His father, Su Xun, is the "Su Laoquan" mentioned in the San Zi Jing. Su Xun was late in getting angry, but he worked hard. In his later years, Su Shi recalled his childhood study with his father and felt that he was deeply influenced by his father. Of course, without Su Xun's hard study, it would be impossible for Su Shi to receive a good tutor at an early age, let alone "learn the history of general classics, which belongs to thousands of words every day", and it would be even more impossible for him to have a future literary master.
in the first year of Jiayou (156), Su Shi left Sichuan for Beijing for the first time to take the imperial examination in the imperial court. The following year, he took part in the examination of the Ministry of Rites, and won the appreciation of Ouyang Xiu, the examiner, with an article "The Theory of Rewarding Loyalty by Punishment", but he was the second scholar in high school by mistake.
in the sixth year of Jiayou (in 161), Su Shi took the exam of Chinese secondary school, which is usually called "three-year Beijing inspection", and entered the third class, which was' the first in a hundred years'. He was awarded the judge of Fengxiang House in Dali. Later, when his father died in Bianjing, Ding Youfu returned home. In the second year of Xining (169), he returned to the DPRK after serving his full term, and he was still given his post. When he entered the DPRK as an official, it was the time when the political crisis began to appear in the Northern Song Dynasty, and the crisis was hidden behind the prosperity.
At this time, Shenzong acceded to the throne and appointed Wang Anshi to support the political reform. Many of Su Shi's teachers and friends, including Ouyang Xiu, who appreciated him at the beginning, were forced to leave Beijing because they disagreed with the new Prime Minister Wang Anshi on the implementation of the new law. The old rain in the ruling and opposition parties faded, and what Su Shi saw in his eyes was no longer the "peaceful world" he saw when he was twenty years old.
On his way back to Beijing, Su Shi saw the damage of the new law to ordinary people, and he disagreed with what Prime Minister Wang Anshi did. He thought that the new law could not facilitate the people, so he wrote a letter against it. One result of this is that, like his teachers and friends who were forced to leave Beijing, they were not allowed to stay in the court. So Su Shi asked for release and was transferred to Hangzhou for a general sentence.
Su Shi stayed in Hangzhou for three years. After his tenure, he was transferred to Mizhou, Xuzhou, Huzhou and other places to be appointed as Zhizhou. Outstanding achievements, won the hearts of the people.
This lasted for about ten years, and Su Shi met the first disaster in his life. At that time, some people (Li Ding and others) deliberately distorted his poems and made a big fuss. In the second year of Yuanfeng (179), less than three months after his arrival in Huzhou, Su Shi was arrested and imprisoned for writing poems to satirize the new law and "slandering the monarch", which is known as the Wutai Poetry Case in history.
After 13 days in prison, Su Shi was on the verge of being beheaded. Thanks to the Northern Song Dynasty's national policy of not killing scholar-officials during the reign of Mao Zhao Kuangyin, Su Shi only dodged a bullet.
After he was released from prison, Su Shi was demoted to the deputy ambassador of Huangzhou Yong Lian (equivalent to the deputy captain of the modern civil self-defense forces). This position is quite humble, and at this time Su Shi has become disheartened after this prison. In his spare time, he led his family to reclaim a slope in the east of the city and help make up for his livelihood by farming. It was at this time that he got the nickname "Dongpo lay man".
in the seventh year of Yuanfeng in Song Shenzong (184), Su Shi left Huangzhou and took office in Ruzhou. Due to the long journey and tiring journey, Su Shi's children died unfortunately. Ruzhou is a long way away, and the travel expenses have been exhausted. Coupled with the pain of losing his son, Su Shi wrote to the court, requesting not to go to Ruzhou for the time being, and to live in Changzhou first, and then was approved. When he was preparing to return to Changzhou, Shenzong died.
Zhezong ascended the throne, the Empress Dowager listened to politics, the new party forces fell, and Sima Guang was re-enabled as the prime minister. So Su Shi was called back to the DPRK in 1998 with the Ministry of Rites as a doctor. In the first half of the dynasty, Mr. Sheren was promoted, and three months later, he was promoted to Mr. Sheren in Zhongshu, so he was promoted to the Imperial Academy.
As the saying goes, "Beijing officials are not easy to be." When Su Shi saw the emerging forces desperately suppressing the figures of Wang Anshi Group and abolishing the new law, he thought that they were just birds of a feather with the so-called "Wang Dang" and once again made suggestions to the emperor.
So far, Su Shi can neither tolerate the new party nor forgive the old party, so he asked for another transfer. As a bachelor of Longtuge, he once again went to Hangzhou, where he had been away for 16 years, as a satrap. Su Shi built a major water conservancy project in Hangzhou, dredged the West Lake, and built a dam next to the West Lake with the dredged mud, which is the famous "Su Causeway".
Su Shi lived happily in Hangzhou, comparing himself with Bai Juyi in the Tang Dynasty. But in the sixth year of Yuan You (191), he was recalled to the DPRK. But soon, due to political disagreement, Yingzhou was released outside. In the eighth year of Yuan You (193), the New Party came to power again and was demoted again. After Huizong acceded to the throne, he was transferred to Lianzhou for resettlement, Shuzhou for Yong ying, and Yongzhou for resettlement. In the third year of Yuan Fu's reign (111), he was granted amnesty, resumed his post as Chao Fenglang, returned to the north, and died in Wenzhong, Changzhou, posthumous title. At the age of 66.
editing the literary and artistic achievements of this paragraph
Su Shi's literary views are in the same strain as Ouyang Xiu's, but he emphasizes the originality, expressiveness and artistic value of literature. His literary thought emphasizes "doing something for something", advocating nature, getting rid of bondage, and "creating new ideas in statutes and putting wonderful reasons outside the bold". He believes that the composition should be "like flowing water, with no definite quality at first, but always doing what you should do and always stopping at what you can't stop." The artistic realm of "natural arts and sciences, full of postures" ("Thank you for your teacher's book"). Su Shi's prose works are rich, and he is also known as Han Yu, Liu Zongyuan and Ouyang Xiu. The style of the article is simple and fluent, and it is bold and unrestrained. Shi Dehong's "Postscript Dongpo (left and right) Pool Record" said: "Its writing is as sloppy as water, and its waves are naturally written." Su Shi and Ouyang Xiu are also called "Ou Su", which is one of the "Eight Great Masters in Tang and Song Dynasties". Su Shi was the leader who presided over the literary world in the Northern Song Dynasty after Ouyang Xiu. He enjoyed a great reputation among the writers at that time, and many people made friends with him or accepted his guidance for a while. Huang Tingjian, Qin Guan, Chao Buzhi and Zhang were all trained, rewarded and recommended by him. Therefore, it is called Sumen Four Bachelor.
There are about 4, Su's poems, which are broad in content and diverse in style, but mainly bold and unconstrained, with varied brushwork and romantic colors, which has opened up a new road for the development of Song poetry. Xie Zhou's "Original Poems" said: "The realm of Su Shi's poems is unprecedented in ancient and modern times, and all things in the world are inspired by the pen." Zhao Yi's "Ou Bei Shi Hua" said: "Taking the text as poetry, from Changli to Dongpo Yida, it was a spectacular sight for a generation. ..... especially those who can't reach it are born with a healthy pen, which is as cool as a sorrowful pear, and quickly cuts it together. There is a hidden meaning that must be reached, and there is no difficulty in showing it. Therefore, after Li and Du, it is a big family, and it is not as good as Li and Du Chu. " His poems are fresh and vigorous, good at using exaggerated metaphors and unique in artistic expression. A few poems can also reflect the sufferings of the people and accuse the rulers of extravagance and arrogance. Words are bold and unconstrained, which has a great influence on future generations. "Nian Nujiao, Red Cliff Nostalgia" and "Shui Diao Ge Tou, Bing Chen Mid-Autumn Festival" are widely read. His poems include Seven Chapters of Dongpo and so on.
There are more than 34 Su Shi's poems, which have broken through the narrow theme of writing about men's and women's love and parting, and have broad social content. Su Shi occupies a special position in the history of Chinese ci. He expanded the spirit of the poetry and prose innovation movement in the Northern Song Dynasty to the field of ci, swept away the traditional ci style since the late Tang Dynasty and the Five Dynasties, created a bold ci school that stood side by side with the graceful school, expanded the theme of ci, enriched the artistic conception of ci, broke through the boundaries of poetry and poetry, and made great contributions to the innovation and development of ci. His masterpieces include Nian Nu Jiao and Shui Diao Ge Tou, which set a precedent for the school of bold and unconstrained ci, and he was also called "Su Xin" with Xin Qiji. Liu Chenweng said in "Preface to Xinjiaxuan": "The word reaches Dongpo, which is open and aboveboard, like poetry, like prose, like wonders of heaven and earth."
Su Shi is also good at calligraphy and regular script, and he is also called "Song Sijia" with Huang Tingjian, Mi Fei and Cai Xiang. He had studied famous artists in Jin, Tang and Five Dynasties, and he made his own innovations thanks to Wang Sengqian, Li Yong, Xu Hao, Yan Zhenqing and Yang Ningshi. The pen is full of ups and downs, and it is naive. Ziyun: "I couldn't have made a book"; There is another cloud: "Be innovative and not practice the ancients." Huang Tingjian said that he: "In his early years, his pen was refined, and he was not as natural as the boss"; Another cloud said, "When we get to Huangzhou, the pen is very powerful." In his later years, he was influenced by overseas winds and waves. In addition, his knowledge, mind and knowledge were outstanding everywhere, and his life was full of ups and downs. His calligraphy style was rich and innocent, and you can imagine him as a person by looking at his calligraphy. People and books respected each other. At that time, his brothers, sons and nephews were taught by you, Mai and Guo, and friends Wang Dingguo and Zhao Lingzhi all learned from him. Later, historical celebrities such as Li Gang, Han Shizhong, Lu You, Wu Kuan and Zhang Zhidong in Qing Dynasty also learned from him, which shows the great influence. Huang Tingjian said in "Valley Collection": "Those who are good at books in this dynasty should put (Su) first."
in painting, Su Shi draws ink and bamboo, learning from literature (that is, literature and can), which is more concise than literature and has the potential to dance. Mi Fei said that he "made ink bamboo, from the ground up to the top. I asked: Why not divide it section by section? Say: When bamboo is born, why is it born one by one? " Also good at making strange stones. Mi Fei also said: "As a dead branch, it is unreasonable to bend; The stone is hard, and it is strange and unreasonable, such as the depression in his chest. " It can be seen that his paintings are very strange and want to send them far away. His theory of painting and calligraphy has outstanding ideas, and his theory of painting has a far-reaching influence. For example, we attach importance to the spirit likeness, think that "painting is similar in shape, and we can see the children's neighbors", advocate that painting should have feelings outside, and that painting should have sustenance, oppose similarity and procedural constraints, advocate that "poetry and painting are uniform, ingenious and fresh", and clearly put forward the concept of "scholar painting", and highly value the artistic attainments of "painting in poetry and painting in poetry". It laid a theoretical foundation for the subsequent development of "literati painting". The surviving books include Huangzhou Cold Food Poem, Chibi Fu, Thank you for your teacher's paper, several essays to pay homage to Huang, Qianchibi Fu and so on. The surviving paintings include "Ancient Wood and Strange Rocks" and "Bamboo Stone Map"; The "Xiaoxiang Bamboo Stone Atlas" discovered in recent years is also his work.
Su Shi achieved great success in poetry, prose, ci, calligraphy, painting, etc. in the Song Dynasty, where talented people came forth in large numbers. He is a rare literary and artistic genius in the history of China.
Editing this Wutai Poetry Case
During the Ning period (168-177) in JaeHee, Song Shenzong, Wang Anshi was heavily involved in the reform. After the failure of the reform, he was engaged in the reform in the Yuanfeng period (178-185). At the turning point from political reform to system reform, Su Shi's Wutai poetry case happened. This case was first reported by Li Ding, the supervisor of censor, and then tried in censorate prison. Yushitai has been nicknamed "Wutai" since the Han Dynasty, so this case is called "Wutai Poetry Case".
During the period of Northern Song Shenzong, Su Shi expressed his dissatisfaction with the New Deal because he opposed the new law. As he was the leader of the literary world at that time, allowing Su Shi's poems to spread in the society was very unfavorable to the implementation of the New Deal. Therefore, with the acquiescence of Shenzong, Su Shi was arrested in Wutai for four months, and every day he was forced to explain the origin of his poems and allusions in his words.
Because there was a custom in Song Dynasty not to kill scholar-officials, Su Shi was spared from death, but was demoted as an assistant envoy of Huangzhou Yong ying.
In the second year of Yuanfeng (179), Su Shi was moved to Huzhou (Xing Wu County, Zhejiang Province). In July, Huang Fuzhun and others sent by Yushitai were arrested and imprisoned. They testified that Su Shi distorted the facts and slandered the court in his poems.
Li Ding, He Zhengchen, Shu Shu and others, citing Su Shi's Poems on the Chronicle of Hangzhou as evidence, said that he "played with the imperial court and mocked state affairs", and even dug out a sentence or two from his other poems, and convicted them out of context, such as: "Reading thousands of books and not reading the law, making your ruler Yao Shun ignorant". Originally, Su Shi meant himself. Another example is "If the East China Sea has a clear idea, it should be taught to turn brine into mulberry fields", saying that he is accusing the water conservancy construction of this measure is wrong. In fact, Su Shi himself built water conservancy projects in Hangzhou. How can he think that is wrong? Another example is "I forgot to understand the taste when I heard Shao, but I have no salt in March recently", saying that he was satirizing the prohibition of people from selling salt. To sum up, it is concluded that he dared to ridicule the emperor and the prime minister, which was a heinous crime and should be put to death.
Su Shi was tortured severely in Yushitai, and he believed that he could not escape death. In the end, I will survive my death. On December 28 of that year, the gift of Meng Shenzong was sentenced to exile in Huangzhou (Huanggang County, Hubei Province). Su Shi was detained for nearly a hundred days and then released from the prison of Yushitai. Later generations compiled the statement and confession of this case into a Wutai Poetry Case. Wutai is the Yushitai. "History of Han Zhu Bochuan": "At that time, the well water in more than 1 areas of the official residence of Wushi was exhausted; In addition, there are cypress trees in his house, and thousands of wild owls often live on them. In the morning, they go to dusk, and they call it the morning and evening. " Later generations took Yushifu as Wufu and Yushitai as Wutai. Because the initiators of this case are all the officials of Yushitai, they include Cheng Liding in Yushitai, Shu Qin and He Zhengchen who supervise Yushitai Lixing (trainee historians of Yushitai), so it is called "Wutai Poetry Case".
Apart from the above-mentioned "unwarranted charges", Su Shi is said to have offended the then Prime Minister Wang Anshi. It was recorded in people's notes at that time.
It's said that when Su Shi was the minister of etiquette in the imperial court, one day he went to Wu Zhai, Wang Anshi's study, to find Wang Anshi. When Wang was away, Su Shi saw a poem on the desk of Wu Zhai, which had only two unfinished sentences-"The bright moon is barking and the yellow dog is lying in the heart."
Su Dongpo looked at it again and again, and wondered how the bright moon could be called in the branches. How can the yellow dog lie on the flower heart? Thought it was wrong. So I changed my pen and changed the poem to "The moon shines in the sky and the yellow dog lies in the shade of flowers".
after Wang Anshi came back, he was extremely dissatisfied with Su Shi's revision of his poems, so he was demoted to Hepu. After Su Dongpo arrived in Hepu, one day, he went out for a walk and saw a group of children gathered around a pile of flowers and shouted, "Yellow dog Rollo, black dog Rollo, come out quickly!" Rollo, rollo rollo. " Out of curiosity, Su Dongpo went over and asked the child what to shout. The child said, let's tell the bug to come out quickly so as to catch it. Su Dongpo looked close to the flower and saw several yellow and black bugs as big as sesame crawling in the stamen. Ask the child again what kind of bug is this? The child said: yellow dog bug, black dog bug. Su Dongpo left the flowers and came to a banyan tree, where he met a crisp birdsong and asked others, what is this birdsong? Others replied: this is called the bright moon bird. At this moment, Su Dongpo suddenly realized that he had wrongly corrected Wang Anshi's poems.
the authenticity of this record is beyond examination. From the historical point of view, it seems that Wang Anshi punished Su Shi and corrected two poems wrongly, which is not the real reason why Wang Anshi hates Su Shi. The essential reason is that Su Shi opposed Wang Anshi's political reform. Therefore, Su Shifang has such a prison of criminal name.
Changes of Su Shi's poetic style before and after editing this Wutai Poetry Case
In July 179, Su Shi took office in Huzhou, was convicted and imprisoned for Wutai Poetry Case, and was exiled to Huangzhou in January of the following year. Before the poetry case, since he was appointed as the general judge of Hangzhou in 171, Su Shi has successively served as Mizhou Zhizhou, Xuzhou Taishou and Huzhou Taishou, with outstanding achievements. On the whole, his poetry works are free and easy in the desert, while on the content, they mostly point to the official life to express political pride. After the poem case, although there was a time when the official was a bachelor of Hanlin, there were few bold and unrestrained escapades in his works, but on the contrary, he turned more and more to nature and life understanding. As for living in Danzhou, Huizhou in his later years, his indifferent and broad-minded state of mind is even more revealed. As soon as he inherits the style of Huangzhou's works, he converges his whole life, and I am free to transport things, so as to achieve a suddenly tranquil environment.
with Wutai poetry case as the boundary, Su Shi's poetry works have both inheritance and obvious differences in creation. Behind the complex of "going home" throughout, we can see that the poet's brushwork has gradually turned from a juvenile sigh to a middle-aged one.