1． Look at the concept of fate in ancient Greece from the understanding of fate by the three major tragic poets of ancient Greece.
Answer: In ancient Greek tragedies, the conflict between human will and fate is a common theme. According to the concept of the ancient Greeks, fate is unknowable and irresistible, and it is a huge force in the dark. Human behavior and will are often in tragic conflict with fate. Three tragedians expressed this conflict from different angles. In the play of Aeschylus, the characters in the Orestes trilogy are all controlled by the god of revenge, and they throw themselves into bloody family murders one after another. The destiny here seems to be the power of God, because the original reason for revenge was the incident of Agamemnon killing his daughter in order to go to war, which caused a series of family tragedies. In the "Prometheus" trilogy, for Prometheus, his destiny is Zeus. Because he stole fire from humans and refused to tell Zeus's secrets, he was severely punished by Zeus and eventually sacrificed himself. For Zeus, fate is a secret that he does not know. This secret is destined to lead to his overthrow. Judging from these two plays, Aeschylus's view of fate has two factors, namely gods and some mysterious power, which govern the lives and behaviors of humans and gods.
Sophocles' masterpiece is "Oedipus the King", which is considered a model of Greek tragedy. In the play, fate is an abstract concept that transcends humans and gods. It is an unknowable but absolutely evil force. It is this force that drives the upright, kind and brave Oedipus into killing his father and marrying his mother. of abyss.
Euripides put social factors and human factors into the concept of fate. In "Medea", what caused Medea's tragic end was Jason's ungratefulness and the male culture's contempt for women. This visible male social force formed the tragedy of Medea as a woman.
Although the three tragedians have different concepts of fate, their struggle against fate is the same: the tragic heroes use different ways to face the unfair fate that befalls them, with firm will and determination. They tried their best to resist heroically, and in this fierce conflict, people's unwillingness to surrender was shown, producing a shocking tragic effect.
2. Look at the concept of fate in Greek tragedy from the understanding of fate by the three major tragic poets of ancient Greece.
The conflict between human will and destiny is a common theme in ancient Greek tragedies. According to the concept of the ancient Greeks, fate is irresistible and unknowable. In fact, the conflict between man and destiny is to a large extent the conflict between man and the external environment. It is the concept of destiny arising from human beings being at the mercy of nature under low productivity. With the development of society, the outlook on destiny is also changing. The differences in the views of fate between the three tragic poets illustrate this point. Including dominating gods; in Sophocles's mind, although fate is irresistible, its justice and rationality can be doubted; Euripuds believed that man's fate depends on his own behavior.
3. Looking at the concept of fate in Greek tragedy from the understanding of fate by the three major ancient Greek tragedy poets
Answer: ① The themes of the plays of the three major ancient Greek tragedians are all based on mythology, but their tragic styles have their own characteristics. : Aeschylus's style is tragic, majestic, proud and full of confidence; Sophocles's is grief and anger, confusion, and searching up and down; Euripides's is grief, hatred, and looking for a way out. ② Ancient Greek tragedies often take the struggle between man and fate as the theme. Some people call Greek tragedies "tragedies of fate." Ancient Greek tragedies generally focus on the conflict between the protagonist's personal will and destiny. The ancient Greeks believed that above humans and gods, there was destiny that dominated everything. It dominated both humans and gods. It is irresistible, inexplicable, and elusive. The ending of the tragic hero is that he cannot escape the clutches of fate and is finally destroyed. ③The so-called "fate" is essentially the inevitability of objective laws. The ancient Greeks were unable to understand it due to their limited ideological and scientific levels. The so-called conflict between man and destiny actually reflects the conflict between man and the external environment and between people. The tragedy of fate is a special form of reflection of social contradictions by the ancient Greeks. ④The outlook on destiny changes with the changes in society, and each of the three periods has different manifestations. Aeschylus regarded fate as a specific god and believed that fate controlled everything of human beings, but he emphasized human will in both aspects. Sophocles doubted and challenged fate. In his view, fate is not a specific god but an elusive mysterious force. Destiny has the evil nature of playing tricks on people. The poet emphasizes people's resistance to fate and strong will. Euripides did not believe in fate. He believes that destiny lies in people themselves, emphasizes that things depend on human effort, and that destiny is controlled by oneself.