze the specific methods of describing scenery by the author. The common description methods are profile description, dynamic and static combination, static in motion and dark in light.
Contour description refers to the description of things around the object, which makes the object more prominent. For example, the self-appointed night snow said, "I have been stunned by the cold pillow, but I can see the bright window." I know it snows heavily at night and I can hear the sound of bamboo folding. " The poet vividly wrote a night snow from the perspectives of touch, vision and hearing, and wrote a whole poem about snow, but I didn't see a word.
The combination of static and dynamic is a dynamic and static description of the scenery, which set off each other and form a kind of interest. For example, three or four sentences in Du Fu's quatrains: "Swallows fly in the mud and ducks sleep in the sand." The poet described in detail the flying swallow in the mud, the sleeping mandarin duck without words, and the dynamic and static set each other off.
Comparing quietness with movement means setting off the quietness of the environment with dynamic scenery and noisy sounds, and contrasting darkness with light and shade means comparing the depth of the environment. For example, in Wang Wei's Chai Lu, "There seems to be no one on the empty mountain, but I think I hear a sound, where the sunshine enters a small forest and reflects back from the green moss". The first and second sentences set off "silence" with "sound", and the sound spread in the empty valley is becoming more and more obvious. The third and fourth sentences are "bright" versus "dark". A small piece of light and shadow shining into the depths of the forest is in sharp contrast with a vast expanse of darkness, which makes the darkness in the depths of the forest more prominent.
Good sentence
The mountains exposed from the clouds are floating in clusters like islands.
The surrounding mountains are like a colorful cloth.
The mountains and waves are stacked on top of each other.
The mountains are dark and boundless, and the knives and axes are indomitable.
The undulating loess hills are really like the waves of a big flood.
Longshan is like a big grave, standing in the night.
The mountains on both sides of the Xiajiang River go straight up and down, which makes people dizzy.
The deep valley is strangely quiet and cold.
The ravine is full of snow, as high as the back of the mountain, and it has become a flat snow paved square.
At the beginning of the morning, the mountains are like shy girls, looming and the sun is setting.
Good segment
Standing here, it's strange that the mountain has changed. Their shapes are very different from those seen from the plains or mid-levels. They become very layered, messy, majestic and strange. Look up, the mountain is the sky, and the sky is also the mountain. It seems that your nose can touch the mountain at any time.
I saw a misty giant peak protruding in the distance, surrounded by dozens of small stone peaks. A closer look shows that the giant peak is like the Monkey King holding a golden hoop, and those small peaks are like monkeys scratching their ears and cheeks. Look, the Monkey King is taking his children to kill the worse. Under the pale sky, the mountains are as black as iron and solemn. The red sun rises and the peaks are deep blue. Then, the mist appeared, and the milky white yarn separated the heavy mountains, leaving only the blue peaks, which really looked like a refreshing landscape painting. After a while, the fog cleared again, and the bare rock wall and steep rock wall were dyed deep red by the sun's light and gradually turned into bronze, which was particularly magnificent against the background of green trees and fields.
There are no villages and rice fields in the overlapping mountains. These mountains are like some drunken old people who have been sleeping for tens of millions of years. No one dares to go deep into their hearts, even adventurous hunters just go to their feet to chase goats, wild boar and birds running down the mountain, and never climb to its peak.
Nothing is more charming than the green hills bathed in the spring rain. The whole hillside is lush green. Endless mist is like flowing silk, wrapped around the waist. Sunlight turns raindrops on every leaf into colorful pearls.
On the knife-shaped hill, there are wisps of milky white fog, and a slender line is faintly visible in the fog.
This stone wall is like a skyscraper on its back, so high that it will collapse and be aggressive. On the top of the mountain, the dense forest seems to be a huge black felt hat buckled on the cliff, and clusters of unknown wild flowers leap from the stone wall.
The rain changed the atmosphere of the park. In the sea of clouds in the northwest, there are distant mountains like ink paintings, which are quite praised as "borrowing scenery" in garden architecture.
Guilin's landscape is the best in the world, and Yangshuo is the best in the world.
The peaks are reflected in the mountains, and there is no water, no mountains and no ecstasy.
I don't want to be a fairy, but I want to be a Guilin native-Chen Yi.
I have been to 100 cities in more than 80 countries in the world, and no city is as beautiful as Guilin-Nixon.
The river floats and the mountain is like a jade hairpin.
Forward Ye Huan Li Yishui Liu Baocheng
The city is in the scenery, and the scenery is in the city.
The Lijiang River is green in spring.
Xiao Yu Hao Tian travels together.
Both sides are endless peaks.
Lian Bi Peak Berth and Sailing.
-dong 1959 visited yangshuo.
Water is like a ribbon and mountains are like screens.
Qi Xiulian Peak was famous in ancient times.
A new look of sunrise in Dongling
Jinxiu Heshan Shouyangcheng
-Artist Shuai Chujian 1960
The ancient Lian Bi Peak is also called Shouyang Mountain, so Yangshuo is also called Shouyang.
Five willow trees in Pengze, Tao Qian
Pan Yue and Yang Yihuaxian
How can two places be as good as Yangshuo?
Bilianfeng lives in a family.
-Shang Shulang, a captain of the Tang Dynasty, Shen Bin.
The scenery in Guilin is the best in the world.
Yangshuo is Guilin.
The peak floats in the reflection mountain.
No water, no mountains, no ecstasy.
Patriot Wu Mai 1935
This is a written stone carving handed down by Wang Xizhi's descendants in Daoguang period (AD 1834) of Yangshuo County in Qing Dynasty.
The word height is 5. 73 meters wide, nearly 3 meters wide.
"Rivers and mountains in this area.
invincible
Teenagers' efforts
It will last forever. "
Jiu Ma Huashan
Since ancient times, the mountains are picturesque.
It's like a mountain now.
There are nine horses.
There are strange things in the world.
-Cloud Qing Xu.
Carving stones from Lotus Peak opens a poetic realm.
The fishing fire came into view at sunrise.
The ancient temple is brilliant and has a thousand years of Sanskrit sound.
A new picture of the beautiful scenery exhibition of Diecui and Yijiang in Lian Bi
Eight views of painting windows: the trace of sword silk in Shuocheng, the lock river with two peaks, the ancient banyan tree, the morning light of Dongling, the Tibetan cat, the white sand, the fishing fire, the blue lotus on the ancient road of South Hubei and the jasper.
What is Xilang facing west?
Want to meet Donglang across the river
Good friends have met since ancient times.
Donglang won't hate the sunset.
Good morning, birdsong.
The flowers came late.
Strive for Guilin to be good.
I'm afraid Yangshuo is very strange.
No mountain is better than painting.
Anywhere is suitable.
The scenery in Yangshuo is the best in the world.
What is the scenery in the world?
People are drawing pictures.
The scenery is all in West Street.
The scenery of Guilin is among the best in the world.
I'm afraid Yangshuo is more enjoyable.
The scenery in Li Xiang is very quiet.
Groups of peaks have sprung up, and people are crowded under the tower.
The tiger swallowed the golden hairpin and fell into the clear water.
Daguangting will move the boat next month.
China's pastoral poems have a long history. Poets take pastoral poems as aesthetic objects, and cast delicate brushstrokes into quiet Shan Ye to create an idyllic life, thus expressing their dissatisfaction with reality and yearning for a quiet and leisurely life. (early) morning
In The Book of Songs, there are poems describing landscapes and rural areas. Later, Tao Yuanming devoted himself to pastoral poetry, which was the first monument of pastoral poetry. In the Southern Dynasties, poets such as Xie Lingyun and Xie Tiao wrote a lot of landscape poems. Since then, landscapes and pastoral areas have become the subject matter that poets often express. In the prosperous Tang Dynasty,
At that time, pastoral poetry entered a prosperous period, and a group of poets mainly wrote pastoral poetry appeared. People call it the "pastoral school", with Meng Haoran and Wang Wei as the main representatives, as well as Chu Guangxi, Chang Jian, Zuyong and Pei Di. Poets in the prosperous Tang Dynasty inherited the previous generation.
The achievements of pastoral poets have made new progress. The scenery in his works not only has the beauty of chemical industry, but also conveys pastoral interest and mountain spirit with fresh language. It is natural that the poet's feelings blend into the landscape.
The prevalence of pastoral poetry has its social and ideological basis. During the years of Kaiyuan and Tianbao in the Tang Dynasty, the economy was unprecedentedly prosperous, the society was stable, and the north and the south were unified, which provided material conditions for people to enjoy mountains and rivers, enabled people to visit everywhere, and constantly improved their appreciation of natural beauty. In addition, seclusion was also very popular in the Tang Dynasty. In the Tang Dynasty, literati regarded seclusion as a political road parallel to seeking officials. Hermit's life can't be separated from landscape and countryside. Coupled with the contradictions and struggles within the ruling class, some literati are in officialdom and want to go to landscape pastoral areas to clean up filth, calm disputes and seek peace. These constitute.
It laid the foundation for the popularity of pastoral poetry.
The appreciation of pastoral poetry can be grasped from the following two aspects:
First of all, appreciate the artistic conception of poetic scene blending
Artistic conception is the core of poetry, and grasping artistic conception is a profound understanding and feeling of poetic images. The most commonly used artistic technique in China's classical poems is to express feelings through images or descriptions of scenery, or to express feelings through scenery, or to melt feelings into scenery. Once a poet captures people's emotions, natural scenery will inevitably bring the poet's emotional color and serve to express his specific emotions, thus making poetry have artistic conception. To appreciate the artistic conception of poetry, we must be able to grasp what kind of scenery is described in the poem. What kind of life pictures and picture combinations show the situational atmosphere, or quiet, fresh and elegant, or bright and gorgeous, or magnificent, so as to grasp the poetic feelings, or love the natural landscape, or indifferent to the noble feelings, or hate the dirty officialdom, yearn for a secluded life, or return to nature after the quiet and leisurely life interest.
Appreciation example 1:
Country night
Pretend to be relaxed
Frost grass ash insect scissors, people in the south of the village are absolutely lost in the north.
Looking at Noda before going out alone, buckwheat blooms like snow in the moonlight.
The phrase "the frost grass is green and the insects are in a hurry, and there are no people in the south of the village" is handy, and the atmosphere is elegant and sad, giving people a sense of loneliness and oppression, which reflects the poet's loneliness from the side and does not directly express his feelings. The lonely poet "watching Noda before going out alone" seems to want to relieve boredom. "When is the bright moon shining, wheat flowers are like snow", and his writing turns pale.
The scenery, tone and atmosphere before and after the whole poem are different, forming a sharp contrast. The poet skillfully reflects the subtle changes of the poet's mood with the help of the changes in the color of the scenery. The conversion is flexible, seamless, unpretentious and natural.
Appreciation example 2:
A letter to Pei Di from my cabin in Wangchuan.
Wang Wei
The mountains are cold and blue, and the autumn water flows day by day.
At the door of my thatched cottage, leaning on my cane, I listened to the cicadas singing in the evening breeze.
Sunset lingers at the ferry, and the smoke from supper rises from the house.
Oh, when will I make a wish to the great hermit again and sing a wild poem under five willows? .
This is a perfect combination of poetry, painting and music. The first couplet and the neck couplet depict the late autumn twilight of the rural landscape near Wangchuan. A harmonious and quiet rural landscape consists of cold mountains, autumn waters, sunset and solitary smoke.
However, this kind of scenery is not a purely isolated objective existence, but in the eyes of the painter. In painting, every scene and thing is subjectively filtered out by the poet, with emotional color. Couplets and couplets depict the images of two hermits, the poet and Pei Di. Outside Chai Men, they are facing the wind, listening to the cicadas in the trees at dusk, watching the sunset on the ferry and enjoying the solitary smoke in the market. Scenery figures, written alternately, set each other off and become interesting, forming an artistic realm of integration of things and me and blending scenes, expressing the poet's joy of seclusion and true friendship with friends.
Second, the analysis of poetry to describe the scenery skills
Generally, pastoral poems express their feelings by describing the scenery, so we should be good at analyzing the methods of describing the scenery, so as to accurately grasp the characteristics of the scenery and grasp the feelings of the poem. There are many ways to describe scenery in landscape pastoral poems. We should pay attention to the author's angles of observing and describing scenery, such as height, low, far and near, and grasp and analyze the specific methods of describing scenery by the author. The common description methods are profile description, dynamic and static combination, static in motion and dark in light.
Contour description refers to the description of things around the object, which makes the object more prominent. For example, the self-appointed night snow said, "I have been stunned by the cold pillow, but I can see the bright window." I know it snows heavily at night and I can hear the sound of bamboo folding. " The poet vividly wrote a night snow from the perspectives of touch, vision and hearing, and wrote a whole poem about snow, but I didn't see a word.
Dynamic and static combination refers to the dynamic and static description of the scenery, which set off each other and form a kind of interest. For example, three or four sentences in Du Fu's quatrains: "Swallows fly in the mud and ducks sleep in the sand." The poet described in detail the flying swallow in the mud, the sleeping mandarin duck without words, and the dynamic and static set each other off.
Comparing quietness with movement means setting off the quietness of the environment with dynamic scenery and noisy sounds, and contrasting darkness with light and shade means comparing the depth of the environment. For example, in Wang Wei's Chai Lu, "There seems to be no one on the empty mountain, but I think I hear a sound, where the sunshine enters a small forest and reflects back to me from the green moss". The first and second sentences set off "silence" with "sound", and the sound from the empty valley is becoming more and more obvious. The third and fourth sentences are "bright" versus "dark". A small piece of light and shadow shining into the depths of the forest is in sharp contrast with a vast expanse of darkness, which makes the darkness in the depths of the forest more prominent.
Good sentence
The mountains exposed from the clouds are floating in clusters like islands.
The surrounding mountains are like a colorful cloth.
The mountains and waves are stacked on top of each other.
The mountains are dark and boundless, and the knives and axes are indomitable.
The undulating loess hills are really like the waves of a big flood.
Longshan is like a big grave, standing in the night.
The mountains on both sides of the Xiajiang River go straight up and down, which makes people dizzy.
The deep valley is strangely quiet and cold.
The ravine is full of snow, as high as the back of the mountain, and it has become a flat snow paved square.
At the beginning of the morning, the mountains are like shy girls, looming and the sun is setting.
Good segment
Standing here, it's strange that the mountain has changed. Their shapes are very different from those seen from the plains or mid-levels. They become very layered, messy, majestic and strange. Look up, the mountain is the sky, and the sky is also the mountain. It seems that your nose can touch the mountain at any time.
I saw a misty giant peak protruding in the distance, surrounded by dozens of small stone peaks. A closer look shows that the giant peak is like the Monkey King holding a golden hoop, and those small peaks are like monkeys scratching their ears and cheeks. Look, the Monkey King is taking his children to kill the worse. Under the pale sky, the mountains are as black as iron and solemn. The red sun rises and the peaks are deep blue. Then, the mist appeared, and the milky white yarn separated the heavy mountains, leaving only the blue peaks, which really looked like a refreshing landscape painting.