The above are classified from the time range. If classified from the composition standard, it can be divided into two categories: simple exaggeration and compound exaggeration.
1, simple exaggeration
Also known as direct exaggeration, that is, exaggeration expressed directly through actions, numbers or idioms without other rhetorical means. Direct exaggeration can be divided into action and dynamic exaggeration, psychological exaggeration, numerical exaggeration and allusion exaggeration;
(1) Actions and dynamics
Li Bai's "Antique Twenty-four" exaggerates the smoked weather flame of the eunuch of the dynasty as? Smell the rainbow dry, pedestrians are afraid? ; Climbing Taibai Peak? Raise your hand and cast your feet for nearly a month, and move forward without mountains? Exaggerate the height of Taibai Peak; Six poems of Mount Tai? Picking melons from the sky, not recalling them? , "the hard way"? Then, who will worry about crossing the well with both hands holding their chests and moaning? Wait for the poem to pass? Deduct days? 、? How about the calendar of the Senate? Such an exaggerated action, Mount Tai is extremely high, and it is difficult to get out of the way.
Li He's? Bend the Yellow River and the sky turns from the center? (Japan Tourism), from Lulun? The Yellow River meanders through the ancient border states? ("Send Judge Guo Zhenwu") Liu Yuxi? The Yellow River winds from a distant place, carrying thousands of miles of yellow sand. ? "Langtaosha" is a dynamic exaggeration. As we know, there are several famous poems describing Dongting Lake in the Tang Dynasty, all of which are due to ingenious conception, rhetorical devices such as imagination and antithesis, and grand language. Dynamic exaggeration is a very important factor, such as Meng Haoran's Dongting Lake for Prime Minister Zhang;
The autumn water rises and almost blends with the shore, mixing water and sky with the sky.
Ozawa's water vapor transpiration on the cloud soil is white, and the waves seem to shake the whole Yueyang.
I'm going to cross the water to find a boat and paddle. It's a shame to return home in the sacred age.
Sitting around watching other people's hard river fishing can only envy the fish caught in the fish.
The biggest feature of this poem is that it does not describe the vastness of Dongting Lake statically, but emphasizes its internal momentum and is full of movement: the first sentence? The lake here in August? It is to exaggerate the water potential when Dongting Lake melts in summer and the river blooms. Ping? The word itself shows its vastness. The second sentence? Be with heaven. Dongting Lake embraces heaven and earth, including the sky, which is an exaggeration. The third and fourth sentences? Cloudy and foggy, hanging over Yueyang City? It is more dynamic, so exaggerated that the reader seems to tremble with the flapping waves. There is also a famous sentence describing Dongting Lake in Du Fu's "The Story of Climbing Yueyang Tower": There is Wu in the east and Chu in the south. Can you see heaven and earth drifting endlessly? It also exaggerates the vastness of Dongting Lake with a strong sense of movement. According to Hu Zai's "Tiaoxi Fishing and Conceiving Conghua": On Yueyang Tower near Dongting Lake, people often write poems on both sides of the building door, which annoys the landlord. So, he asked someone to send Meng Haoran? Cloudy and foggy, hanging over Yueyang City? And Du Fu? There is Wu in the east and Chu in the south. Can you see heaven and earth drifting endlessly? , engraved on the left and right sequence doors. Did the tourists see Liu Changqing reciting the famous sentence of Dongting? The waves are floating, and there is no sun in the middle? The company can't even make it, so? Dare not answer the question? .
(2) Psychological exaggeration
Write a generous and tragic mind with exaggerated methods. Li Bai often uses this method to express his ambition to serve the country and his concern for national affairs, his loyalty and nostalgia for the king and his friendship in singing, such as? Long-term worship of the grace of the national people's congress, strong heart to cut out the reward confidant? ("Give a lonely horse pen")? The king wiped it away, lost his heart and lost his heart. (Give gifts to Yangshan people after driving to the Hot Spring Palace)? The south wind blows home and flies in front of the restaurant. ? (Send Two Young Children from the East Land)? I'm worried about the bright moon, so I'll follow you to Yelangxi? ("I heard that Wang Changling moved to the left, and Long Biao sent this")? The wind blows my heart and hangs Xianyang trees in the west. ? ("Jinxiang sends Xijing") My heart dreams of flying over Jinghu and Mingyue overnight in Wu and Yue? Mount Tianmu in my dream. Du Fu also has many such poems, such as? I came from three thousand miles away. With the sadness of autumn, with my sorrow of a hundred years, I climbed this height alone? ("Climbing the Heights"),? But my relatives and friends didn't give me any news. I was old and sick, and I was alone with my boat? (Climbing Yueyang Tower)? When a bird path is closed, the rivers and lakes are full of fishermen? ("Eight Poems of Autumn Prosperity")? Jianghan thinks of returning to the guest, is Gan Kun a rotten scholar? (Jianghan), Who watched a movie and lost a million clouds? (Lonely Goose) and so on. , are psychological exaggeration.
(3) Use numbers to express exaggeration
What is the most commonly used number in China's classical poems? Three? And then what? Nine? And their multiples, such as 66, 99, 36, 3000, 9000, etc. , related to China's classical philosophy "Book of Changes", and also related to the customs and habits of the Han nationality. As the saying goes? There are only three of everything. 、? Six-six Dashun? 、? 99 is a? 、? Thirty-six measures is the best policy? Wait a minute. Take Li Bai's poems as an example, such as? Three feet of snow in Tianshan Mountain, is it a long way? ("one person")? Gong Yan spent 300,000 yuan to buy this restaurant? ("Give Xuancheng Yuwen Taishou and Cui Shiyu"? 36 thousand days in a hundred years, 300 cups a day? (Xiangyang Song),? White hair three thousands of feet, sorrow as long? (Qiu Ge),? 360,000 people, crying like rain. ? ("antiques? Hu Guanrao sandstorm; ? The escaping gas is swirling in the ninth district, and the white walls are like mountains. Who dares to speak? (Song of the Heavenly Horse)? Long live the son of heaven, 99.81 million years, long life cup? ("Going to the Cloud"),? Cough and vomit for nine days, Zhu Yu is born with the wind? ("I am unlucky")? Strike 9000 silk, photograph Ling Ziming? ((to Guo)) and so on. Other figures such as? The cost of pure wine, for Jinbei, a hip flask of 10 thousand copper coins is a good dish worth 10 thousand yuan? It's hard to go. Peach Blossom Pond Deep in thousands of feet? (To Wang Lun) and so on. When Du Fu used exaggeration, one? 、? Third,? Wan? Used more, such as? However, his will, in the war between the three countries, is just a feather under the fiery red sky? (The Monument to the Forever),? Outside the window is the autumn snow in Xiling, and the Wu Dong Wan Li boat is moored at the door. (quatrains), When everything is in the war, is it very sad at night, very clear? (Tired all night)? The third call made him shoulder the national affairs, and he gave his heart to two generations? (scholarly),? She came out of the purple palace and walked into the desert. Now she has become a green grave in the yellow dusk? (The Monument to the Forever),? Flying around, flying around, what am I like, just a sandpiper in the vast world! ? ("One Night Abroad") and so on.
(4) Exaggeration with allusions
In modern Chinese, many idioms use exaggeration, such as? Sweating like rain? 、? A sea of people? 、? Is it easy to be accused? 、? Traffic? Wait a minute. There is a similar situation in classical poetry, such as Cao Zhi's White Horse: Died of National Disaster, Sudden Death? . Another example is Du Fu's poor Bank of Communications:
Whether it's clouds or rain, don't count.
However, you see, the ancient Guan Zhong, the rich and poor gentleman's Bao Shuya, was abandoned like dirt.
Mentioned in the poem? Turn hands into clouds, return rain? 、? When Guan Bao was poor. That is, from idioms? Turn your hands into clouds and cover your hands for rain? 、? Guan Bao's friendship? Only some of them are upside down. Some beautiful and exaggerated words in some poems became later idioms, such as Bai Juyi's Song of Eternal Sorrow? There are 3,000 people in the harem, but his love for 3,000 people is concentrated on one person? , is it done? Three thousand pets? Xing in pipa? Pay attention to your strokes at the end of the piece. All four strings make a sound, just like spinning? Became? Sounds like a tear? ; Su Shi, "Nian Nujiao? From Chibi? River of no return, a romantic figure who has gone through the ages? , become? Romantic figures? , Liu Zongyuan's Jiang Xue? A boat, a bamboo cloak, an old man fishing on the cold river-snow? Become? Fishing alone in the Han River? Wait a minute.
2. Indirect exaggeration. Also known as fusion exaggeration and compound exaggeration. It is an exaggeration expressed by means of metaphor, analogy, metonymy, duality and parallelism.
(1) figurative exaggeration
If there are two folk songs, one is "Thank you" in the Han Yuefu:
Evil! I want to know you and live a long life. There is no mausoleum in the mountains, the river is exhausted, there is Lei Zhen in winter, and there is rain and snow in summer. Only when heaven and earth are in harmony can we dare to be with you!
The other is the Dunhuang tune Bodhisattva Man:
I made a thousand wishes before my pillow, wanting to rest and wait for the green hills to rot. Fish scales floated on the water until the Yellow River dried up completely. During the day, Beidou returns to the south and cannot rest. It will clear up after midnight.
These two poems are infatuated women's deep confession to their loved ones. After the protagonist made a love oath, he took the absurd changes that could not happen in nature as an act? Break up with you? And then what? Give up? Conditions: thank you, the mountains and rivers disappear, the mountains have no tombs, and the rivers are exhausted? ; Four seasons reversed, thunder and earthquake in winter, rain and snow in summer? Return to the chaotic world of heaven and earth again? ; In Bodhisattva Man, did the mountains and rivers disappear? 、? The Yellow River has completely dried up? , plus? Does the scale float on the water? 、? When the sun shines, Beidou goes back to the south? 、? See the sun after midnight? These impossible natural phenomena render the hero's volcanic and immortal love, right? The miracle of short chapter? .
In literary works, Su Shi often uses this metaphor to add exaggeration, such as? Breeze, good boots? ("You Jinshan Temple") The blind night pavilion hangs Beidou, and whales ride the waves to blow the sky? (Visiting Jinshan Temple)? Hai Ruo is like neon in the east? (August 15 tide watching)? Tourists thundered at the soles of their feet, but the dense clouds could not turn away? (beautiful hall rainstorm)? Dream around Yunshan like a deer, soul like a chicken in the fire of life? ("Give things to the court")? Wait a minute.
(2) Contrast exaggeration.
In Li and Du Fu's poems, there are many exaggerated comparative expressions, such as Li Bai's? Poetry is not worth a glass of water in the north window? (Answering the Twelve Cold Nights of the King)? Such a trip is more difficult than climbing the blue sky? Such a height is beyond the reach of even the yellow crane. Apes want to cross sadness and climb? Why did you abandon me like dust? ("Antique" XV), Feathers are like meteors, and tigers meet the special city? (Antique 34),? Without the minister, the dragon becomes a fish, the power belongs to the minister, and the mouse becomes a tiger? (farewell),? The yellow river can hold soil, and the north wind hates rain and snow. (Popular in the North) and so on. Du Fu's Ru? Bai Ou is not strong, but who can tame Wan Li? (Wei Zuocheng's Twenty-two Rhymes)? Second, Cao's reputation is ruined, and he will not waste the rivers and mountains forever? ,? Or the emerald orchid, the whale in the blue ocean? Fifty years have passed, like a turn of the palm, and the dust has filled the world, obscuring the imperial house? (Watch Gong Sundaniang's Disciple Dance Sword).
(3) hyperbole in the form of duality and parallelism
Exaggerated by duality, such as? The cost of pure wine is a gold cup, 10 thousand copper coins and a hip flask, and the jade plate is worth 10 thousand dollars? It is difficult for Li Bai to go? But my relatives and friends didn't give me any news. I was old and sick, and I was alone with my boat? (Du Fu's "Climbing Yueyang Tower")? Gao Jiang gorge thunder fights, ancient wood cangteng sun and moon faint? (Bai Di of Du Fu)? Between the river and the sky, the waves are rough and the clouds are covered with fog. (Du Fu's Eight Poems of Autumn Prosperity)? Leaves fall like the spray of a waterfall, while I watch the long river roll forward? ("Climbing the Heights"),? However, when China keeps our friendship, heaven is still our neighbor? (Du went to Shuzhong to take up his post and bid farewell to the governor)? Hundreds of mountains have no birds, thousands of paths have no footprints? (Jiang Xue of Liu Zongyuan)? Pull out the mountain and be angry with the world, but when it is unfavorable, it will not die. (Xiang Yu's "Gaixia Song") and so on.
Exaggerate by parallelism, such as? As bright as an archer shooting down the nine suns in the sky, as fast as an angel in front of a dragon's wings. At first, she was like a thunderbolt, venting her anger, and at the end, she was like a shining calm of the river and the sea? (Du Fu's Watching Gong Sundaniang Disciples Dance Sword)? When Monkey saw Luo Fu, he brushed his mustache. When the boy saw Luo Fu, he took off his hat and lowered his head. The tiller forgets to plow, and the hoe forgets to hoe; Come and complain, but sit and watch Luo Fu? (Shang Mo sings),? Buy horses in the east, saddles in the west, reins in the south and whips in the north? ,? Hearing the news of my daughter, I went out to help Guo; As soon as Sister A heard that Sister Mei was coming, she had to cut her red makeup. When I heard my sister coming, I sharpened my knife at pigs and sheep. (Mulan Poetry), tigers, bears, moose, pigs, monkeys, apes, hoses, turtles, fish, salamanders, crows, carved eagle, pheasants, owls and stews. (Han Yu's "Lu Soul Mountain Fire" and "Huangfu Shi uses its rhyme")? The old dog likes my return and lingers in his clothes. Neighbors like my return, and wine carries fenugreek. The official was glad that I came, so he sent someone to give him a lift and asked him what he needed. Guo Cheng likes me to visit the village market? (thatched cottage).
(4) to express exaggeration through imagination and personification.
Li Bai sleeps in the mountain temple: Dangerous building 100 feet high, can you pick stars with your hands? It is a combination of imagination and exaggeration; Du Fu's Eight Poems of Autumn Prosperity? Jathyapple weaver silk empty, autumn wind stone whale scales move? The first sentence is imaginary exaggeration, and the second sentence is anthropomorphic exaggeration, which gives life to the stone whales in Kunming Lake. Su Shi's "Entering Jiangxi on the 7th day of August, Crossing the Shocking Beach"? Changfeng adds sail belly to Fujian, and accumulates rain to reduce stone scales. It is also a kind of anthropomorphic exaggeration.
Li He's Quotations from Li Ping is full of imagination and personification.
Wu Si, Shu and Zhang Tong are in high autumn, and the empty mountains are not flowing.
Hunan and Hubei are in tears, and Li plays China.
Kunshan jade broken Fengming, hibiscus crying, Xianglan laughing.
Twelve doors melt cold light, and twenty-three strings move the purple emperor.
Nu Wa makes up the sky by refining stones, and the stones break the ground to stir up the autumn rain.
Dream into the holy mountain to teach the gods, and the old fish dance with the waves.
Wu Mian leans against the laurel tree, showing his feet and flying obliquely to wet cold rabbits.
The poet boldly uses exaggeration to create a surreal fantasy, a magical world scene, and bring readers into a brand-new magical fantasy world. Among them? Lotus tears and vanilla smiles? ,? The old fish dance and the thin jiaozi dance? It's anthropomorphic exaggeration. Exaggerated that Li was moved by his performance; ? Empty mountains and clouds don't flow? ,? Hunan, Hubei and Zhu Xi? ,? Twenty-three silk moving purple emperor? ,? Nu Wa tempered stone to make up the sky, and stone made autumn rain? ,? Dream into the holy mountain to teach the gods? ,? Wu sleeps in osmanthus trees, flying barefoot and slanting wet rabbits? These are magical imaginations, which exaggerate the earth-shattering appeal of Li Ping's performance.