Poetry appreciation, language art and artistic techniques
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As a kind of literature and art, poetry has experienced thousands of years of historical evolution from its emergence to its peak. Since it is a kind of literature and art, it is inevitably branded with class, influenced by social material civilization and limited by the times. As people of 2 1 century, how should we study and study ancient literary works? This problem is an unavoidable problem for all Chinese teachers. Especially in recent years, the examination of poetry appreciation requires us to do some research and discussion on poetry. Let me talk about my views on farewell poems in junior high school Chinese teaching:
In ancient poetry, the farewell of the pavilion is one of the important themes, which is also because of the underdeveloped transportation and unsmooth information in ancient times. People's parting is often uncertain, so the ancients paid special attention to the farewell of pavilions and often expressed it in poems. In the farewell poems, some expressed reluctant nostalgia, some expressed affectionate encouragement, and some expressed frank confession. No matter what kind of emotion is expressed, it is a deep emotion expressed by the poet when he says goodbye. When appreciating a poem, we should contact the poet's life and thoughts according to the writing background, and appreciate the thoughts and feelings expressed by the poet. Let's enjoy two farewell poems:
Farewell to the viceroy and go to Shu for his post.
Bo Wang
Across the wall of Sanqin, across a layer of fog, across a river.
We said goodbye sadly, and our two officials went in opposite directions.
After all, the world is just a small place.
Why are you wandering at the fork in the road? The child is holding a towel.
This is Wang Bo's farewell work. As can be seen from the title, a friend named Du went to Sichuan to be an official, so the author wrote this poem to see him off. Although this poem is a farewell work, its emotion is different from the general parting. It is not bitter and sentimental, but very bright and heroic: it is not deliberately artificial, but sincere and touching. The first couplet of the poem, from the starting point to the appointed place, has a magnificent scenery; Couplets turn to leave, expressing their feelings of parting; At a stroke of the pen, the Neck Couplet wrote the eternal farewell song: "However, as long as China keeps our friendship, heaven will still be our neighbor." How open and healthy this mentality is! It raises people's feelings of farewell to a new height? Sweep away the melancholy and sadness when leaving. The ending couplets end with comforting friends, which positively denies the secular state of children at the time of separation. Summarizing the whole article in this way is clear and powerful enough to enhance the feelings expressed earlier. The author encourages, supports and inspires his friends with his eagerness to do things, and points out that parting is inevitable, so don't be sad. As long as friendship lasts, parting can't separate two people. The whole poem is sincere, vigorous, profound and touching.
Farewell Xin Jian at the Lotus Pavilion
Wang Changling
Misty rain enveloped Wu's day overnight; Send you in the morning, lonely and sad in Chushan!
Relatives and friends in Luoyang care for each other, and a piece of ice heart is in the jade pot.
This is a farewell poem. The conception of the poem is novel, and the parting feelings of friends are lightly written, and the integrity of oneself is emphasized. The boundless river rain and the lonely mountain front set off the loneliness of parting. The misty rain hangs over Wudi River, weaving endless worry nets. Rainy nights add to the bleakness of autumn, and also render the gloomy atmosphere of parting. It is conceivable that the poet stayed up all night because of missing his separation. That chill not only permeates the misty rain of the vast river, but also permeates the hearts of two people who have left. In the morning after the rain, the weather is Chu Qing, with green mountains and green waters, and the isolated mountain stands upright. under the circumstances
The next two sentences written by the poet after bidding farewell to his friends are his words of encouragement and entrustment to Xin Xian: When you arrive in Luoyang, if any relatives and friends ask about my recent situation after being demoted, you can tell them that my heart is still pure and flawless, crystal clear as ice and bright as jade. These two poems are not only the poet's self-confession, but also the poet's awe-inspiring attitude to refute the slander of the villain, showing the poet's open mind and strong character.
First, the expressive force of words, sentences and articles in poetry.
Poetry is the art of language. Reading poetry should start with language, just like reading other literary works. Therefore, in poetry teaching, we should first grasp the words, phrases and sentences, make them clear, especially those vivid words, and thoroughly understand them. We should not only have a general understanding of them, but also analyze their characteristics, experience new flavors and taste nuances (such as meaning, emotion, sound, color, etc.). In this respect, the analysis of poetry is more demanding than other literary works, which is determined by the more concise, profound and implicit language of poetry. All excellent poems are "inexhaustible" (Liu Yuxi) and "less wins more, and feelings are inexhaustible" (Liu Xie). Therefore, when learning poetry, we must make great efforts to analyze, understand and appreciate the expressive force of words, phrases and sentences in poetry, and we must not be careless. A good poem is read by a careless person, who thinks that language is also ordinary: a careful person can carefully understand and discover the beauty of words. For example, Song Qi, a scholar in the Song Dynasty, described the spring scenery in the poem "Yulouchun": "The green shade is lighter than that of Han Xiao, and the red apricot school is full of spring." The author exaggerates the lively scene of spring by using synaesthesia and the words "light" and "noisy", winning people's praise. Liu Gongyong, a poet in the Qing Dynasty, praised "the red apricot branches make trouble in spring" and thought that the word "trouble" had made great achievements through the ages; Wang Guowei's "Words on Earth" also pointed out that "everything is noisy and the realm is exhausted". Look at Wang Wei s farewell poem Weicheng Qu again;
Weicheng is a light dust in the rainy city.
The guest rooms are green and willow.
I advise you to drink more wine,
There is no reason to go out of Yangguan in the west.
This is a seven-character Yuefu. In one or two sentences of the poem, the poet tries to describe the role of rain by grasping "lightness", which is in contrast to the farewell situation in three or four sentences. The poet expressed everyone's feelings of parting with simple language and vivid images. The Tang Dynasty was named after the "Three Layers of Yangguan", which was widely circulated throughout the ages.
Look at the third volume of junior high school Chinese, Li Bai's Jingmen ferry farewell.
Sail from Jingmen Ferry, and soon you will be with southerners.
At the end of the mountain range and the beginning of the plain, the river winds through the wilderness.
The moon rises like a mirror, and the sea clouds twinkle like palaces.
Or Ling's hometown water, draw your boat for three hundred miles.
The first couplet, the parallel couplet and the neck couplet of the poem catch the word "crossing", and the last couplet catches the word "still singing", which shows the author's mental journey, what he saw and heard, and his yearning for his hometown incisively and vividly.
Understand the meaning and expressive force of words, words and sentences in poetry, and then analyze the relationship between sentences and paragraphs, and clarify the overall clues (narrative poems mainly clarify the development clues of plots, images, thoughts and feelings; Lyrics are mainly to clarify the development clues of thoughts and feelings. ) understand the overall thinking. In the process of combing clues and understanding thoughts, we should pay special attention to the characteristics of jumping and ellipsis in the structure of poetry. Because the language of poetry requires conciseness, more content should be expressed in a few words, so there are often omissions and jumps between sentences, lines, sections, from one meaning to another, from one artistic conception to another, and there is often no formal connection and transition between them. This requires readers to supplement those things that have been omitted and skipped according to the thoughts and feelings of poetry and their own understanding experience, and to find out the internal relations and internal development clues between sentences, lines and lines, and sections. For example, the above-mentioned Jingmen Ferry bid farewell to friends, and the whole poem takes "crossing" as a clue. The first part explains the starting point and ending point of crossing; Zhuan Xu wrote about the "Chu land" environment, which deepened layer by layer from beginning to end, until the final couplet expressed his faint attachment when he crossed.
Second, the artistic techniques of poetry
The basic characteristics of poetry are different from other literary works, and accordingly, artistic techniques suitable for expressing poetry have emerged. The artistic technique of poetry is subordinate to and attached to the specific content of poetry in order to reflect the specific content of poetry.
China's ancient poems have accumulated rich creative experience in the long-term historical development, and there are also many places worth learning and using for reference in artistic expression techniques and techniques. Ancient poets have long understood that poetry is a lyrical language art. In order to give full play to the lyrical function of poetry, they have made various explorations, especially combining lyricism with scenery and narration. For example, in the relationship between lyricism and scenery writing, or through rendering scenery to contrast feelings, or using scenery description to entrust or imply feelings, or even taking scenery as a symbol of thoughts and feelings, and so on. This is the so-called "scene blending". The application of scene blending technique makes the features of China's ancient poems profound, implicit, refined and meaningful more prominent. For example, the third volume of junior middle school Chinese, I heard that Wang Changling moved to Longbiao Kiln to send this letter (Li Bai) and Huayang Luozi Guidi, describes Kobanawa Zigui in late spring with mournful cries. Through this description of the scenery, the sad atmosphere is rendered, and the feeling of parting with friends and sadness is shown. Another example is a song in the fourth volume of junior high school Chinese, "Snow White sends Tian Shuji Wu home", leaving only horseshoe prints. Although it is written about the snow scene, it implies the poet's attachment to his friends. Another example is "Farewell to Vice Governor Du to Work in Shu" in the second volume of "Junior Middle School Chinese". The first couplet and the second couplet "merge five rivers into one river through this wall of Sanqin and a layer of fog. We said goodbye sadly, and our two officials went in opposite directions. " They are all narratives, indicating that Chang 'an's position is the same as his own and friends' experiences, while the neck couplet and tail couplet turn to discussion, which makes the poetic style turn sharply and shows the poet's openness and boldness.
The successful experience of ancient poets' blending scenes and scenes has been inherited and developed by many poets in the creation of new poems in China, and countless touching poems have been written. As middle school students today, to understand and appreciate these excellent poems, we must understand this skill.
In addition, the most common and commonly used artistic techniques in poetry are metaphor, exaggeration, personification, repetition, overlap, contrast, parallelism, implication, symbol and so on.
However, as a farewell poem of junior middle school Chinese, there are three most important ones: scene blending, symbolic meaning, and especially scene blending.
Third, appreciate the characteristics of language.
The language art of poetry is closely related to the style of the poet or poem. What kind of style, there will be what kind of language, and language is an organic part of style. Let's appreciate some common language features:
Fresh and natural. The language of poetry is fresh and natural, like the morning air and dew on the grass, which makes people feel very comfortable. This kind of language is common in pastoral poems, such as those of poets such as Meng Haoran, Wang Wei, Tao Yuanming and Xie Lingyun. The language is fresh and natural.
Popular and simple. It means that the language of poetry strives to be plain and not gorgeous, showing the characteristics of simplicity, but it contains profound meanings in plain. For example, Bai Juyi's poems, it is said that the old lady can understand his words, and he is satisfied, which fully reflects the comprehensive understanding of his poetic language.
Euphemism is implicit. That is to say, it contains profound meaning, but it is hidden. This style often does not directly express the meaning, but is hidden in the image, allowing readers to imagine and think. For example, Du Mu's "Bo Qinhuai": "The smoke cage is full of sand in the cold month, and it is near Qinhuai restaurant at night. A strong woman in the business world doesn't know how to hate the country, but also sings "backyard flower" across the river. " This poem satirizes the present through the ancient times, and the language is euphemistic and implicit, expressing the poet's state of mind about current affairs.
Gorgeous and bright. Refers to poems with rich words, brilliant literary talent, fantastic feelings, conciseness and vividness, and constant sentence breaks. For example, "there is no doubt in the mountains and rivers, and there is another village in the dark." (Lu You's A Visit to Shanxi Village) The language is fluent and beautiful, cheerful and lively. We seem to see the poet walking in the verdant mountains, the clear mountain spring gurgling in the winding stream, the more lush the vegetation, the more difficult it is to identify the winding mountain road. I was at a loss when I suddenly saw the flowers in front of me.
Bright willows and dark flowers, a few cottage, looming among flowers and trees, the poet suddenly felt suddenly enlightened.
To appreciate the linguistic features of poetry, we should understand it from the aspects of wording, sentence formation and sentence meaning, and grasp the linguistic features of poetry by analyzing the words, allusions, sentence patterns, meanings or hints of poetry. Through the linguistic analysis of a poet's poems, we can grasp a poet's language style.
Fourth, the case of poetry reading appreciation.
Reading of original poems
I heard that Wang Changling left and moved to Longbiaoyao to deliver this.
Lipper
After the easy autumn, cuckoo clock, I heard you pass five streams.
I entrust my sad thoughts to the moon, hoping to accompany you to the west of Yelang.
Appreciate the case
Get close to the author and understand the background.
Li Bai (70 1-726) Yu Taibai, No. His ancestral home was in Ji Cheng, Longxi (now Qin Andong, Gansu), and his ancestral home was Broken Leaf (now Chu River basin south of Balkhash Lake) at the end of Sui Dynasty. When I was young, I moved to Qinglian Township, Changlong, Mianzhou (now Jiangyou, Sichuan) with my father. He left Shu at the age of 25 and has been wandering for a long time. Tianbao was originally dedicated to Hanlin. Destroyed by powerful people, he left Chang 'an in just over a year. During the Anshi Rebellion, he was Wang Yong's chief of staff, Li Wei. He was exiled to Yelang because of defeat, but was pardoned halfway. Wandering and suffering in his later years, he died in Dangtu. The poetic style is bold and unconstrained, the imagination is rich, the language flows naturally and the melody is harmonious and changeable. He is good at absorbing nutrition and materials from folk songs and myths, which constitutes his unique magnificent and gorgeous color and is full of positive romantic spirit. Later generations compiled Li Taibai.
The highest achievement of romantic poetry is Li Bai, who Zhang Zhi called him an immortal, and later generations respectfully called him a poetic immortal. Other poets in the Kaiyuan and Tianbao eras often wander between high spirits and hard work, shocking their hearts and brewing songs with the pain or joy of hope. Li Bai made no secret of his yearning for fame and fortune, but at the same time he abandoned fame and fortune because he could not accept the additional conditions for obtaining wealth. He loves all the beautiful things in real life, but he throws a contemptuous look at unreasonable phenomena unscrupulously, which is a powerful spiritual force for future generations to resist the dark forces and vulgar customs. This is Li Bai's unique personality and Du Fu's realistic spirit of always paying attention to, caring for and reflecting the fate of the people of the motherland with a serious and compassionate mood. They are opposite and complementary.
Holistic perception, dialysis purpose
Wang Changling moved to the left in the Book of the New Tang Dynasty (the ancients were still left, so it was called "moving to the left"). Captain Long Biao (now Qianyang County, Hunan Province) was "careless", that is to say, he was demoted not because there was any big problem, but because he didn't pay attention to the details of life. When breaking up with Xin Jian in Furong Building, Wang Changling also said to his friends, "If relatives and friends in Luoyang ask each other, a piece of ice is in the jade pot." Is to use the metaphor of "as clean as a jade pot of ice" in Bao Zhao's "White-headed Songs" to show his innocence.
Li Bai attaches great importance to friendship. When the poet heard that his good friend Wang Changling was exiled, he was also very sad. He wrote this poem and sent it to friends far away to express his deep sympathy and concern.
Analyze poetry and realize.
A sentence or two about landscape narration. In late spring, when all the flowers have withered and the children are crying sadly, it is like a bolt from the blue for the author to suddenly hear the news that friends are far away from the dragon brand. The author takes the wandering "Huayang" alone in the description of scenery, which contains a sense of wandering and arouses readers' worries about Wang Changling's wandering in the distance. Why don't you write a radio call? Zigui (Zigui is another name of Du Que bird, and it is said that it is the soul of Du Yu, the king of Shu, whose song is extremely sad), has the hatred of parting, which causes sadness in the hearts of people traveling abroad; " "Crossing the Five Rivers" means that the migration journey is long and the road is difficult. (These five streams are Chenxi, Zhaixi, Xixi, Xiong Xi and Shen Xi at the junction of Hunan and Guizhou. In the Tang dynasty, this area was also regarded as a remote and barren land, and it was also the place where Wang Changling was to be relegated. All these kinds of sadness and feelings are superimposed on the author's mind. Sadness sets off feelings and shows the author's deep sympathy for his friend's arduous journey and his abandonment.
Three or four sentences borrow scenery to express emotion. Using the bright moon to express homesickness has also appeared in previous poems. Bao: "3528, thousands of miles are with you." Tang Huixiu's poem of resentment: "The bright moon shines on tall buildings, including a thousand miles." There is also a saying in the Song of Four o'clock at Midnight written by Yuefu in the Southern Dynasties, "Look up at the bright moon and send your feelings for thousands of miles". Li Bai is here not only to express his affection for the moon, but also to let Yue Ming be his body double and accompany his unfortunate friends to the remote and desolate place west of Yelang.
People are separated by two places, and it is difficult to follow each other, but the bright moon shines in the sky, and it can be * * * thousands of miles away. You should send your heart to the bright moon and wave with the wind. (Yelang here does not refer to the uncle Yelang in Tongzi County, Guizhou Province, but Yelang County in Shen Ling County, Hunan Province. Shen Ling is just to the south of Qianyang, a little to the west. Some people have mistaken the position of Yelang, so it is wrong to call this poem Yelang by Li. These two poems have three meanings. One is to say that you are full of worries, have nothing to say and no one understands. Only this kind of worry is entrusted to the bright moon; Second, only the bright moon shines in two places, which can be seen by myself and my friends; The third is to say that, therefore, only by relying can we get rid of our troubles, and there is no other way. "The bright moon sends thousands of miles to miss you", and the author sends sympathy for the humiliation of friends and worries about traveling. It is a kind of affection to accompany friends all the way, and it is a kind of feeling to comfort friends that they are not alone.
Analyze images and experience technology.
The whole poem describes the scenery truthfully, and expresses feelings through the scenery, especially by using strange imagination to express their feelings directly, so that the original ignorant and heartless moon has become an enemy and an enemy, full of compassion. She can and is willing to accept her request, with nostalgia and sympathy for her friends, and come to the far west of Yelang to give it to the unfortunate immigrant. This method of giving one's feelings to objective things and making them equally emotional is personification, which is a common artistic technique used by poets when they need to express strong or profound feelings.
Main bibliography
Zhang, Chinese and Chinese teaching, Shandong People's Publishing House.
Liu, I and Chinese teaching, Beijing People's Education Press.
Zhou Shi Yi China Youth Publishing House.
A Dictionary of Ancient Chinese Appreciation, edited by Wu, Jiangsu Literature and Art Publishing House.
Middle school Chinese textbook 1-6 volumes, Middle school Chinese room of People's Education Publishing House.
Journal of Chinese Teaching Professional Committee of Chinese Education Society of China.