The origin of landscape poetry can be traced back to the Qin and Han Dynasties, and there is "I have been there, Liu Yiyi" in "Picking Wei". Today, I think the description of scenery in Rain and Snow can be regarded as the origin of landscape poetry. Viewing the Sea by Cao Cao in the Eastern Han Dynasty is considered to be the earliest complete landscape poem. By the Eastern Jin Dynasty, there were many poems describing landscapes among the popular metaphysical poems at that time, which was very important for the formation of landscape poems. Especially in the poems of Yin Zhongwen and Xie Hun, the description of landscape accounts for a large proportion, and Xie Hun's "A Tour of Xi Chi" is the masterpiece of landscape theme in this period. Yin Zhongwen and Xie Hun's works are the forerunners of many imitations of landscapes by Liu Song and Xie Lingyun in the Southern Dynasties.
"At the beginning of the Song Dynasty, there was a sense of body. Zhuang Lao retired, and the graceful landscape directly pointed out that landscape poetry was formed in Liu and Song Dynasties in the Southern Dynasties. Landscape poetry was formed in the late Jin Dynasty and early Song Dynasty. Xie Lingyun is the first poet who laid the foundation of landscape poetry with a large number of natural landscape descriptions. Xie Lingyun described the scenery in detail in his poems, tried his best to carve and pursue the modeling of the scenery, and mainly used line drawing techniques to give people a fresh and natural feeling. However, because the scenery is difficult to present in poetry, sometimes the poet has to make up his own words, which makes his poems difficult to read and understand, which is the defect in the early stage of the formation of landscape poetry. In addition, because of living in the heyday of metaphysical poetry, Xie Lingyun likes to end the poem with metaphysical poetry. Influenced by Laozi and Zhuangzi's thoughts, there are still a lot of metaphysical poems in his poems.
Later, the influential poet Xie Tiao perfected his landscape poems. He made some innovations in the scope of subject matter and the relationship between scenery, which enabled the normal development of landscape poetry. Xie Tiao's landscape poems express emotions from the beginning to the end. Although the scene has not been completely integrated, it has completely got rid of the influence of metaphysical poetry. In "Going to Three Mountains at Night and Looking at the Capital", "The sunset shines into splendor, and the river is quiet as practice" embodies the characteristics of his poems, which are beautiful and mellow.
By Wang Wei and Meng Haoran, the development of landscape poetry reached its peak here. Wang Wei inherited and developed the poetic style tradition of Xie Lingyun's landscape poems. In this poetic style tradition, he tried his best to carve, describe the landscape in detail and integrate reason into the scenery. At the same time, it is influenced by the fresh and natural poetic style of Tao Yuanming's pastoral poems. His "Mountain in Autumn Night" has only 20 words, but it shows people a quiet and indifferent mountain view of the starry sky on a moonlit night in a concise and clear way. Meng Haoran's landscape poems are mainly based on what pedestrians see and hear, and the thoughts in the poems rarely flow out, and the scenery moves with the feelings. In addition, his landscape poems mostly describe the beautiful scenery of the south. At this time, the landscape poems are not limited to describing natural scenery, but more about blending scenes. "All scenery words are emotional words" is the greatest feature of landscape poems at this time.
The formation of landscape poetry is greatly influenced by the political situation. During the Wei and Jin Dynasties, the society was in turmoil. Talented people were not reused, and Xie Lingyun, who played an important role in the formation of landscape poems, was dissatisfied with the politics at that time, so he indulged in landscapes and accumulated a lot of materials for the writing of landscape poems. In addition, in the Wei and Jin Dynasties, the system of selecting officials-the nine-level Zheng Zhi system made many people from poor families not be reused. Because of the terrain, the origin is not once. "Many poor scholars are very talented, but it is difficult to display them. Faced with the hopeless reality of their careers, they have to indulge in the mountains and rivers to solve their troubles and cultivate their self-cultivation. In a word, the contradiction between social reality and scholar-bureaucrat ideal is the fundamental reason for the formation of landscape poetry.
Besides, the reasoning of metaphysical poems is boring. In order to better reason, many poets add descriptions of natural scenery to their poems, advocate "learning from nature" and reason by observing and understanding nature. And this kind of nature is everything in the world, and natural landscapes, mountains and rivers and scenic spots have become the media of metaphysical poetry. Since then, the reasoning of metaphysical poetry has become more vivid and profound. This transformation of metaphysical poetry provides space and material accumulation for the development of landscape poetry.
Landscape poetry is a great breakthrough in China's poetry, which enriches the theme of poetry and allows future generations to appreciate the beautiful scenery around the world through literati's poems. Even if some scenery no longer exists, the record of poetry can make the disappeared scenery reappear in people's hearts and remain forever.