1. 50 examples of common knowledge in ancient culture
The moon is also the most prominently described object among the natural objects mentioned in ancient poems and articles.
Its nicknames can be divided into: (1) Because the first moon looks like a hook, it is called silver hook or jade hook. (2) Because the crescent moon is like a bow, it is called jade bow or bow moon.
(3) Because the full moon is like a wheel, a disk, or a mirror, it is called a gold wheel, a moon wheel, a silver disk, a jade disk, a gold mirror, or a jade mirror. (4) Because it is said that there are rabbits and toads in the middle of the moon, it is called Silver Rabbit, Jade Rabbit, Golden Toad, Silver Toad, and Toad Palace.
(5) Because it is said that there is a laurel tree in the moon, it is called laurel moon, laurel wheel, laurel palace and laurel soul. (6) Because it is said that there are two palaces, Guanghan and Qingxu, in the middle of the moon, they are called Guanghan and Qingxu.
(7) Because it is said that Wangshu, the god who drives the moon, is named Wangshu, so the moon is called Wangshu. (8) Because it is said that Chang'e lives in the middle of the moon, the moon is called Chang'e.
(9) Because people often compare beautiful women to the moon, they call the moon Chanjuan. China is now the abbreviation of the People's Republic of China.
But in ancient literature it is an ambiguous phrase. From the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period to the Song, Yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties, it was often used to refer to the Central Plains region.
For example, Mencius's "The Matter of Qi Huan and Jin Wen": "Come to China to appease the four barbarians." Sima Guang's "Battle of Chibi": "If you can compete with China with the people of Wu and Yue, it is better to fight with them early "Driving Chinese scholars far across the rivers and lakes." In ancient China, the Chinese people lived in the Yellow River Basin, so it was called "China" and was later often used to refer to the Central Plains area. .
For example, "Three Kingdoms": "It is connected to China in the east and the Western Regions in the west." It has now become another name for China.
The nine administrative regions divided into nine states in the legend of my country in ancient times. The state names are: Ji, Yan, Qing, Xu, Yang, Jing, Yu, Liang, and Yong. Later it became another name for China.
Lu You's poem says: "I know everything is in vain after I die, but I am sad that all nine states are not the same." "On the Passage of Qin" "Prefaces the eight states and dynasties are in the same row." Qin lived in Yongzhou, and the eight states were added to the nine states.
The Central Plains is also called Zhongtu and Zhongzhou. The Central Plains in a narrow sense refers to the area around present-day Henan Province, and the Central Plains in a broad sense refers to the middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River or the entire Yellow River Basin.
For example, "Departure of the Army": "When the prize is awarded, lead the three armies to the north and settle in the Central Plains." Lu You's poem "Showing Children": "On the day when the king's army goes to the north to settle in the Central Plains, he will not forget to tell the old man when he makes family sacrifices."
Refers to the entire Yellow River Basin. It is said in ancient times that my country's territory is surrounded by the sea, so the territory within the country is called Hainei.
Wang Bo's "Du Shaofu's Appointment to Shuzhou": "A bosom friend in the sea is as close as a neighbor to the end of the world." Sima Guang's "Battle of Red Cliff": "There is chaos in the sea, and the general raises troops to Jiangdong."
< p> See the "Overseas" section for the four seas. Refers to the world, the whole country.For example, Jia Yi's "On the Passage of Qin" "has the meaning of sweeping the world, encompassing the universe, and encompassing the four seas." "The Battle of Chibi": "Then Jingzhou was defeated, and the power spread all over the world."
"Afang Palace Fu": "After the six kings finished, the four seas -." "The Tombstone of Five People": "The four seas are so big, How many people are there? "Liuhe up and down and four directions, generally refers to the world.
For example, "Passing the Qin Dynasty, Lun Kuang acted as supreme and conquered Liuhe", "Then Liuhe was his home, and Di Han was his palace." Li Bai's poem "Ancient Style": "The king of Qin swept Liuhe, how majestic the tiger is! "The far-flung places in all directions of the Eight Wastelands are still called "the world".
"The Theory of Guo Qin": "It encompasses the meaning of the four seas and swallows up the heart of the Eight Wastelands. "Liang Qichao's "Young China Theory": "Throughout the ages, there will be eight shortages. "
Many ancient articles on rivers specifically refer to the Yangtze River and the Yellow River. For example, "Hongmen Banquet": "Generals fight in Henan, and ministers fight in Hebei. "
"On Passing the Qin Dynasty": "Then practice Huahua City, because the river is a pond. "The Battle of Yao": "The Duke sent Yang Chufu to chase him and reach the rivers. "
Another example is "The Tomb of the First Tomb in Hangzhou, the River is Wide and Deep" in "The Essay on Sisterhood", where "jiang" refers to the Yangtze River and "river" refers to the canal. The left side of the river is the east of the river.
The ancients regarded the east as the left and the west as the right. "The Heroes Meet Jiang Qianzhong": "Immediately, I sent an order to summon the heroes from Jiangzuo to meet Ziyi. "
The river represents the area south of the Yangtze River. "The Battle of Chibi": "The river represents heroes, and Xian surrenders to it. "
Jiangnan is the general term for the south of the Yangtze River, and the area it refers to varies from time to time. Bai Juyi's poem goes: "Jiangnan is good, and the scenery is familiar to me. "
Wang Anshi's poem goes: "The spring breeze is green again on the south bank of the river. When will the bright moon shine on me again?" "Huaizuo is east of Huai River.
"Yangzhou Slow" "Huaizuo is the famous capital and the best place in Zhuxi". Yangzhou is east of Huai River. Shandong, as its name implies, is to the east of the mountain.
However, it should be noted that the "mountain" in "Shandong" can refer to several different mountains such as Mount Wei, Mount Huashan, Mount Taihang, Mount Tai, etc., and the regions referred to are not the same. Below, Mount Mount is used as the example. The standard "Shandong".
For example, the "Book of Han" once mentioned that "Shandong gave birth to prime ministers, and Shanxi made generals." "Hongmen Banquet" said: "When Pei Gong lived in Shandong, he was greedy for wealth. "
"On Passing the Qin": "The heroes of Shandong then joined forces and destroyed the Qin clan. "Kuandong refers to the area east of Hangu Pass or Tongguan in ancient times, and refers to the northeastern region east of Shanhaiguan in modern times.
Cao Cao's "Hao Li Xing": "There are righteous men in Guandong who raise troops to fight against the evil forces. "Refers to the area east of Tongguan.
Guanxi refers to the area west of Hangu Pass or Tongguan. "Battle of Chibi": "Ma Chao and Han Sui are still in Guanxi to deal with future troubles.
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The scope of Guanzhong refers to different areas. The ancients used to call the area west of Hangu Pass Guanzhong. "Hongmen Banquet": "Pei Gong wanted to be the king of Guanzhong and made Ziying his prime minister. "
"On Passing the Qin Dynasty": "The First Emperor's heart was that he thought Guanzhong was solid. "The Western Regions in ancient times were called my country's Xinjiang and the areas west of it.
"Yandang Mountain": "According to the Book of the Western Regions, Arahat Nuojuluo lived in Longqiu, Furong Peak, Yandang Mountain, on the southeastern coast of Sinian. "Shuo Mo refers to the desert in the north. It can also be called "Shuo" alone, which refers to the north in general.
"Collecting Herbs": "Shuo Mo is full of peaches and plums. "Mulan Poems": "The new energy spreads to the golden watch, and the cold light shines on the iron clothes." "
Shuoqi refers to the wind from the north. "Lin Jiaotou Fengxue Mountain Temple" "Still coming back against the Shuofeng" refers to the north wind.
Baiyue is also called Baiyue, Zhu Yue. In ancient times, the Yue people lived in various parts of Guangdong, and were collectively called Baiyue.
In ancient texts, "Guo Qin Lun" "takes the land of Baiyue from the south" and "Gathering Herbs". "The more you go, the more peach trees and plums will grow in winter."
The five famous mountains are collectively called Dongyue Mountain, Xiyue Mountain, Zhongyue Mountain, Beiyue Mountain, and Nanyue Mountain. The five mountains cover Chicheng. "
The capital of Gyeonggi and its surrounding areas. "The Anecdotes of Zuo Zhongyi Gong": "The ancestor of the village, Zuo Zhongyi, studied in Gyeonggi. "
Sanfu originally referred to the three officials who governed the Gyeonggi region during the Western Han Dynasty, and later referred to the areas under the jurisdiction of these three officials. "The Biography of Zhang Heng": "Heng Shao was good at literature and traveled in Sanfu. "
"Record of Wang Zhongsu Gong Ao's Affairs": "The Duke and his daughter married the wife of an official in Jifu. "After the Sui and Tang Dynasties, it was referred to as "Fu".
Sanqin refers to the Guanzhong area west of Tongguan. After Xiang Yu destroyed Qin, he granted this place to three surrenders of the Qin army.
2. About China Common sense of life in ancient history
Part of common sense in ancient Chinese history 1. What is the difference between surname and surname? In the period of matrilineal clan communes, people only knew their mother but not their father. Each clan was distinguished, and "surname" came into being. "Surname is what a person is born from" ("Shuowen"). The surname is from the girl, which shows the blood relationship of birth and clearly explains the people with the same surname. They are all descendants of a female ancestor, and they are also a sign of people with the same blood relationship in matrilineal clan society.
During this period, clan exogamy was implemented, and people with the same surname could not intermarry, so the surname also served as a "difference". The role of "marriage". There are more than a dozen original surnames that were first derived from women in my country, such as Yao, Jiang, Ji, Si, etc. They often indicate the residence of a certain clan or the totem of worship.
Because The population continues to multiply, and when a clan develops to a certain extent, it will decompose and derive a series of "clan" from its surname. In the period of patrilineal clan communes, the surname and clan are the markers of the patrilineal clan or tribe. /p>
After entering the class society, "surnames are used to differentiate between high and low", and the family name has become a special name for noble men. The surname is based on the city, some based on the official's surname, and some based on the place of residence.
Through long-term practice, the ancients gradually realized that incest marriage would produce bad offspring. "Fan" ("Zuo Zhuan"), so the surname was used in the appellation of aristocratic women, because the "surname" could indicate that she was born in a certain clan and played an important role in "different marriages". During the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, the entire society Major changes occurred, and the surname system also became chaotic.
By the Han Dynasty, surnames had been basically established and were roughly similar to the current surnames. However, due to various factors, the ancients changed their surnames. Things often happen.
2. How did the ancients choose their names? With the development of language and cultural concepts, the naming of people in ancient China has become more and more complicated. There is a "zi", and some also have a "number". The so-called "name" is a special name for an individual in society.
"Zi" is often the explanation and supplement of "name", which is related to "name". "Name" refers to the external and internal aspects, so it is also called "Character". "Zi" is added after men and women reach adulthood, indicating that they begin to be respected.
Generally, names and characters are mostly given by parents and elders. , which mostly expresses the expectations of elders for their children. For example, Guan Yu, whose name is Yunchang, means "spreading his wings into the clouds"; Zhao Yun, whose name is Zilong, means "Yun Conglong".
"Hao". , is another name for a person, also called an nickname. It is given by the user himself to express or flaunt his certain sentiments and interests. For example, Ouyang Xiu, a litterateur in the Song Dynasty, used 10,000 volumes of books, 1,000 volumes of ancient inscriptions, and a piece of alias. A qin, a game of chess, a pot of wine and himself, an old man, with six "one"s were named "Six One Lay Master" to show his contempt for Li Lu; after the death of the Song Dynasty, Zheng Sixiao, a painter of the Southern Song Dynasty, named himself "Suonan". ", to show that the heart is towards the south and not forgetting the old Song Dynasty. Scholar-officials in feudal society often had their own nicknames. After the Song Dynasty, the practice of using nicknames became particularly popular.
The ancients paid more attention to choosing "name" and "character". Some ancient names and characters have similar or complementary meanings, such as Qu Yuan, whose name is Ping and whose character is Yuan.
("Erya. Shidi": "Guangping said Yuan.") Yue Fei, whose courtesy name was Pengju.
Some ancient names and characters are taken from famous sentences or idioms in ancient books. For example, Cao Cao, whose courtesy name is Mengde, comes from the sentence "The husband is called moral conduct" in "Xunzi". Some ancient names and characters have opposite meanings to each other, for example, Zeng Dian, whose character is Xi.
(Point means black; skin means white.
) Some ancients also had "small characters", that is, nicknames. For example, Cao Cao was called Ah Ma, and Liu Chan was called Adou, both of which were nicknames.
In ancient times, names and characters were often used to express seniority in the family. In the pre-Qin period, Bo, Zhong, Shu, and Ji were often added to names and characters to indicate the elders and younger brothers, such as Bo Qin, Zhong Ni, Shu Xiang, and Ji Lu.
After the Han Dynasty, the same character or radical was gradually used in names or characters to express peer relationships. Similarly, the ancients were also very particular about the use of names, characters, and numbers.
The first name is generally used as a modest title, a humble title, or as a superior to inferior, or as a senior versus a junior; in honorifics, inferior versus superior, it is called a surname or a nickname. It is only used when the same people are very familiar with each other. Just call each other by name. In most situations, it is rude to refer to someone or someone else by their first name.
3. What rules should the ancients follow in terms of address in their interactions? The ancients have always attached great importance to etiquette, so they formed a set of strict rules in terms of how they call themselves and address each other in daily interactions. Generally speaking, when referring to oneself in mutual conversations or correspondence, one should use a humble or condescending name.
Among the ancients’ self-effacement, the following are more commonly used: “I” means that one is modest and has limited knowledge; “not talented” and “not sycophantic” means that one is self-effacing. A person without talent; "unsensitive" means claiming to be unintelligent; "unworthy" means being self-effacing and unworthy. In addition, men generally call themselves "chen" and "servant", women call themselves "concubine", "slave", and "servant". Young people call themselves "students", "late students" and "postgraduates" in front of older people. Calling yourself "little man", "little people", etc. in front of officials are common self-effacing words.
Even emperors and princes with high status have modest titles, usually calling themselves "lonely" or "widow". It was only later that "lonely person" gradually became the emperor's exclusive self-title.
Different from this, the ancients often used honorifics when addressing each other. Commonly used honorifics in ancient times include: "Father", "Son", "Elder", "Mr.", "Gong", "Jun", "Subordinate", etc. The honorific titles used will be different depending on the target.
"Father" is an honorific for older men, such as Zhongnifu and Boqinfu; "Zi" is often used to express students' respect for their teachers, such as Confucius and Mencius; Add "Zi" in front of "Zi", such as Zichan (Gongsun Qiao), Zigong (Duanmuci); "Elder" is generally used as an honorific for virtuous people. Some ancient celebrities such as Wu Zixu, Xinlingjun, etc. Known as "elder". "Sir", the ancients called teachers, elderly people and virtuous people "Sir".
As for "Gong", "Jun" and "Subordinate", they have a wide range of applications. In ancient official circles, there were some special honorifics, such as "Qing" and "Ai Qing" when the king addressed his ministers, and "Your Majesty" when the ministers addressed the king.
In addition, people's names and nicknames are also honorific names, but they can only be used for specific individuals. 4. What is taboo? The so-called "taboo" refers to the fact that the ancients avoided the names of emperors, fathers and relatives when speaking and writing. This is a unique historical phenomenon in my country's feudal society.
Taboo originated in the Zhou Dynasty. After Qin and Han Dynasties,.
3. Little knowledge about ancient palaces
There were many dynasties in ancient times, and these levels were also different. I will take the Qing Dynasty as an example. 1. Palaces: Twelve Palaces in the East and Sixth Palace in the West Chuxiu Palace, Lingkun Palace, Yongshou Palace, Xianfu Palace, Changchun Palace, Taiji Palace (also called Qixiang Palace), East Sixth Palace, Yanxi Palace, Yonghe Palace, Jingyang Palace, Chengqian Palace, Zhongcui Palace, Jing Palace Ren Palace 2. Level: Let’s talk about the emperor and concubines first.
Before entering the customs, the concubines of the Qing Dynasty emperors were ignorant and there was no strict system. When Nurhachi was a child, his wife was named "Fujin", and "Fujin" is Manchu. So where did "Fujin" come from? Someone checked and found out that it was borrowed from Mongolian.
What does "Fujin" originally mean? There is a saying that the Chinese lady is called "Fu Jin" when translated into Mongolian or Manchu. This is one way of saying it, and there are others.
So when Nurhaci was in power, he did not distinguish between the queen and the imperial concubine. They were "Dafujin" and "Successor Jinjin". Nurhachi had 16 blessings, and he arranged them like this. There was no strict concubine system.
During the reign of Emperor Taiji, in the first year of Chongde, the harem system of "one queen and four concubines" was established. Then he established the "one queen and four concubines". How do you rank the ladies? There are no strict regulations yet. After Shunzhi entered the customs, he absorbed the Ming Dynasty's concubine system and became more clear. However, it was not until the Kangxi Dynasty that the emperor's concubine system was established, and it was not until the Qianlong Dynasty that it was gradually improved.
The ranking of concubines is very complicated. It is said that Qin Shihuang had three thousand beauties in the harem. How to rank them? During the Han and Tang dynasties, the rank of concubines was roughly twenty-four. The Ming Dynasty simplified it and arranged it into twelve ranks. The Qing Dynasty simplified it again and roughly divided it into the following levels: first, the queen; second, the imperial concubine; third, Concubine; fourth, concubine; fifth, noble person; sixth, always present; seventh, promise. There are also some less famous ones, such as students, which are actually a bit more complicated. It stipulates that the queen resides in the middle palace and governs the six palaces, which means that the queen is in charge of the affairs of the harem, and below are the imperial concubines, concubines, and concubines.
The concubines of the Qing Dynasty lived in the East Sixth Palace and the West Sixth Palace respectively. The East Sixth Palace and the West Sixth Palace still exist today. The approximate order is as follows: East Sixth Palace: Jingren Palace, Chengqian Palace , Zhongcui Palace, Yanxi Palace, Yonghe Palace, Jingyang Palace; West Sixth Palace: Yongshou Palace, Yikun Palace, Chuxiu Palace, Qixiang Palace, Changchun Palace, Xianfu Palace. Each has eunuchs and maids to serve and live separately.
The queens, concubines, and the people who serve them are mainly two types of people, one is the palace maid, and the other is the eunuch. There were many palace ladies in the Ming Dynasty.
Kangxi said that he had asked the eunuchs of the old Ming Dynasty. It turned out that those who were eunuchs in the palace of the Ming Dynasty were still working as eunuchs in the Qing Dynasty. Kangxi said: In the Ming Dynasty, there were 10,000 eunuchs and 100,000 maids. Because they could not provide food to take care of them, many people died of starvation every day.
Nowadays, the general academic circles believe that the number mentioned by this eunuch may be a bit larger, and it may be a bit too much, but it illustrates a problem. There were very many maids and eunuchs in the Ming Dynasty palace. You can see The Forbidden City is a very large place. If there were ten thousand eunuchs and one hundred thousand palace maids, the houses inside would probably be very crowded. The number of palace maids in the Qing Dynasty decreased. How many people did it reduce to? By the time of Kangxi and Qianlong, there were roughly more than 3,000 people.
There is a saying called "Is three thousand and six enough?" There are generally more than 3,000 palace maids, and then the number gradually decreased. During the reign of Emperor Guangxu, there were fewer people, more than 1,900 people.
These palace ladies have strict regulations and quotas for serving the queen, concubines, etc. The Empress Dowager's Palace, with 12 maids, the Queen's Palace, with 10 maids, the Imperial Concubine, with 10 maids, the concubines, with 8 maids, in descending order.
3. Let’s talk about the emperor’s children, first his “son” and then his “daughter”. The "sons" of the emperors of the Qing Dynasty were divided into "clan" and "jueluo". What is "clan"? What is "Jueluo"? He is Nurhaci’s father. The following are Nurhaci’s brothers, and his descendants are called “clan clan”. They wear yellow belts. Nurhaci’s grandfather, Jue Chang’an, is descended from Jueluo. Their descendants are called “Jueluo” and wear red belts. They cannot be confused. of.
In the Qing Dynasty, wearing a yellow belt was a yellow belt, and wearing a red belt was a red belt. There was no confusion. There were some exceptions. These were "clan" and "Jueluo". The "clan" is also graded. This title is divided into twelve levels. The first four levels are Prince, County King, Beile, and Beizi. These are four levels, and each level is strictly hierarchical.
"That's eight copies. When we were fighting outside the customs, when Nurhaci was fighting, after the victory, we divided those things into eight parts, one for each flag. If you didn't take part, then if you didn't have eight parts, you shouldn't participate.
Later it became a fixed noun, "into eight points". If it is not in eight points, it is eight points. This is five, six, seven, eight, nine, ten, eleven, twelve. There are four generals: General Fengguo, General Fengen, General Zhenguo, and General Fuguo. Together they are the twelfth grade. The emperor's prince is usually 15 years old. Generally, he reaches adulthood at the age of 15, which means getting married, getting married, and dividing the palace. The prince is the prince's palace, the county prince is the county prince's palace, Baylor's palace, Beizi's palace, and the branch palace, and they move out of the palace. .
But there are exceptions, and individuals can also live in the palace. For example, Qianlong lived in Chonghua Palace. The "Shufangzhai" inside is very well decorated. You can go and see it if you have the opportunity.
The princes of the Qing Dynasty were different from those of the Ming Dynasty. The princes of the Ming Dynasty were not allowed to stay in the capital after being granted the title of prince. , opening a house in Beijing is a big difference. The king of the Ming Dynasty could not lead troops, because the emperor of the Ming Dynasty often staged coups and palace coups, and Yongle staged palace coups. Therefore, he, the king, was not allowed to lead troops or leave his base. He had to ask the emperor's permission before leaving the city.
The king of the Qing Dynasty was not like this. He was called "a general and a prime minister." After a while, the emperor of the Qing Dynasty had 113 sons, and it would be unreasonable to keep them like this, so he came up with a method called "descending". The prince's son was granted the title of county prince, and the prince's son was named Beile, and the son of Beile was named Beizi. , descending from generation to generation. Because at that time, he considered that the Qing Dynasty would last for hundreds of millions of years. If he wanted to live for ten thousand years, he would become a king in these ten thousand years, so he wanted to go down to the end, where he would be called an idle clan and there would be no title. This is a general situation.
There are exceptions.
4. Common knowledge of ancient Chinese literature
Ancient Chinese poetry culture originated from sacrifices, originated from folk songs, and flourished from chanting aspirations. Unfortunately, the only existing collection of poems compiled in writing is the Book of Songs. From the Spring and Autumn Period to the Warring States Period, it evolved into the Sao style, which was quaint and profound, and was a unique branch of pre-Qin poetry culture. Qin fell and Han came, Yuefu flourished, and everything in the poetry garden was renewed. After entering the Wei Dynasty, Wu Yan Teng Yun, especially the "three Cao father and son" and "Jian'an seven sons" created brilliant achievements. At the turn of the Wei and Jin Dynasties, there were the "Seven Sages of the Bamboo Grove"; in the Western Jin Dynasty, there were three Zhang, two Lu, two Pan, and one Zuo; and in the Eastern Jin Dynasty, there was Tao Weng. During this period, the realm and vision of poetry were broadened, and chanting became more popular. Over time, the years passed to the Song and Qi Dynasties of the Southern and Northern Dynasties. Four-character, five-character, six-character, and seven-character are no longer enough. "Big and Small Xie", "Ancestor of Seven Characters" and "Eight Friends of Jingling" stand out, pastoral poetry, landscape < /p>
The poem is elegant and majestic, and the Qi Liang style can be said to be unique in the spring scenery before the Tang Dynasty.
The prosperous age of the Tang Dynasty was also the prosperous age of poetry; the craftsmanship of the verses, the beauty of the rhymes, the meticulousness of the sentences, and the vastness of the artistic conception were truly at their peak! Although Li Du is crowned the "Sage of Poetry", there are still stars shining brightly throughout the ages! There are lyrics in the poem, which have been scattered in the Southern and Northern Dynasties. It flourished in Jiaofang in the late Tang Dynasty. As for the Song Dynasty, it gradually jumped out of the strings and became an ups and downs chant. It can be said to be the leader in the history of poetry! Compared with poetry, words are more extended and inheritable, and they are even more expressive and expressive. During the Song and Song Dynasties, there were thousands of poets, but Yan Liu, Su Xin, and others were the most outstanding poets. In addition, there are more than a thousand Ci poems and rhythms, but it is actually because the predecessors were not old-fashioned, and the later generations often trapped themselves in cocoons, so this became the trend of writing lyrics. Poetry was performed in the Yuan and Ming Dynasties, and increasingly catered to the needs of folk entertainment. As a result, "market Xiaoling" and "village tune" flourished, and finally a generation of wonderful songs and poems blossomed. It is said that there were no poems after the Tang Dynasty and no lyrics after the Song Dynasty. It is generally believed that this is a broad view of the realm of poetry; in a narrow sense, this may not be the case. Gao Qi's poems of the Ming Dynasty are as high-pitched as those of the Han and Wei dynasties, and as handsome as those of the Tang and Song dynasties. Sighing at Qingqiu, his writing aroused taboos, dangerous people slandered him, and he suffered from a disease in his prime. Rather than saying that "there was no poetry after the Tang Dynasty", it would be better to say that the "literary prison" flourished and then there was no poetry. As for the Qing Dynasty, there were many poets and numerous volumes of poems, but most of them were swayed by a clingy attitude and lacked character, so those who passed down the fine works were just a handful. There are more than ten thousand poems written by Qianlong, but not one or two have been recited, so why should I comment? However, those whose charm and integrity can be admired are Gong Zizhen and Banqiao.