Like a bird, she still flapped her wings and felt sorry for herself, leaving Beijing for more than ten years.
A gentleman is poor, who wants to meet today without paying for drinks?
promote/begin/get up/perhaps/a surname/interest
The northeast border of China is shrouded in smoke and dust. In order to repel the barbaric invaders, our generals left their families.
Stride forward together, looking like heroes should watch, and received the emperor's most cordial favor.
They walked through the elm pass with the sound of gongs and drums. They waved a row of flags around the stone tablet.
Until their captain in Shahai gave the order with feathers, the hunting fire of the Tatar chieftain flashed along the Wolf Mountain.
The highlands and rivers on the outer border were cold and desolate, but soon the barbarians' horses ran wild in the wind and rain.
Half of us were killed at the front, but the other half are still alive, and the beautiful girls are still singing and dancing for them at the camp.
In autumn, the desert is full of grass, the sun sets, and there are only a few surviving watchmen by the lonely wall.
Serve the just cause and despise life and enemies. However, despite what they have done, Elm Street is still unsafe.
Still in the front line, the real clothes are thin, and it's time for Bai Weiling to look after his departure.
Still in this southern city, the young wife's heart is broken, while the soldiers on the northern border are looking forward to going home in vain.
The wind blew. It doesn't matter, in a place of death and blue void, there is nothing ahead?
Three times a day, the dark clouds of slaughter rose over the camp. All night, the drums on the hour trembled and gave a cold rumble.
Until the white sword is seen again, spattered with red blood, when death becomes a responsibility, who will stop to think about fame?
However, when it comes to the hardships of desert war, today we will mention Li, a great general who lived a long time ago.
A song of snow sent Tian Shuji Wu home.
The north wind swept across the earth and messed up Pennisetum, and the weather in August will be covered with heavy snow.
Suddenly, a spring breeze came overnight, blowing open the petals of 10,000 pear trees.
Snowflakes fell into the curtains and wet them. The fur was not warm and the gold cup was too thin.
The bow becomes stiff, it is almost impossible to pull it out, and it is difficult to protect your iron clothes.
The sand sea is deepened by unfathomable ice, and darkness covers its endless clouds.
In the manager's account, this wine is a farewell party, and the Huqin Pipa flute ensemble adds luster to this entertainment.
In the evening, in front of the headquarters gate, heavy snow fell, the red flag froze, and the wind could not drag.
Luntai East Gate, welcome to the capital. Go, the mountain road is covered with snow.
I haven't seen you in the winding mountain road, leaving only a row of horseshoe prints.
Song of the plug
Jun Ma Rufeng, whip out of Weihe Bridge.
Bend the bow to bid farewell to the moon, insert feathers and break the arrogance of the sky.
The array disappears, and the sea fog disappears.
When he successfully drew Lin Ting, he was unique to Huopiao Yao.
Liangzhou Song
Wine luminous glass, want to drink pipa, hurry up immediately.
Don't laugh when you are drunk on the battlefield. How many people fought in ancient times?
Magnificent and brilliant frontier poems in Tang Dynasty
2004-01-0620:10: 56 Author: Ge Peiling Reading Times: 82 17
Before the Tang Dynasty, China's poems had developed extensively in subject matter, covering almost every field of social life, but with different degrees of development. Frontier fortress theme is a wilderness to be further developed. The frontier war in Han Dynasty was large-scale, but the development level of poetry at that time was still low, and there were not a large number of literati supporting the curtain, so frontier poetry did not get much development. During the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, wars were frequent, and the poetic art was improved. Frontier poems are growing gradually, but they are not mature yet. It is a historical preference, rewarding the Tang people with excellent games; It is the Tang people who are smart and seize the opportunity to show their talents in time. Therefore, the frontier fortress theme became popular for a while and became a grand view.
The prosperity of Tang poetry stems from the innovation of early Tang poetry, and the rise of frontier poems is an important opportunity and a remarkable symbol of this innovation. Li Shimin, Emperor Taizong, was a pioneer of innovation. He created a series of frontier works, and clearly advocated "using the songs of immortal heroes to make the sound worse" (Ten Prefaces to Emperor Jing) and "taking water vulgarity as purity, taking chat as literary quality" (holding together and being quiet on three sides). The four great poets and Chen Ziang were the important figures in the early Tang Dynasty, and the frontier fortress poetry creation was an important achievement of their innovation. Especially among Chen Ziang's thirty-eight encounter poems, the famous ones are Cang Dingling fortress, Ding Hai's Old Clouds and Dusks, The North Wind Blows the Sea Trees, This is Your Son, Chao Jinzhong Jun, Seven Ancient Poems Collected by Liu Jushi, Sending to the Army, Youzhou Tower and so on, all of which are famous frontier fortress works. The style of Han and Wei advocated by him has been the most prominent performance in these poems. The appearance of Chen Ziang is thought-provoking. At that time, the growing development of society and the participation of intellectuals in politics contributed to the atmosphere of poetry circles paying attention to the national economy and people's livelihood. Frontier wars are related to the rise and fall of the national movement and are highly valued. Therefore, the most outstanding poet who can represent the trend of the times is almost destined to be born here. Chen Ziang's frontier poems are rich in content. Among them, there are praises of patriotism, complaints about the hardships of military defense, and more ridicule of ordinary generals and criticism of the court's missteps. These contents were later recited repeatedly and became the basic theme of frontier fortress poems. In form, Chen Ziang prefers antique style to innovation, but he also pays attention to absorbing modern style. His "Youzhou Tower" is even more unconventional in structure and syntax, which means that it is unique as you said and has become an eternal family.
During the Kaiyuan and Tianbao periods, the innovation movement was declared successful, frontier poems flourished, and a number of outstanding writers emerged. They were called frontier poets in the history of literature and became one of the important symbols of the prosperity of Tang poetry. The backbone members of the Frontier Poetry School are Gao Shi, Cen Can, Wang Changling, Li Qi and others, and later generations are referred to as "Gao Cen Wang Li". Among them, Gao Cenke is the representative, so people also call it Gao Cen Poetry School.
Gao Shi's most famous frontier poem is Ge Yanxing, which is a comprehensive picture of frontier life. It is narrated, described, discussed and lyrical. The officers and men in government and opposition, the soldiers in war, the phenology of mountains and rivers and the eternal defense in their hearts are all heroic, with deep feelings, meaningful words and many cautionary stories. The so-called poem "Hua Yi clears the way, eagle" uses ancient style, but often borrows modern poetry method, with exquisite antithesis and sonorous rhyme. Cen Can's frontier poems are famous in the world for two sentences: One is the Song of Snow White to Send Wu Zixu Home, the other is the Song of Wheel Tower to Send General Feng to the Western Expedition, and the other is The Journey to the West. Compared with Gao Shi, Censhi's personality characteristics are more significant. Du Fu praised "Cen Can brothers are all strange" (A trip to Beipi), and Yin Kun also said "Cen Can language is strange" (He Yueling's photo album). These three poems highlight this feature. The night on the platform "and the valley, full of broken boulders like pecking measures, fall down, head down, with the wind" (Journey to Sichuan), "Like the strong wind in spring, it appears at night and blows open the petals of Wanli pear tree" (Bai Xuege) and "The drums are like a storm, and the mountains are shaking and shouting" (Song of the Platform). The three rhymes in Shu Dao Ji, like triplets in music, are sharp, steep and strange. Li Qi, like Gao Cen, is also good at classical Chinese, especially at the Four Wonders. His frontier poems are few in number, but of high quality and great reputation. His "An Ancient Warsong" is widely circulated. Wang Changling's frontier poems also have many ancient styles, but the modern poems, namely the four unique poems, represent his unique achievements. In particular, his "Two Poems on the Embankment" and "Seven Poems on Military Service" are magnificent in weather and lofty in artistic conception, which is difficult for future generations to reach. Wang Changling was later called the "Master of Heaven" and was highly respected. In addition to the four, Wang Zhihuan, William Wang and Cui Hao, who are good at frontier fortress, are also temporary choices.
In the literary world of the prosperous Tang Dynasty, Wang Wei, the leader of this school, was also known as the school of pastoral poetry. As far as his early creation is concerned, Wang Wei was also an outstanding frontier poet. Li Bai and Du Fu are the most famous poets in the Tang Dynasty, and their frontier works are also numerous and of high quality. Advocating frontier fortress theme has formed a poetic trend for a period of time.
After the mid-Tang Dynasty, the number of frontier fortress poems has not decreased, and there have been new pursuits and explorations in thought and art. The most representative frontier fortress poet at this stage is Li Yi. His frontier poems are similar to Gao Shi's, many of which are extremely heroic. However, it is his other kind of poetry that is read the most, which vividly reflects the frontier reality at that time and the homesickness of the soldiers. For example, the quatrains in "Listening to the Flute at Night on the Wall of the Country", "The sand is like snow before the peak of Yuefeng, and the moon outside the city is like frost", two wonderful metaphors and hazy images; "I don't know where to play the flute, but I want to look forward to my hometown all night", but I try my best to render it full of charm. No wonder when this poem came out, "the world thought the lyrics" ("Old Tang Book"). His poem "Join the Army and Send to the North" is also sad and Qingyuan, becoming a famous work with the same name as his previous work.
In the middle and late Tang Dynasty, Lu Lun, Wang Jian, Du Mu, Ma Dai, Gao Pian, Zhang? Waiting for someone. Comparatively speaking, they are not as good as frontier poets in the prosperous Tang Dynasty in this respect, and their overall achievements cannot be compared with them, which shows the changes of the times.
A particularly developed literary phenomenon in any era will always show some important features of that era. This is the case with frontier poems in Tang Dynasty. The Tang Dynasty was one of the most glorious times in the history of China. The Tang Dynasty was unified and powerful, and the frontier war was magnificent and arduous, which has always been a major event of the country and the nation and attracted the general attention of the whole society until the end of the Tang Dynasty. The poet is extremely sensitive to it and full of affection. Throughout the Tang Dynasty, almost all poets with good reputation participated in writing. Celebrities, without exception. Therefore, frontier poems with the frontier war as the core content have blossomed on a fertile soil. From here, we can clearly see the social characteristics of the Tang Dynasty.
As far as aesthetic character is concerned, the main characteristics of frontier poems in Tang Dynasty are magnificent and masculine beauty. The vast realm, magnificent momentum, wonderful scenery and passionate artistic conception make people feel an extremely vigorous vitality, which embodies the national spirit of holding high and fighting at that time. Yao Nai, a Qing Dynasty man, said: "Those who get the beauty of masculinity are eloquent as electricity. As long as the wind comes out of the valley, the mountains are high and steep, and the ambition is like a river. The light is like a shovel, like fire, like gold, like iron; It is also for the people, such as relying on foresight, facing the people like a king, and fighting for thousands of warriors. " This can be used to describe frontier poems in Tang Dynasty. Some people simplify the two beautiful qualities of masculinity and femininity into "the steed that the west wind blocks the north" and "the apricot blossom and spring rain in the south of the Yangtze River", which is directly inspired by frontier poems.
As far as artistic style is concerned, frontier poems in Tang Dynasty have a process of development and change. A series of about 2,000 works in the morning, the morning, the afternoon and the evening were passed down, forming a colorful art gallery.
The dominant style of frontier poems in the early Tang Dynasty was Yu Bo. At that time, the world was just settled, and the vitality of the unified dynasty was slowly rising. But on the whole, I still feel powerless and the country is attacked from time to time, so frontier poems are often filled with strong resentment and accompanied by heavy depression. This feature of the aftermath is manifested in two aspects: one is the angry resistance to the invasion of a strong enemy, and the other is the sigh of current affairs and politics. The representative of the former is Wang Luobin, and the representative of the latter is Chen Ziang. They all joined the army more than once, vividly and profoundly describing the life of the frontier fortress.
The leading style of frontier poems in the prosperous Tang Dynasty is heroic. The magnificent frontier war has endowed it with an extremely distinctive feature of the times: (1) great weather. The poem depicts a series of military heroes, countless legendary wars, and shows Tang Jun's great power to defeat the enemy, fanning a kind of arrogance. (2) Martial arts and customs. Joining the army has become the theme of repeated advocacy. Many poems enthusiastically praised the loyalty to the monarch and even the martial arts. At the same time, it is generally derogatory and pro-friendly. (3) the concept of self-confidence. Poetry shows a strong sense of national pride, and it is often easy to see the merits of defeating the enemy. When writing about the sufferings of war, there is also a bold connotation, and resentment contains heroism, so it does not make people feel depressed. (4) psychology of creation. In the prosperous Tang Dynasty, the people had great ambition and determination to fight "Never break Loulan and never return it". The poet is full of passion for the wonders of the frontier, and the realm of poetry is innovative. In addition, we often see a fearless spirit of "bringing", praising the music and dance, customs and products outside the Great Wall, and describing national friendship in many touching ways. All these have won high praise for frontier fortress poems in the prosperous Tang Dynasty, from which people can see the great national strength produced by frontier fortress poems.
The dominant style of frontier poems in the middle Tang Dynasty is desolation. After the Anshi Rebellion, the Tang Dynasty fell from the peak of prosperity and lost its advantages in foreign wars. Eunuch is authoritarian, the buffer region is independent, and the land is recovered. Poets often make bitter satires on the cowardly court. In order to recover the old things, poems always send out a low roar and show high fighting spirit; From time to time there came a sigh of grief and indignation. The old system of changing soldiers has been abolished, and homesickness has become a prominent theme in poetry. The description of the sufferings of the garrison has greatly increased, and many excellent works in this field have appeared. In the whole creation, the glory of the ideal gradually faded, and the color of reality became stronger and stronger.
The leading style of frontier poems in late Tang Dynasty is Xiao Sa. The color is gloomy, the scene is sad, the feelings are depressed, and the mood is low. Many poems describe the sufferings of soldiers, especially the description of blood and death. It has become a common phenomenon to associate frontier fortress with death. The enthusiasm of heroism is getting colder and colder, and the new trend of humanitarian thought takes its place. The criticism of ordinary generals is more acute and prominent, and the cry of soldiers is more painful. Correspondingly, the description of scenery often shows a bleak sadness, and the emotion of suppressing despair is very strong.
There is great controversy in academic circles about the ideological value of frontier poems in Tang Dynasty. This argument focuses on whether the war is just or unjust. The attacker accused him of "aggression" and the debater praised him for "self-defense", but the standard used was actually the Charter of the United Nations or the Five Principles of Peace. In this way, the contradiction is highlighted: on the one hand, many people actually judge the process of China's ethnic groups from division to reunification as an unjust process, thus denying the rationality of historical progress; On the other hand, because many people want to defend the history of reunification, it is far-fetched to say that some expansion wars at that time were just acts. There are two major mistakes in this moral-oriented view of history: one is to confuse the difference between ancient and modern, and to blame the ancient with the present; First, it confuses the differences between China and foreign countries, regards the ancient regional regime of China as a completely independent modern country, and equates the frontier war in Tang Dynasty with the modern international war. Moral evaluation is to express one's feelings about something through praise or criticism, but in today's China, it is really harmful to praise or criticize the ancient regime. We should get rid of this narrow moral entanglement, stand on the standpoint of safeguarding today's national unity and the overall interests of the Chinese nation, observe the problem from the perspective of historical materialism, and focus on the historical role of the Tang Frontier War in the whole history of China.
The Tang Dynasty is an important stage in the development of China today. Compared with China in the Tang Dynasty, there are three major changes in China today: national unity, national unity and social development. All three showed obvious trends in the border war in the Tang Dynasty. The border war was a practical way to eliminate division and create unity under the conditions at that time. China's reunification has profound geographical and historical reasons, and it is independent of people's subjective will. National unity is conducive to national unity. Once the formerly sharply opposed countries are politically unified, the enemies will become brothers. Emperor Taizong said: "Since ancient times, China has always been the most important, and I love him as always." ("Zi Tong Zhi Jian" Ji Tang XIV) This is the concept of the state that has not changed in the Tang Dynasty. National unity and national unity have laid a good foundation for social development. From a global perspective, the Battle of Cisse in the early Tang Dynasty unblocked the Silk Road and promoted the cultural exchanges between China and the West. It also resisted the eastward advance of the big food empire and protected the long-standing civilization of the western regions and the Far East from being destroyed. For Chinese mainland, reunification has brought social stability, avoided the huge consumption of manpower and material resources brought by the war, promoted the economic and cultural exchanges between the frontier and the mainland, and promoted the development of the whole history of China. Naturally, there were many wars at that time, and it was impossible to generalize; The specific poems reflecting various wars are different, but on the whole, the border war in Tang Dynasty has made great progress and should be basically affirmed.
The frontier poems in Tang Dynasty vividly describe the progressive frontier wars and the frontier life of people of all ethnic groups, and become valuable literary heritage. These poems show distinctive patriotism, heroism, humanitarianism and national enterprising spirit. These are all worth cherishing. People can see a spirit of loyalty and loyalty that sacrifices everything for the country and the nation from the poems such as "Report on the Times, Draw a Sword from a Good Start" (Chen Ziang's poem No.35 on Meeting) and "I don't want to look back at my hometown after I have taken the land of the Emperor Hehuang" (Ling Huchu's Youth Travel Notes No.3). From the poems such as "Muddle the Dawanma and Take the King of Loulan" (Cen Can sent Liu Danying to Anxi in Wuwei, which is a high official position) and "Fu Bo only wants to be buried, why should he enter the customs" (Li Yi's Song of Xia Sai), people see a fearless spirit of going forward and dying without regret; From the poems such as "If you can control the invasion of the mausoleum, how can you kill more" (Du Fu's "Going out beyond the Great Wall" Part VI) and "The cloud on the mountain of Yanran is half a soul who has left home" (Yu Juan's "Xia Sai Qu"), people see a humanitarian spirit that sympathizes with the foot soldiers and makes people cry. From the poems such as "The Iron Rider rushes over Tieling Head, watching Luo Di take Hou Yin from the west" (the third part of Gao Shi's Jiu Qu Ci) and "The Wan Li is clear and the vast sea is silent" (Li Bai's Xia Sai Qu), people see an enterprising spirit to sweep away the troubles of the enemy and calm down the dust in the frontier. In addition, frontier poems also describe the magnificent scenery of the motherland's frontier and the friendly feelings of brotherly nations. These positive thoughts expressed in countless excellent works are a valuable spiritual wealth, which is enough for us to learn from and inherit.
Frontier poems in the Tang Dynasty had a far-reaching influence on later generations and were highly valued by people of all ages. Yan Yu's Cang Lang Shi Hua in the Southern Song Dynasty said that "the good poems of Tang people are mostly works of defense, exile, travel and parting, which often make people fascinated", and the first topic is "defense". Li Panlong, Wang Shimao, Hu Yinglin in Ming Dynasty and Shen Deqian in Qing Dynasty almost all ranked frontier fortress poems as the first, which shows their position in the minds of later generations. In the splendid garden of Tang poetry, frontier fortress poetry is really a wonderful flower and attracts people's attention. Although frontier poems originated in the history of China literature and continued after the Tang Dynasty, only the Tang Dynasty could have such a great influence and form such a magnificent situation. From this point of view, the frontier poems in Tang Dynasty are outstanding and independent.