Gaoshi
Series: complete works of frontier fortress poems
Song of Yan state
In the twenty-sixth year of Kaiyuan, a guest returned from Zhang Gong, the top scholar in the ancient imperial examination, and wrote "Ge Yanxing" as a sign of comfort and preparedness, so it was harmonious.
The northeast border of China is shrouded in smoke and dust. In order to repel the barbaric invaders, our generals left their families.
Stride forward together, looking like heroes should watch, and received the emperor's most cordial favor.
Chuāng, golden drum, down to, Beijing, Pei, Wei, Yi, Jieshi.
Until their captain in Shahai gave the order with feathers, the hunting fire of the Tatar chieftain flashed along the Wolf Mountain.
The highlands and rivers on the outer border were cold and desolate, but soon the barbarians' horses ran wild in the wind and rain.
Half of our soldiers at the front line were killed, but the other half are still alive, and beautiful girls are still singing and dancing for them in the camp!
Fei was in the desert of poor autumn, and several surviving watchmen were by the lonely wall of sunset.
Serve the just cause and despise life and enemies. However, despite what they have done, Elm Street is still unsafe.
Still in the front line, the real armor is worn out and thin, so it's time for Yuzhu to say goodbye.
* * * South of the city is heartbroken, and Ji (Ji) is invited to look back to the north.
The violent wind cut off our progress, and there was nothing in the vastness!
Three times a day, the dark clouds of slaughter rose over the camp. All night, the drums on the hour trembled and gave a cold rumble.
Until the white sword is seen again, spattered with red blood, when death becomes a responsibility, who will stop to think about fame?
However, when it comes to the hardships of desert war, our name today is Li, the great general, who lived a long time ago!
To annotate ...
Yan Gexing: an old topic in Yuefu. The poem is preceded by the author's original preface: "In the twenty-sixth year of Kaiyuan, a guest returned from the ancient imperial doctor Zhang Gong and wrote Ge Yanxing as a consolation. I feel defensive, so I am very harmonious. " Zhang Gong refers to Zhang Shouxuan, our envoy from Youzhou. Guo Fu, a general who once worshipped You Yulin, was also an ancient scholar. It is generally believed that the irony of this poem lies in that in the 26th year of Kaiyuan, Zhang Shousheng ordered Zhao Kan and others to force lujun to attack the rest of the Khitan, winning first and then losing, and defending defeat in vain. This view is not very accurate.
In the Han Dynasty and the Tang Dynasty, people often used Han to talk about the Tang Dynasty.
Smoke and dust: refers to war.
Run wild: run away at will, without hindrance.
Unusual color: more generous and polite than usual.
"influence"
Gold: refers to a kind of bronze percussion instrument.
Cutting: tapping.
Guan Yu: Shanhaiguan, the gateway to Northeast China.
Jing: Jing is the headdress of the flag bearer and the feather of the flagpole. A fork is a flag with a tail-shaped end. There are all kinds of flags here.
Winding: winding.
Jieshi; Mountain name.
A captain; A military attache second only to the general.
Feather book; Emergency documents (with bird feathers, military)
Bohai sea; The great desert.
Khan; The title of Xiongnu leader also refers to the leader of northern ethnic minorities.
Fire-hunting lamp: a lamp that is lit when hunting. Before the ancient nomads went out to war, they often held large-scale school hunting as military exercises.
Langshan: Also known as Langju Xushan, it is located in the northwest of Hexigten Banner, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region. Legend has it that Wolf Mountain, also known as Wolf Mountain, is located in Yixian County, Hebei Province today. The place names such as "Hanhai" and "Wolf Mountain" here are not necessarily real references.
Extreme: To the end of.
Ping Ling: Aggressive, aggressive.
Miscellaneous wind and rain: refers to the enemy riding like a strong wind carrying rain.
Phi: It means withering.
Fewer and fewer soldiers fight: fewer and fewer soldiers fight.
Kindness: it means that the Lord will be favored by the court.
Jade chopsticks: a metaphor for women's tears.
Northern Hebei: Tang Jizhou is in the area north of Tianjin today.
Degrees: Cross a separated distance and return.
Three points: morning, noon and evening, that is, from morning till night (long duration. Third, it is inaccurate. )。
Array cloud: A cloud symbolizing murderous look on the battlefield.
Death Day: It means to die for one's country. Holidays, honesty.
General Li: It refers to Li Guang in the Han Dynasty. He can defend against powerful enemies and caress infantry. The Huns called him the flying general of the Han Dynasty.
translate
In the twenty-sixth year of Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty, a man who came back from the cottage with the head coach wrote a poem "Ge Yanxing" for me to read. I was deeply impressed by the frontier defense, so I wrote this song Ge Yanxing to meet him.
Fireworks rose at the border of the Tang Dynasty, and dust rose in the northeast.
The generals of the Tang Dynasty left home to break the cruel border thieves.
Men always value riding with a horizontal knife,
When the son of heaven appreciates it very much, the hero shows his true colors.
Gong resounded through the heavy drums and sounded out of Shanhaiguan.
Flag in the wind, hunting in Jieshi Mountain.
A captain urgently sent a feather book to fly across the vast sand sea.
Huns are only hunting for fire, so they come to my Wolf Mountain.
The mountains and rivers are desolate and depressed, and desolate to the border soil.
There is wind and rain in the sound of the powerful weapons of the Hu people cavalry.
The soldiers in the first half of the battle formation were half dead,
Beautiful women are still singing and dancing in the camp!
It's late autumn now, and the grass outside the desert has withered.
The lonely city is the reflection of the sunset, and the number of soldiers is getting less and less.
Deeply indebted to the royal family, he often thinks about serving the country and ignoring the enemy.
The frontier fortress has tried its best to break the encirclement of Xiongnu.
For a long time, it was difficult to defend remote battlefields in armor.
Tears fell on her eyes, and her husband left crying alone.
* * * lives alone in the south of the city, and tears are sad and heartbroken.
The soldiers of Jibei Expeditionary Force frequently turned back in the air.
How can the border come and go freely,
The land in the distance is boundless and uninhabited.
Murder, spring, summer and autumn, rises like a dark cloud,
Crying all night in the cold wind is even more shocking.
Looking at each other, white blades flying around with blood,
Don't die to serve the country, but also ask for meritorious service?
You can't see how hard it is to fight on the battlefield.
I still miss the brave and resourceful General Li.
short review
Ge Yanxing is Gao Shi's masterpiece. Although the old Yuefu poems are used, they are written because of current events, which is the development of Yuefu poems. Further on, we come to Du Fu's new Yuefu poems, such as "Two Ways, One Car Shop, Three Officials and Three Farewells". Ge Yanxing is a theme of Yuefu, which belongs to a part of the flat tune of Xianghe Pavilion. This piece of music has not been recorded before, so it is said that it was composed by Cao Pi. Cao Pi has two poems, one is about Qiu Si, a woman, which was initiated by him. Therefore, future generations should learn from him and write poems that will always be in my heart with the tone of Yan Gexing. Ge Yanxing, written by Gao Shi, is about the life of frontier soldiers. He was the first person to write this theme with Yan Ge's operas. This poem mainly reveals that the master is arrogant and underestimates the enemy, and has no sympathy for the foot soldiers, which leads to the defeat of the war. Annotators have never made detailed comments on the preface and literature and history, and they all think it is a satire on Zhang Shousheng. In fact, this is not in line with historical facts. The object of this poem should be An Lushan, the Pinglu envoy sent by Zhang Shousheng to conquer and qidan, and General Zuo.
Poetry can be roughly divided into four paragraphs: the first paragraph consists of eight sentences. The first four sentences say that the dust of war started in the northeast, the general was ordered to conquer, and the son of heaven gave him special glory. He has always been favored and arrogant, which indicates underestimation of the enemy. The last four sentences are followed by the lineup. Flags are like clouds, drums and horns are ringing, and all the way to the battlefield with great fanfare, as a foil to the embarrassing situation when losing. The words "a captain" are written to reach the front. Feather book flying, see military emergency; Hunting for fire at night, saying that the enemy line is heavily guarded. In the second paragraph, there are eight sentences about this battle. Among them, the first four sentences are written about the fierce enemy forces at the beginning of the war, and our army suffered heavy casualties. The last four sentences said that the serenade was exhausted at the latest and could not be cleared. "The mountains and rivers outside are cold and bleak" shows that the terrain of the battlefield is an open area without danger, which is conducive to Hu Qi's galloping, so he continued to write that the enemy came like a storm. The sentence "Warrior" uses the method of comparison. It is written that the master is arrogant, lazy, underestimates his enemy and has no sympathy for his foot soldiers. On the one hand, he is struggling hard and enjoying himself at the same time. This is the most enlightening description in this poem. The desert withers, and the setting sun is lonely, which sets off "fighting with fewer soldiers" and writes that the fighting lasts until the evening. The theme of this poem is "serving a good cause and despising life and enemies", which points out the reasons why the injured soldiers are besieged. In the third paragraph, I wrote eight sentences to recruit people, thinking that the two places will face each other and meet again indefinitely. Although this poem is old-fashioned, it uses even sentences. Because of the need of content, this paragraph is deliberately opposed. In addition, this poem is straightforward, usually four sentences turn, and this paragraph has only eight rhymes, which is suitable for expressing the anxiety of both sides. The murder turned into a cloud, and Diao Dou spread the cold, trying to play up the sad atmosphere. The last four sentences are written about the soldiers' determination to die for their country when there is no hope of survival. The word "Gu Xun" is still a satire on the generals. The poet's two sentences expressed deep sympathy for the tragic fate of the soldiers, and ended with "Today we commemorate Li, a great general who lived a long time ago", pointing out the theme again. In the prosperous Tang Dynasty, Yin Kun commented on Gao Shi and said, "His poems are full of words, spirit and backbone." This poem can really serve as a representative.
Make an appreciative comment
Ge Yanxing is not only Gao Shi's "first masterpiece" (evaluated by Zhao Xi), but also a masterpiece of frontier poems in the whole Tang Dynasty. It is no accident that it has been told by people throughout the ages.
In the fifteenth year of Kaiyuan (AD 727), Gao Shi went north to accumulate Yumen. In twenty years, Li Yi, the king of Xin 'an, conquered Xi and Qidan. He went north to Youyan, hoping to work for the Xin 'an shogunate, but failed to do so: "Without the letter of guarantee, all the generals would be in debt. I was disappointed about Sun Wu, and I went home alone "(Working in Thistle). It can be seen that he has studied the military affairs of the northeast frontier fortress. In the 21st year of Kaiyuan, Youzhou made Zhang Shouxuan make some achievements. But in twenty-four years, Pinglu made An Lushan beg and qidan, and "Lushan relied on courage and lightness skill, and was defeated by Lu" (Zi Jian, Volume 215). Twenty-six years, Youzhou ordered Zhao Kan and Bai Zhentuo to keep Zhang Shouxuan, and forced Lu Army to send troops to attack Xi and Qidan, winning first and then losing. "Keeping the title and covering up his appearance, only playing meritorious deeds" (Old Tang Book. Zhang Shousheng biography). Gao Shi was deeply impressed by the two defeats after Kaiyuan twenty-four years ago, so he wrote this article.
The main purpose of the poem is to condemn the generals who were encouraged by the emperor for their arrogance, underestimation, dissoluteness and dereliction of duty, which led to the failure of the war and caused great pain and sacrifice to the soldiers. The poet wrote about the frontier war, but the focus was not on ethnic contradictions, but on generals who sympathized with soldiers, satirized and resented them.
The whole poem describes the whole process of a battle with very concentrated pen and ink: the first paragraph, eight sentences are about division, the second paragraph, eight sentences are about defeat, the third paragraph, eight sentences are about besieged city, and the fourth paragraph and four sentences are about the outcome of a desperate struggle. Between these segments, the pulses are dense.
The first two sentences in the poem show the position and nature of the war. Seeing refers to current events, and I feel it. "quick march, great minds think alike, and is favored by the emperor" seems to praise the great glory of Korea's mission to China, but in fact it implies irony and cover-up. Fan Kuai said in front of Lv Hou, "I would like to lead a hundred thousand troops and run amok the Huns." Lu Bu rebuked him for deceiving the monarch to his face and should be beheaded. (See Historical Records. "Biography of Ji Bu") Therefore, the origin of this "rampage" is to rely on courage and underestimate the enemy. Tang Ruxun said, "It is said that the smoke and dust was not committed in our mainland, but was extinguished by the Han generals. Gai Ming is heavy and rampant, and the son of heaven is thick and polite. Can he have no worries? " (Interpretation of Tang Poetry, Volume 16) This understanding is correct. Then he described the process of marching: "They marched in the sound of gongs and drums and passed through the Yushu Pass. They surrounded the stone tablet with a row of flying flags." Through this golden drum, we can know the arrogant attitude of the general before the war, which also plays a foil role for the following. At the beginning of the war, the words "until their captain in the sand sea gave a feather order" and "flying" warned the military crisis: "The hunting fire of the Chief Tatar flashed along the Wolf Mountain", just like "It's amazing to watch the Ming king hunt at night, ride on fire, sing drums and wail!" (Zhang Xiaoxiang's Song of Six Kingdoms) I didn't expect the "remnant thief" to have such power. From resigning to the countryside, to Guan Yu, Jieshi, and even Hanhai and Langshan, eight poems summarize the course of the expedition, gradually advancing and the atmosphere gradually tense.
The second paragraph is about losing in a key battle. Putting pen to paper is "the mountains and rivers outside are cold", which shows an open and steep area and brings out a cold atmosphere. "Hu Qi" came quickly and fiercely, rolling in like a storm. The Han army struggled to meet the enemy and was killed in the dark. However, at this moment, the generals were having fun far away from their positions: "There are still beautiful girls dancing and singing for them in the camp! Such a harsh contrast of facts strongly exposed the contradiction between the generals and soldiers of the Han army and hinted at the reasons for the failure. Therefore, what is written behind is the tired soldiers, the difficult encirclement, the lonely city sunset, the decaying grassland and the gloomy scenery, which have distinctive frontier characteristics and set off the desolation of the defeated soldiers. " When you meet your enemy, you should despise him. However, despite what they have done, Elm Street is still not safe. In view of the above, Han Jiang's heroic spirit of "rampaging" has vanished, and his guilt is certain.
The description of soldiers' sufferings in the third paragraph is a deeper condemnation of Han Jiang. It should be noted that this is not a general description of the war process, but a portrayal of the soldiers in danger of being besieged. The next "still in the front line, dressed in rags" is triple, and the suspense of finding a husband and missing his wife is intertwined, and the pain of parting is gradually deepening. South of the city, it's sad day and night, but "the wind howls to cut our army forward?" The northern expedition of thistle, looking back in vain, after all, "in a place of death and blue void, there is nothing ahead!" " Out of Wan Li, I will never see it again. "Life here, heaven is better!" What's more, what you can see during the day is just that "the clouds of slaughter three times a day rise over the camp"; In the evening, I only heard that "it's another night on the hour-the drums make them chilly". Such a critical desperate situation is really imminent, and people can't help but wonder who pushed them to this desperate situation. This is an indispensable part of deepening the theme.
The last four sentences are the whole article, and the tragic feelings are incisively and vividly. "Until the White Sword is seen again, blood is everywhere. When death becomes a responsibility, who will stop to think of fame?" Finally, the soldiers fought hand-to-hand with the enemy and fought bloody battles. Is this the spirit of sacrificing one's life for righteousness? How simple, kind and brave they are, but how sad they are!
The poet's feelings contain sympathy and praise, while Gu Xun is a powerful mockery of the Han generals' reckless expansion and insatiable greed. In the last two sentences of the poem, the poet said emotionally: "Speaking of the hardships of the desert war, today we are going to mention a great general-Li! Eight or nine hundred years ago, Li Guang, the flying general of Wei Zhenbei, took care of the foot soldiers everywhere and made them "happy to die". This is in stark contrast to those arrogant generals. It is of great significance for the poet to put forward General Li. From the Han Dynasty to the Tang Dynasty, there have been thousands of years. There are countless generals who drove the soldiers to the chicken to fly and the dog to jump. There are more soldiers who worked hard to prepare their bodies for burial in foreign countries than Qian Qian! However, there has only been one Li Guang for thousands of years, so why not teach people to remember him hard? Du Fu was full of praise for Gao Shi and Cen Can's poems: "The meaning is just flying, but the writing is mixed. ""("Send a high envoy, Thirty Rhymes of Cenchang") This poem ends with Li Guang, and its artistic conception is more vigorous and far-reaching.
The whole poem is magnificent and vigorous, but after some bleak management, it has become muddy and seamless. The atmosphere is solemn and stirring, and the thought is profound and implicit. "The mountains and rivers in the outside world are cold and bleak, but soon barbarians tread the wind and rain", "The desert is poor in autumn, the grass is stuffed in the Philippines, and there are several surviving watchmen on the lonely wall at sunset", and the poet deliberately hinted and exaggerated the tragic scenes, revealing the guilt of the generals who are eager to achieve success with sad and tragic scenes. Especially in the fierce war, the poet described the complex and changeable inner activities of soldiers, which was tragic and touching and deepened the theme. The whole poem hides sharp contrast everywhere. From the description throughout the whole article, the soldiers' loyalty to their duties is in sharp contrast with the Han generals' pampering and greed, the soldiers' hard work and long-term separation from their families, and the Han generals' dereliction of duty and debauchery. Finally, Li Guang is put forward, which is a comparison between ancient and modern times. The whole article "Half of our men at the front were killed, but the other half are still alive, and there are beautiful girls dancing and singing for them in the camp" and "Two sentences are the most profound" (Wu Rulun's comments were quoted in Poems of Tang and Song Dynasties), and this contrast is very obvious, which greatly strengthens the power of irony.
Ge Yanxing is a typical representative of seven-character poems in Tang Dynasty. The rhymes of the whole poem are "Entering Tone", "Deleting Tone", "Singing", "Slight Tone", "Having Tone" and "Writing Tone" in turn, which happens to be even and restrained. In addition to the last two sentences, the flat sentences, the antithetical sentences are self-evident, and the non-antithetical sentences are also in line with the flat sentences, such as "They walked through the Yushu Pass with the sound of gongs and drums, and the noise hindered the stone room"; Rhyming sentences are also very neat, such as "three slaughterhouses a day, and the drums are cold all night." "The beauty of such timbre is' the sound of iron horse, the festival of singing the ball in the jade plate' (Comment on Xing Yun, Volume 9 of Don Ding Feng).