Friends, I have some good information. It should be no problem to use the methods provided by these materials to deal with the poetry appreciation of the college entrance examination. The question and answer pattern of classical poetry appreciation questions and analysis questions will naturally provide corresponding answers according to the requirements of the test questions. As far as ancient poetry appreciation questions are concerned, five question-and-answer patterns can be generally summarized. This article analyzes them with examples for your reference. The first mode analyzes artistic conception questioning: What kind of artistic conception does this poem create? Question variations: What picture does this poem paint? What thoughts and feelings does the poet express? Solution analysis: This is the most common question type. The so-called artistic conception refers to the imaginative state created by the combination of objects (i.e. images) that entrust the poet's emotions. It includes three aspects: scenery, emotion and environment. Three aspects are indispensable when answering questions. Answer steps: ① Describe the picture shown in the poem. Candidates should grasp the main scenery in the poem and reproduce the picture in their own words. When describing, you must first be faithful to the original poem, and second, use your own associations and imagination to recreate it. The language must be beautiful. ② Summarize the atmosphere characteristics created by the scenery. Generally, two two-syllable words can be used, such as lonely and deserted, quiet and beautiful, majestic and majestic, bleak and desolate, etc. Pay attention to accurately reflecting the characteristics and mood of the scenery. ③Analyze the author’s thoughts and feelings. Don't be vague, be specific in your answers. For example, just answering "expressing the author's sentimental feelings" is not enough. Answer why it is "sentimental". Sample answer: Answer: This poem describes a beautiful early spring scene: the sun shines in the spring, the fields are green, the river reflects the sun, the spring breeze brings the fragrance of flowers and plants, the mud melts and the soil is moist, the swallows are busy building nests in the mud, and the sun shines on the sand. It's warm, and the mandarin ducks are sleeping quietly on the sandbar (step 1). This is a clear and gorgeous spring scene picture (step 2). Two quatrains (Part One) by Du Fu reflect the poet's joyful and leisurely mood after ending his wandering life and settling down. Du Fu's Chi Ri River and Mountains are beautiful, and the spring breeze is fragrant. The mud melts and swallows fly, and the sand is warm and mandarin ducks sleep. Note: This poem was written when the poet temporarily settled in a thatched cottage in Chengdu after the wandering life of "one year old and four lines of labor". What kind of scenery does this poem describe? What feelings does the poet express? Please give a brief analysis. The second mode analyzes technical questions: What techniques of expression are used in this poem? Question variation: Please analyze the performance techniques (or artistic techniques, or techniques) of this poem. How does the poet express his emotions? What is the effect? Answer analysis: Expression techniques are the means used by poets to express their emotions. To answer the question accurately, you must be familiar with some commonly used expression techniques. Expression techniques are divided into three categories: lyrical techniques, descriptive techniques, and rhetorical techniques. There are two types of lyrical techniques: direct expression of feelings and indirect expression of emotion. "An Neng can crush my eyebrows and bend my waist to serve the powerful, which makes me unhappy" is a direct expression of my heart. Indirect expressions of emotion can be divided into expressions of emotion through scenery, such as "The cicadas are mournful, facing the long pavilion at night, and the showers have just stopped"; expressing one's ambitions based on objects, such as "Ink Plum" and "Lime Song", which are generally poems chanting objects; expressing emotions based on objects, such as "As soon as the half-acre square pond is opened, the skylight and cloud shadows are lingering. Ask the canal how clear it is, so that there is a source of living water." It is usually a philosophical poem. The main description techniques are: (1) foil, which is divided into positive foil and reverse foil. It is like "The water in Peach Blossom Pond is a thousand feet deep, but it is not as deep as Wang Lun's sending me love." In contrast, there is movement and stillness, such as "the bright moon shines among the pines, and the clear spring rocks flow up"; the sound is silent, such as "the sunrise scares the mountains, and the birds sing in the spring stream"; the music and scenery are used to contrast the sadness, such as "the green grass reflects on the steps" Since the spring scenery, the oriole has a good sound in the sky through the leaves, etc. (2) Association and imagination, also known as the combination of virtual and real, such as "the wild flowers leave treasures, and the green grass reveals the skirt." (3) Contrast. (4) Line drawing. For example, "One grain of millet is planted in spring, and ten thousand seeds are harvested in autumn. There is no idle land in the fields, and all farmers starve to death." Rhetorical techniques that often appear in ancient poetry include: (1) Bixing. Such as "Guan Guan Jujiu, in the river island. A graceful lady, a gentleman likes to fight." First, let’s talk about other things that cause the things that are being chanted. (2) Metaphor. (3) Personification. (4) Exaggeration. (5)Pun. For example, "The sun rises in the east and rains in the west. There is no sunshine but there is sunshine." "Qing" implies the "qing" of emotion. (6) Use allusions. For example, "The merchant girl did not know the hatred of the country's subjugation, but she still sang "Flowers in the Back Garden" across the river." In addition, there are hypothetical questions, rhetorical questions, irony, etc. Answering steps: (1) Accurately indicate what technique was used. (2) Explain why this technique is used based on the poem. (3) This technique effectively conveys the poet's feelings. Answer example: Early answer: Mainly using contrasting techniques (step 1). Before daybreak, the stars were criss-crossing and extremely bright, contrasting with the darkness of the night; the "crowing of grass and insects" contrasted with the silence of Chen Yuyi's environment (step 2). Both contrasts highlight the poet's early travel and the loneliness in his heart caused by wandering (step three). The dew invades the camel, the dawn is light and cold, and the stars are particularly bright. Lonely bridges and dreams, grass and insects chirping deep in the rice fields. What are the main expression techniques used in this poem? What is the effect? The third mode analyzes language characteristics and asks questions: What are the linguistic characteristics of this poem? Question variation: Please analyze the language style of this poem. Let’s talk about the language art of this poem. Answer analysis: This type of question does not require you to figure out the clever use of individual words, but to appreciate the language style expressed in the entire poem. Words that can be used to answer questions generally include: fresh and natural, unpretentious, gorgeous, clear and clear, often used in spoken language, euphemistic and implicit, powerful and bold, graceful in style, concise and vivid... Answering steps: (1) Use one or two words accurately. Explicit language characteristics. (2) Use relevant sentences in the poem to analyze this feature in detail. (3) Point out what kind of emotions the author expresses. Example answer: Spring Resentment Answer: The language of this poem is characterized by freshness, naturalness, and colloquialism (step 1). "Huang Ying'er" is the pronunciation of "er", which shows the innocence and naivety of the woman. "When it cries, it frightens my concubine in her dream. If she beats up the oriole, don't teach her to crow on the branches.
"Can't get to Liaoxi" uses simple language to show that the reason for beating the oriole is because it disturbed her sweet dream of missing her husband (step 2). This very naturally expresses the woman's dream of frightening her concubine when she cries, and she can't get to Liaoxi. She misses her husband. (Step 3). Please analyze the language characteristics of this poem. The fourth pattern of word-refining questions: What is the most vivid and expressive word in this couplet? Question variation: A certain word has always been praised by people. What do you think it is? What's so good about it? Answer analysis: The ancients paid attention to the refinement of characters when writing poems. This type of question requires you to appreciate the beauty of these refined characters. When answering the question, you cannot talk about the character in isolation. It must be placed in the sentence and combined with the whole poem. Analysis of artistic conception and emotion. Answering steps: (1) Explain the meaning of the word in the sentence (2) Put the word into the original sentence to describe the scene (3) Point out what kind of artistic conception the word highlights or expresses. What kind of feelings did you feel? Answer: Nanpu Farewell Bai Juyi answered: Agree. Looking back in the poem (Step 1). I left alone, but I kept looking back. Every time I looked back, I felt heartbroken. Sad farewell, the west wind curls up in autumn. This word makes us seem to see the image of the lyrical protagonist with tears in his eyes, wanting to see but not daring to see (step 2). Just the word "look" conveys all the meaning. "Broken, don't look back" perfectly expresses the sadness of separation (step 3). The ancients believed that the word "look" seems ordinary, but it is actually very expressive. You agree with this statement. Why? The fifth mode is the one-word-lead-the-whole-poem question: A certain word is the key to the whole poem, why? Answer analysis: Ancient poems are very particular about conception, and often one word or word forms the clue to the whole poem. The emotional tone and the thought of the whole poem can often be used to test the candidate's grasp of the whole poem by grasping the word's proposition. (2) Consider the role of this word in the structure of the poem: On a spring night in Luocheng, the sound of Li Bai's jade flute flew silently, and the spring breeze filled Luocheng. Answer: The meaning of "breaking willows" is "to say goodbye." "Huaiyuan", and the main theme of the poem is the feeling of homesickness (step 1). This kind of homesickness comes from hearing "I heard the broken willows in this nocturne, who can't afford the feeling of hometown?" It is caused by the flute sound of the song "Breaking Willow" (Step 2). It can be seen that "Breaking Willow" is the key to the whole poem. The word "Breaking Willow" is the key to the whole poem. What does "Breaking Willow" mean? Do you agree with "Breaking Willow" "Say, why? (2002 College Entrance Examination Questions) Commonly used expression techniques in ancient poetry, lyrics and music 1. Direct lyricism means that the author directly narrates the strong feelings in his heart without concealing them in the text, allowing the strong emotional torrent to pour out directly. . How can one not be in ecstasy? The traces of new cries press on the traces of old cries, and the heartbroken person remembers the heartbroken person. (Wang Shifu's "Folk Song of Yao in December? Farewell") (The poem uses a direct lyrical approach, starting from "Afraid of Dusk", The four angles of "Unecstasy", "New Crying Mark" and "Heartbroken Man" vividly express the young woman's longing for each other after farewell) 2. Expressing emotions through scenery is a kind of indirect expression, which is expressed through the description of the real scene. The author's feelings. The merchant girl is staying in Qinhuai at night, not knowing that her country has been destroyed, but she still sings "Flowers in the Back Garden" across the river. Lyrical. The scene described is not a clear moonlit night and a cloudless blue sky, but a misty moon, covering the cold water and white sand. The scenery is so bleak and the atmosphere is so cold, which gives the writer the worry in the last two sentences. It adds to the atmosphere, intensifies the color, and the two scenes blend into one.) 3 Expressing one's ambitions through objects is a kind of indirect expression. Expressing one's ambitions and wishes through the description and narration of things. Drooping wisps of clear dew flow out of the sparse tung trees. It is not because of the autumn wind that the author sings loudly. (Yu Shinan's "Cicada") The real sentiments of life that the author wants to express in the poem are: All people with noble character are always the best. Strictly demand yourself and constantly improve your self-cultivation, so your good reputation can be spread far and wide, and you don't need to rely on other people to boast. It can be seen that writing cicadas is the basis, and expressing one's emotions is the real purpose. 4. The author's subjective feelings are integrated into the description, making the poem achieve "the unity of things and myself". It is difficult to distinguish which is "scenery" and which is "emotion". The house is in a human environment, without the noise of cars and horses. Neng Er, my mind is far away. Picking chrysanthemums under the eastern fence: leisurely seeing the beautiful scenery of the mountains and the flying birds. There is a true meaning in this, but I have forgotten to say it (Tao Yuanming, "Drinking"). The four sentences, on the surface, describe scenery, but in fact they imply the poet's emotional state of transcending the world, loving nature, and staying away from officialdom. Here, he is writing about "scenery" and "emotion". They are inseparable. It's "scenery", it's "emotion".) 5. The combination of movement and stillness refers to the description of people, things, and scenery when they are in motion or relatively static. The moonlight is dark and the light is scattered by the waves. The river is full of stars. (Zha Shenxing's "Sights on a Boat at Night") (The whole poem uses line drawing to describe the scenery the poet saw on the boat at night. The first two sentences describe static and the last two sentences describe dynamic.) 6. Dynamic versus static is one of the techniques of contrast, which is to describe, render and contrast the static, that is, to show the dynamic in the dynamic description. People are idle, osmanthus flowers are falling, the moon is rising in the sky, and birds are frightened. Singing in the Spring Stream (Wang Wei's "Birds Singing Stream") (The scenery described in the poem, such as falling flowers, moonrise, and birdsong, are all moving scenes. At the same time, through these moving scenes, the tranquility of the spring stream is highlighted. . "Mountains are more secluded when birds sing." You can see stillness in the movement, and the more still you can see it, this contains dialectics. )7.
Writing sadness in a happy scene is one of the contrasting techniques. On the surface, it writes a happy scene, but in fact it is used to express a sad and miserable emotion. "The Peacock Flies Southeast" describes the scene of marrying Liu Lanzhi. "They were talking quickly and dressed up, and there was a stream of people like floating clouds... There were four to five hundred people, and they came to the county gate in full bloom." The more lively the scene is, the more intense the tragedy. 8. In the process of discussion or lyricism, the poetry ends abruptly and turns to describing the scenery, ending with the emotion of the scene, making the poem "ruthless at this time is better than emotion" and seems to be unfinished. The pipa dances to a new sound, always leaving the mountains behind. I can't hear endless sorrow while being confused. The high autumn moon shines on the Great Wall. (Wang Changling's "Seven Poems on the Military March") (The first three sentences of the poem are all about the sound of music. When it comes to "bian sorrow", the three words "can't hear it" are used. So how can the concluding sentence be completed with only seven words? What about the "endless" feeling? At this time, the poet gently opened a stroke to express his love with the scene. It was as if after drinking and having fun in the army, a vast and vast scene of a month shining on the Great Wall suddenly appeared; the ancient and majestic Great Wall was undulating, The autumn moon shines high, and the scene is magnificent and desolate, which deepens the poet's thoughts and feelings. At this time, is the conqueror full of homesickness, or is he eager to make achievements? Is it concern about reality, or is it a deep love for the motherland?... It is unknown, leaving unlimited space for readers’ imagination) 9. Arrangement is the "fu" in the expression technique of "The Book of Songs". "The writer elaborates on the matter and speaks directly" refers to taking the trouble to elaborate and state the story from multiple angles. "...Five steps to the first floor, ten steps to the pavilion; the waist of the corridor is unobtrusive, and the eaves and teeth are high; everyone is holding on to the terrain, fighting each other..." (Du Mu's "A Fang Palace Fu")) (The article writes about Afang from multiple angles here. The number of palaces and pavilions, the strange structure, and the clever layout reflect the majesty of Epang Palace) 10. Rendering is one of my country's traditional painting techniques, and was later borrowed to refer to writing techniques such as emphasis, repetition, and other deliberate narration used in literary and artistic creation to highlight characters and environments. The leaves of Jinjing sycamore trees turn yellow in autumn, and the bead curtains are not rolled up by the night frost. The jade pillow in the smoked cage has no color, and I can lie down and listen to the sound of Nangong's clear water. (Wang Changling's "Autumn Poems") (The first sentence breaks the title and describes the autumn scenery to exaggerate the atmosphere of the cold night in the palace.) 11. The contrasting and contrasting contrasts are originally one of the traditional painting techniques in my country. Also known as "Hyun Yun Tuo Yue". Post-borrowing refers to a writing technique, that is, a technique that highlights a certain mood of a character or emerges a character's image through the description of a specific environment and atmosphere. Specifically speaking, it means not saying the original intention, but only talking about things related to it, so as to achieve the purpose of highlighting the original intention. This technique is often used in combination with rendering techniques and is easily confused. ... Being new and thin has nothing to do with illness and wine, nor does it have to do with the sad autumn. ...(Li Qingzhao's "Reminiscences of Playing Xiao on the Phoenix Stage")) (What I want to say is clearly the pain of lovesickness, but I don't say it directly, but use "it's not about illness and wine, not about sad autumn") 12. Enlightenment (transformation) reprocesses and creates the language of previous written works and the oral creations of the masses, giving it new content and artistic conception. It can be divided into three types: word enlightenment, content sublimation, and artistic conception development. ①The sky is blue, the ground is yellow flowers, the west wind is strong, and the geese from the north are flying south. Whoever gets drunk in the frost forest at dawn will always shed tears when leaving. (Wang Shifu's "The Romance of the West Chamber") ②The country is so beautiful that it attracts countless heroes to bow down. (Mao Zedong's "Qinyuanchun") ③Looking back and smiling, the sixth palace has no color. (Bai Juyi's "Song of Everlasting Regret") (① The full-dotted line changes the words "blue sky, yellow leaves on the ground" in Fan Zhongyan's "Su Muzhe". ② The full-dotted line changes the content of Su Shi's famous sentence "The country is like a picture, and there are so many heroes in one moment". ③ The sentence embodies the artistic conception of Wei Yingwu's poem "When Xi Shi smiles, all the girls are happy") 13. Yongdian is also called Yongshi. It refers to a rhetorical method that uses words from historical stories or ancient books to explain one's point of view. Usage has both explicit and implicit uses. Xin Qiji (Yong Yu Le? Jingkou Beigu Pavilion Nostalgia for the Past) uses allusions from five historical stories including Sun Quan, Liu Yu, Liu Yilong, Huo Qubing, and Lian Po. He uses "Nostalgia" to praise the achievements of Sun Quan and Liu Yu in resisting the enemy. ; Criticize the hasty and adventurous actions of the Southern Song Dynasty politicians like Liu Yilong; compare themselves with integrity and express their loyalty to serve the country even though they are old. 14. Combining reality with fiction refers to a direct description of characters or events. , positive narration and description. Virtual writing refers to the use of side explanation or contrasting narration and description. The combination of virtual and real means that the two techniques are used simultaneously in the narrative and description. The white trees in the atrium are silent and the sweet-scented osmanthus is wet. ...(Wang Jian's "Looking at the Moon on the Fifteenth Night") (The poet began to write "earth" and "crow" instead of the moon, but it made us clearly feel the existence of the moon, because "white ground" and "crow" are the bright colors of the moon. As a result of the photo, since the ground is as white as frost and the crows are visible, it can be seen that although the poet did not explicitly write "the moon is bright", we can feel the "moon is bright and clear" everywhere. Writing "Moonlight" implies the title of "Looking at the Moon".) 15. When praising or criticizing something, in order to convince others or to prevent others from refuting, we often put what we want to praise first. Criticize a certain shortcoming and praise a certain advantage first. This rhetorical technique is called circumscription. There are two types of rhetoric: 1. To suppress before pity; There is green moss on the teeth of the shoes, and the small buckle firewood door cannot be closed for a long time. The spring scenery is full of flowers, and a branch of red apricot comes out of the wall. In addition, the last two sentences show that the poet has gained something else, seeing the spring scenery in the garden, and there is a gap in emotions. The first sentence is regretful, and the second sentence is happy. 16. The overlapping words are used to express the need. The same polysyllabic words are used together one after another. This rhetorical technique is called the word duplication, which is deserted and miserable.
...(Li Qingzhao's "Slow Voice") (The first fourteen repeated words set an emotional tone of late autumn and loneliness for the whole poem, exaggerating the lonely and helpless life of the poet in his later years and the desolation deep in his heart. )17． Two relatively independent words in an intertextual context complement and penetrate each other in meaning, and express a complete meaning at the same time. This rhetorical method is called intertextuality. There are two common forms of intertextuality: double sentences and couplets. It is easy to make mistakes when translating, so special attention should be paid. The bright moon of the Qin Dynasty and the Guan of the Han Dynasty (Wang Changling's "Crossing the Wall") (The correct translation is: the bright moon and Guancheng of the Qin Dynasty and the Han Dynasty. It is easy to mistranslate as: the bright moon of the Qin Dynasty and the Guancheng of the Han Dynasty.) 18. Image combination (montage-style picture combination) Montage is a form and method of film art. It mainly refers to the combination of shots and scenes of life. The scenes change from time to time as the plot develops, giving people a distinct sense of image. Withered vines, old trees and dim crows, small bridges and flowing water, people's houses, west wind and thin horses on the ancient road, the setting sun, heartbroken people are at the end of the world. (Ma Zhiyuan's "Autumn Thoughts") (In this poem, "withered vine", "old tree", "faint crow", "small bridge", "flowing water", "people's house", "ancient road", "west wind", "thin" appear Different scene images composed of 9 juxtaposed nouns such as "horse". They are cleverly organized in one picture, rendering a desolate and bleak late autumn atmosphere, thus implicitly highlighting the sadness of the traveler.) 19. Line drawing and fine brushwork Line drawing is originally a brushwork technique in Chinese ink painting that uses only ink lines and no color to outline the outline of objects. Later borrowed from literary writing, it refers to a descriptive method that uses concise pen and ink without rendering to depict a vivid and vivid image. Gongbi was originally a painting technique, and later refers to the depiction of fine carvings, heavy colors and thick ink. After washing up, I leaned alone on Wangjiang Tower. All the thousands of sails that have passed are not the same, the slanting light and the flowing water are long, and the heart is broken by Bai Pingzhou. ("Wen Tingyun 11. Use a colon for a brief pause in the sentence. Three female celebrities in the city's literary world: Wang Anyi, Wang Xiaoying, and Cheng Naishan were chatting and laughing together. "Three female heroes" and "Wang Anyi, Wang Xiaoying, Cheng Naishan" are phrases of the same place, with only a short pause in between and no need for punctuation. If you must use it, you should only use dashes and let "Wang Anyi, Wang Xiaoying, and Cheng Naishan" serve as explanatory phrases for "three female heroes". 12. Two colons are used in the same sentence. At the meeting held in the evening, Secretary Zhang announced that the factory would implement two reform measures: one is to obtain employment with a certificate, and the other is off-the-job training. "Announcement" is followed by a colon, and "measures" is followed by a colon. This is inconsistent with the usage of punctuation marks. One of the two colons in this sentence should be changed to a comma. 13. The dot at the end of the sentence in the quotation is misplaced (1) Li Bai's poems are very heroic: "If you don't see it, the water of the Yellow River comes up from the sky, and rushes to the sea never to return." (2) The horses painted by the modern painter Xu Beihong, as some critics said, "have both spirit and form, and are full of vitality." After using quotation marks, the key is whether the period mark at the end of the sentence is placed inside or outside the quotation marks. Look at whether the quoted part is an independent sentence or is subordinate to the quoter. The first sentence of Li Bai's poem is a complete two-sentence sentence, and the period mark at the end of the sentence should be placed inside the quotation marks; the next sentence, "Both spirit and form, full of vitality," is only the predicate part of the sentence, and the period mark at the end of the sentence should be placed outside the quotation marks. 14. It is not a misuse of the book title. He saw in the newspaper the enrollment notice for the "Summer Workshop on Chinese Culture and World Culture" co-sponsored by a certain university graduate school and the editorial board of "Chinese Culture", and immediately wrote to sign up. Book title numbers are used in book titles, chapter titles, newspaper titles, and journal titles. For "Summer Workshop on Chinese Culture and World Culture," book title numbers cannot be used, only quotation marks are used. 15. It is also true that the ellipses are used together with "etc.". I am interested in calligraphy and painting, antiques, bonsai, classical furniture, exquisite lake stones... and so on. The ellipses and "etc." have the same meaning, and one of them should be deleted. 16. Confusion between brackets inside sentences and brackets outside sentences 1 If you want to have a preliminary understanding of the historical materials of ancient Chinese history, you can refer to the "Concise Catalog of the Complete Collection of Four Books". (The printed version was published by Classical Literature Press in 1957; this catalog includes classics, histories, works, and collections.) 2 He cultivated many fragrant flowers and adopted many small animals (he later took care of a milkless tiger in the zoo) Tiger, feed it milk by the spoonful every day). Annotating or supplementing a word in a sentence is called an inner bracket (such as the previous sentence). It must immediately follow the annotated word. There needs to be a pause after the annotated word, and the period must be placed after the back bracket. If the comments in brackets have punctuation, the last punctuation (except question marks and exclamation marks) should be omitted. Therefore, the periods after "Concise Catalog of the Complete Library Siku" and "Jing, Shi, Zi, Ji" should be deleted, and then a period should be added after the brackets. Annotations or supplementary explanations of the entire sentence are called outer brackets (such as the following sentence) and should be placed after the punctuation mark at the end of the sentence. If the annotation in parentheses outside the sentence is a sentence, the period at the end of the sentence can be retained; if it does not form a sentence, the period at the end of the sentence is not used. Therefore, the period at the end of the original sentence should be moved to after "small animals".