Since ancient times, people have been most interested in the singing of cicadas. It is praised by poets and poets, and expresses noble feelings with the sound of chanting cicadas. What's more, some people keep cicadas in small and exquisite cages and put them in their rooms to listen to their voices to win people's hearts. Indeed, from the spring when flowers are in full bloom to the autumn when green leaves are withered, cicadas have been tirelessly singing a brisk cicada song for people without any Chinese and western musical instruments, adding a deep affection to nature. No wonder people call them "insect musicians" and "singers of nature".
People are intoxicated by the cicada's song, but forget its nature. Do you know that whenever cicadas fall on the branches and sing loudly, they pierce the bark with slender mouthparts and suck the sap of trees, all kinds of thirsty ants, flies, beetles and so on. Will hear the sound to suck the sap, and cicadas will fly to another tree, open another "spring eye" to continue to provide them with drinks, so that if a book can see that cicadas are big pests of trees.
The humming cicada is a male cicada, and its vocal organ is located at the base of the abdomen, like a drum, which is covered with an eardrum. The eardrum vibrates and makes a sound. Because the vocal cord muscles can expand and contract about 65,438+0,000 times per second, and the gap between the cover plate and the eardrum can play a role of * * *, its singing is particularly loud. And you can take turns singing in different tones. The female cicada is a "dumb cicada" because her musical instrument structure is incomplete and she can't make a sound.
The male cicada keeps singing every day to lure the female cicada to mate. To the female cicada, the male cicada sounds like a wonderful music. After mating and fertilization, the female cicada pricks a row of small holes in the branches with a sword-shaped ovipositor and lays her eggs in the small holes. A few weeks later, both male and female cicadas died.
Why do male cicadas bark? It turns out that the two small disks on the cicada's stomach are called sound caps. There is a transparent film on the inside of the sound cap, which is called the valve. At that time, people used loudspeakers to amplify their voices. The sound cap is equivalent to a cicada's megaphone, which contracts back and forth to amplify the sound, making a sound of "knowledge-knowledge-knowledge-knowledge" and summoning the male cicada. The female cicada has no sound cap and sound lobe in her abdomen, so she has no sound cap and sound lobe.
The larvae hatch from the eggs and stay on the branches. Autumn wind blows them to the ground. As soon as they reach the ground, they immediately find soft soil to drill down to the edge of the roots and suck the sap of the roots for a living. At least two or three years, more than ten years, from larva to adult, you have to shed your skin five times, four of which are underground, and the last time you climb out of the soil and climb into a tree to shed the dry yellowish shell (this is the shell of cicada). It can be seen that cicada is an insect that can't see the light. Although they live for a long time, they rarely live in the sun and spend almost all their lives in the dark underground. I'm sorry.
Cicada has two pairs of membranous wings with very hard veins. When cicadas rest, their wings always cover their backs. Cicada rarely flies freely, and only flies from tree to tree when it is foraging or disturbed. Interestingly, cicadas can suck juice through straws and sing with musical instruments at the same time. Eating and singing do not interfere with each other. The chirping of cicadas can predict the weather. If the cicada chirps loudly in the treetops early, it will tell people that it is very hot today.
Lonely goose
Du Fu
A lone goose doesn't want to drink water, refuses to eat, just flies low and longs for its companion.
The geese disappear in the sea of clouds, who will pity the geese in the sky?
Hope is like a piece of Judas, and sorrow is more like a smell.
Wild ducks have no intention of being emotional and noisy.
This is a sad and persistent lonely goose: it doesn't drink or peck, but keeps flying, barking and chasing its companions. In fact, the poet's sympathy for the lonely geese who lost their group was also integrated into his own thoughts and feelings.
This object-chanting poem was written by Du Fu when he lived in Kuizhou at the beginning of Dali period. This is a song of lonely geese thinking about the crowd. Wonderful body music and the author's thoughts and feelings appear at the same time, which is a masterpiece.
The eyes of the whole poem are (loneliness) and the bones are (flying and singing)
According to the usual method, music is the best thing to recite in poetry, and concealment is the best, and what is recited should not be revealed. Du Fu, on the other hand, called the "lone wild goose" from the beginning, but this lone wild goose is different. It doesn't drink or peck, but keeps flying and barking. Its voice reveals how much it misses its companions! Not only miss, but also desperately pursue, this is really a passionate and persistent "lonely goose." Pu Qilong, a Qing Dynasty man, commented that "flying sound is the bone of poetry" (Reading Du Xin Jie), which captured this point.
The field of secondary association suddenly opened. In the vast sky, this lonely gosling is just a "shadow", lost in the "thousand clouds" with the geese. How anxious, anxious and confused this moment is! The sky is high and the clouds are dim. Where will I find my lost partner? This couplet is asked with the word "Who is pitiful". This question seems to open the floodgate, and the emotional spring in the poet's chest rolls out: "Lonely goose, am I not as sad as you?" The sky is vast, who will pity me? "Poets and geese, things and I blend together, one integrated mass. Zhu, a poet in the Tang Dynasty, commented on this poem and said, "I believe the lonely goose misses my brother." I'm afraid the poet misses not only his brother, but also his close friend. After the Anshi Rebellion, in those turbulent years, the poet lived in exile, his relatives and friends were separated, and he was far apart, but he longed for the reunion of flesh and blood all the time, never dreaming that there would be a reunion of bosom friends. The lonely goose gave himself a shadow.
The triple couplet closely follows the first couplet, and depicts the solitary goose's distinctive personality from a psychological point of view: it is entangled in thoughts and tortured by pain, forcing it to keep flying. It looks at the sky, looks at the ground, looks at it, as if the lost geese are shaking in front of it forever; It cried, cried, cried, as if the songs of its companions had been echoing in its ears; Therefore, it has to keep chasing and calling. These two words of blood and tears are profound and sad. Pu Qilong commented: "I only miss flying, but I can't stop watching it." I seem to have seen its group and drove it away; " Only when I think about it will I cry a lot, such as those who listen more. Sketch at this point, the rain cried! "("Reading Du Xin Biography ")
Finally, the poet's love and hate are expressed by foil brushwork. Lonely geese miss the group so urgently, so painfully, so tired; And wild crows don't understand. They kept making noise and enjoying themselves. "Unintentional mood" is the mood of the lonely goose when facing the wild crow, and it is also the mood of Du Fu when he hates boredom when he can't meet his relatives and friends, but faces some ordinary people. "People who know me say I'm worried, and people who don't know me say what I want" (poem Feng Wang Mi Li). What is there to talk about with such "people who don't know me"?
This is a ode to the goose who misses the sheep, and its emotion is deep and strong. It is so lonely and painful, but at the same time, it has to keep calling and pursuing. Its love for friends burns fiercely in its chest, and it can even abandon eating and drinking, regardless of safety; Although Ann's life is thin, her heart is high. She prefers to fly in the clouds, and she has never paid attention to the cold pond in the dim rain. Her poetry is strong and her ideological realm is high.
As far as artistic skills are concerned, the whole article is vivid and vivid, and it is the luck of a great craftsman. It is naturally muddy and has no traces of axe. The two couplets in the middle have feelings and scenes, and the scenes are rich and colorful, even with light and shadow, which can give people a "three-dimensional sense", like the performance of the focus plane to the geese in the clouds, which is really a stroke of genius. According to (Xu)
1. The poetic eye of the whole poem is (solitary) and the poetic bone is (flying singing)
2. The couplet "Who pities a shadow and loses a thousand clouds" means "the shadow of a lone goose is lost in the clouds of Wan Li, which is really pitiful": the contrast between "one" and "ten thousand" constitutes a great contrast and is extremely lonely; The word "who is pitiful" directly expresses feelings and embodies the poet's pity for the lonely goose. The two sentences in "Zhuan Xu" vividly describe Lu's loneliness and hard to find.