Mr. Qian Zhongshu said in the preface to Notes on Selected Poems of Song Dynasty: "The works originated from the historical environment in which the author lived and were rooted in the reality of his life."
In the Tang Dynasty, especially in the prosperous times, people's self-awareness was strengthened, the living environment was relatively open and free, and poets felt something about life, which naturally became poetry and reached a natural state.
As Yan Yu said: "The poets in the prosperous Tang Dynasty were only interested, and the antelope hung in the corner, and there was no trace to be found. Therefore, its beauty is exquisite and exquisite, and it cannot be parked together, such as the voice in the air, the color in the phase, the moon in the water, and the image in the mirror. " ("Cang Hua").
However, looking back at the Song Dynasty, we can find its contemporary background. In the early Song Dynasty, it was already "redundant waste". In the middle Song Dynasty, it was even more domestic and foreign, and the people were in trouble. In this case, the poet seems to lack the "true colors" of the prosperous Tang Dynasty, and often writes the "true colors" of life.
Under the glorious aura of Song Ci, there are still different schools of development and changes in Song Poetry. There are many excellent works among them. In the preface of Notes on Selected Poems of Song Dynasty, Mr. Qian Zhongshu cited the example of Alexandria to illustrate that if future generations want to surpass the territory created by their predecessors, they must March into more distant regions and make greater efforts. The attainments of Tang poetry are not only an industry left to future generations, but also a provocation to future generations.
Throughout Notes on Selected Poems of Song Dynasty, we will find a feature. In addition to the preface and brief introduction of the poet, the book evaluates the overall situation and characteristics of the Song Dynasty, but there are only notes in the text, but there are no notes. Mr. Qian Zhongshu knows both Chinese and Western cultures and reads widely, but he doesn't express his personal views directly. He just takes notes without commenting.
There are different opinions on the appreciation of poetry, and Song poetry is controversial. Judging poetry by one's personal view and one's own view will only bring more controversy to Song poetry. In addition to proofreading and comparing versions, the book also uses ancient comments and poems to explain where the artistic conception and usage of this poem come from. However, Mr. Qian Zhongshu is also a person with high literary appreciation ability. Although he did not directly evaluate the selected poems, his quotations gave full play to his own specialties and introduced a wealth of knowledge to readers.
What impressed me deeply in this book was Mr. Qian Zhongshu's humorous comments on the characters and characteristics of his works in his brief introduction to the poet.
For the first time, I found that the original comments can still make people laugh. After reading this book, I have a general impression of the genre and style evolution of Song poetry. The understanding of poetry has also taken a step further. He opened a new world of Song poetry to me.
Below, I will take the two poems mentioned in the book as examples to talk about the characteristics of Song poetry.
When I saw Wang Yucheng's Journey to the Country, the hometown in the poem came to my mind. I have always felt that the countryside is the son of nature, which retains the attributes of nature, gives a home to the lonely heart that has been wandering in the city for a long time, and gives poets who are frustrated in officialdom a place to rest.
? Cunhang
Yucheng Wang
The horse crossed the chrysanthemum and crossed the mountain road, leaving the horse to walk freely.
Listen to the sound of thousands of valleys at night and watch some peaks silent in the sunset.
The leaves of huanghuali are as red as rouge, and the fragrance of buckwheat flowers is as white as snow.
Why are you so melancholy? The original tree of the village bridge looks like my hometown.
The author of the first couplet of this poem rides slowly, and the mountain village is vast and sparsely populated, which allows the horse to roam freely and enjoy the autumn scenery. This person is "the chrysanthemum is yellow at the beginning". These two sentences highlight the author's carefree manner and strong interest in playing;
Zhuan Xu describes the future from two aspects: hearing and vision. The first sentence says that the sun sets, mountains and valleys, and autumn sounds curl up, which is hearing; Several peaks stand quietly in the sunset, which is the view. Here, the combination of "sound" and "silence", hearing and vision shows the silence of the mountain village in the evening.
In Notes on Selected Poems of Song Dynasty, Mr. Qian Zhongshu emphatically analyzed the "silent sunset of several peaks". He said: "Logically speaking,' negation' first includes' affirmation', and negative propositions are always based on affirmative propositions.
Poets often use this truth.
The mountain peak was originally silent, but Wang Yucheng said it was silent. As Gong Zizhen said in "Miscellaneous Poems of Jihai", "I am sent to the east with a whip, and this mountain has no words to see the Central Plains", which is not contrary to the facts; But at the same time, it seems that they used to speak, have language and desire language, but now they are suddenly' speechless'. In this way,' several peaks are silent' and' this mountain is silent' are not meaningless nonsense. He praised the good use of "speechless", which can add aura and vitality to the mountain peak more than using a positive sentence.
The poet in "The Neck Couplet" drew his eyes back to the vicinity, and turned to the carmine Li Tang fallen leaves and the white buckwheat flowers. Picturesque, but the last two sentences of the poem suddenly changed from writing about scenery to asking questions, and the poet suddenly felt depressed after reciting the poem for some reason; It turned out that the poet was homesick because he suddenly found that the trees on the leaves of the village bridge were like the scenery of his hometown.
In this way, the description of the above scenery is settled, which vividly reflects the change of the author's mood from carefree to disappointed and deepens his poetry.
The poem A Journey to the Country vividly depicts the charming scenery of Shan Ye with colorful brushstrokes, and truly expresses the poet's homesickness with implicit poetic language.
In poetry, scenery description is combined with lyricism. Scenery writing is the foreshadowing of lyricism, and lyricism is the end of scenery writing. The changing process of the poet's mood from carefree to disappointed is vividly reflected in this "two combination".
I have lived in the countryside since I was a child. I climb trees to catch fish. Baked sweet potatoes did everything when I was a child, and I also transplanted rice with my grandparents. Looking at the vegetables grown at home day by day, I feel a sense of joy.
Returning to the primitive life in the countryside has greatly liberated people's hearts. Maybe this is the original state of life.
? Cunju
Zhang shunmin
? Running water surrounds the paddy field, and the fence is full of green bamboo; All the elm seeds have been lost, and the hibiscus flowers have become sparse.
? As the sun sets, there is no cowboy riding on the back of the cow, only a pair of crows wandering on the village road.
This is probably my favorite poem describing rural life.
"Water around the field, bamboo around the fence", people introduce water into farmland to facilitate irrigation. The combination of unique natural conditions and the wisdom of working people. Outside the house, bamboo is used as a hedge, vegetables are planted and poultry are raised. A school of rural scenery, full of vitality.
"all the money is lost, and the hibiscus flowers are rare." Hibiscus, also known as Hibiscus, blooms at the turn of summer and autumn, and its corolla is purple or white. Sparse hibiscus shows clear autumn, and a tree of elm money floats early. Before the poet could sigh with emotion, he found that "no one was lying on the cow's back in the sunset, bringing back western Western jackdaw in pairs", and the old cow in the distance returned by itself. Niubei is not a cowherd playing piccolo, but a standing western Western jackdaw.
The last two sentences are also famous sentences that make this poem spread widely.
Western Western jackdaw is easy to fly, but in this quiet atmosphere, carefree, standing on the back of cattle. The stillness of Western jackdaw in the west is dependent on the movement of a cow, and the movement of the cow includes the stillness of Western jackdaw in the west. The size and movement contrast to form a novel picture.
Song poetry strives for innovation, which is evident here.
"No one is lying on the cow's back in the sunset" seems to ask a question, so what is on the cow's back? So it leads to "bring back western Western jackdaw in pairs", and now the image is just around the corner. With this setback, the rhyme is gone.
When I read Zhang Shunmin's Village Residence, a picture of a quiet and peaceful autumn village residence will come to my mind. Suddenly I want to go back to the countryside, watch while walking, and sing while remembering.