The development track of literature in Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties;
Poetry is the highest literary achievement in this period. We express it from three lines:
(1) Time clue: Jian 'an poetry is the first bumper harvest of literati's creation in the history of China's poetry, with "Three Caos" and "Seven Scholars of Jian 'an" as its representatives; The representative figures of Zhengshi's poetry are "Seven Sages of Bamboo Forest", while Ruan Ji and Ji Kang are the real representatives of Zhengshi's poetry achievements. There are many writers in Taikang's poems, including the so-called "three poems", "two poems", "two poems" and "one left poem" Except for the left thoughts, the grades are not too high; In Yongjia poetry circles, Liu Kun and Guo Pu, metaphysical poets Xu Xun and Sun Chuo are the representatives. During the Jin and Song Dynasties, Tao Yuanming was the most accomplished poet. Qi's poems are represented by Xie Tiao, Yin Keng. Liang and Chen's Palace Poems: Yu Xin achieved the highest literary achievement in the Northern Dynasties, and Yu Xin was a master of poetry in the Northern and Southern Dynasties.
(2) Content clue: Jian 'an poems are sad and chaotic, generous and desolate, with rich outlines and distinctive characteristics of the times, so they are called "Jian 'an style"; Zhengshi poetry inherited the tradition of Jian 'an poetry, and became generous because of the sinister environment and worrying about the world. Taikang's poems emphasize imitation and praise, and have obvious formal tendency, while Zuo Si is the successor of Jian 'an style and the first voice to open up the atmosphere. His poem "Ode to History" satirizes the present from the past, expresses his embrace, and has vigorous brushwork. Later, Bao Zhao's works "it is hard to go" and "Antique" were depressed and heroic; Yu Xin's Zhun Yong Huai expresses grief and indignation, which opens a colorful, fresh and mature poetic style. When metaphysical poetry prevailed, Tao Yuanming was unique and opened an idyllic school with a simple and natural style. Xie Lingyun and Xie Tiao completed the transformation from metaphysical poetry to landscape poetry, and started the school of landscape poetry. Palace-style poetry was all the rage in Liang and Chen Dynasties, which was a kind of countercurrent of poetic style.
(3) Genre clues. Cao Cao's four-character poems, Cao Zhi's five-character poems, and the literati's five-character poems of the seven sons of Jian 'an are all absolute beauty and colorful. The appearance of Yongming style new poetry laid the foundation for the formation of modern poetry in Tang Dynasty. Seven-character poems have also been created and developed. Cao Pi's Ge Yanxing marks the maturity of seven-character ancient poetry. Bao Zhao made an important contribution to the development of seven-character poems, and he created a genre dominated by seven characters. Cao Cao wrote current events with the old theme of Yuefu and developed Yuefu poems. Four-character writing Yuefu makes four-character poems flourish. Folk songs in the Southern and Northern Dynasties are another concentrated oral creation after Zhou folk songs and Han Yuefu folk songs. Qu Yan was born in the Southern Dynasties, and Hu Yin was born in Beiguan. The style of folk songs in the Southern Dynasties is weak, represented by Xizhou Song. The folk songs of the Northern Dynasties are healthy and simple, and the representative is Mulan Poetry.
Prose changed the dominance of historical biography and political theory in Han Dynasty, and developed in a diversified direction. Compared with the prose of the Han Dynasty, it has four characteristics: first, letters and landscape prose describing love have emerged, and writing natural landscapes in the form of letters is the original creation of prose in Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties; Second, historical biographies gradually become independent of historical books and become literary biographies; Third, lyrical elements have increased; Fourth, the article tends to be parallel. Parallel prose was thus formed and reached its peak. The four-six sentence pattern of the article has become a routine, and the pursuit of exquisite antithesis, harmonious melody, the use of allusions, carved rhetoric and the creation of parallel prose are all very popular. Ci-Fu developed in the direction of parallelization and legalization from Han Da Fu to lyric Fu Xiao.
Novel is a new literary style produced in Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, and it is an important stage in the history of China's novel development. There are mainly the novel Search for Ji Shen and the novel Shi Shuo Xin Yu.
The consciousness of literary consciousness and the freedom of literary creation have brought the development of literary theory and the prosperity of literary criticism. Cao Pi's Dian Lun Wen is the earliest extant monograph on literary criticism in China. This paper puts forward some views on the social status and function of literature, the attitude and method of literary criticism, the distinction of literary style, and the relationship between literary style and writers, which indicates that literary criticism has entered a new era. Lu Ji's Wen Fu is a parallel prose work, which expounds a relatively complete creative theory. For the first time, the creation motivation, process, method, form and technique are classified into the category of literary criticism. Liu Xie's Wen Xin Diao Long is a literary theory work, which is a summary and development of previous literary theories. It initially established the concept of literary history, attaching importance to both the relationship between literary development and social customs, as well as the inheritance and innovation in the development of literature itself, comprehensively explaining the relationship between the content and formation of works, summarizing the experiences and lessons in all aspects of the creation process, and initially establishing the methodology of literary criticism. Zhong Rong's Poetry is China's first poem. Preface to Poetry is the general introduction of this book, which discusses the origin and development of five-character poems, and puts forward some views on some creative methods of poems and their lyricism and expressiveness. It also has some shortcomings, such as improper comments on some writers, blind rejection of the theory of acoustic diseases, and oversimplification of the discussion on the relationship between poetry inheritance, but it is undoubtedly an important reference material for the study of poetry in Han, Wei and Six Dynasties. In addition, his Literary Theory, Pei's Carving Worms, Jin Lou Pian, Xiao Zixian's Biography of Southern Literature, and Yan Zhitui's Yan Family Instructions and Articles all expressed important opinions on literary issues. During the period of Emperor Wu of Qi, Zhou Qing, Shen Yue and Wang Rong put forward the theory of "four tones and eight diseases", which was a new development of the theory of law and had a great influence on the development of later poetry and modern poetry. The development of literary theory and criticism gradually puts literary creation under its influence and guidance. The synchronous development of literary creation and literary criticism, the close relationship of interdependence and mutual promotion, had a far-reaching impact on the literary development at that time and later generations.